Kuumbwa Kwoutongi hweAmerica: Kushanda Kwechibvumirano

Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende muUnited States hunoumba imwe yegadziriro dzakaoma zvikurusa dzehurumende munyika yazvino uno. Panzvimbo pokushanda sechinzvimbo chavafundisi chakakomba, gadziriro yeU.S. inoparadzira chiremera mumwero miviri yapamutemo, imwe neimwe ine mitoro yakasiana nenzvimbo dzakagoveranwa. Ichi chivako, chinozivikanwa sesangano rehurumende, hachisi gadziriro yakabatana asi chimiro chipenyu chinovapo kupfurikidza nebatira pamwe chete, kupringidzirana, uye rwisano yenhambo nenhambo nenhambo. Kunzwisisa kuti Hurumende nehurumende zvinoshanda pamwe chete sei chaizvoizvo kunozivisa mushandiro wetsika dzechokwadi dzeAmerica.

Chirefu chinokamuranisa simba pakati pechiremera chikuru chenyika nehurumende dzehurumende, neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. richirondedzera masimba chaiwo ehurumende nepo richichengeta mamwe ose kunyika kana kuti vanhu. Iri boka rinoparira mikana yomusikirwo yebatira pamwe, sezvo zvinetso zvakawanda zvazvino uno zvinopfuura miganhu yehurumende. Kubva kumigariro yezvoutano yavanhu kusvikira kukukura kwemipimo, kuita kunobudirira kunowanzoda mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende kuronga mitoo yayo nounyanzvi.

Simba Romutemo Rinogoverana

Masimba egumi eTenth Amendment asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende, bva Supremacy Claus muChikamu VI anogadza mutemo wehurumende somutemo mukurusa wenyika. Uku kunyanduka kunoparira simba uko batira pamwe inova inokosha nokuda kwokudzora kunobudirira. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera mibato inoverengeka yebatira pamwe yehurumende, kubatanidza masimba akabatana apo mwero yose iri miviri inogona kubatira pamwe panhau imwe cheteyo, yakadai semitero nemiraudzo yemhoteredzo.

Nokufamba kwenguva, kududzirwa kweidzi gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo kwachinja kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare reChisarudzo chikurusa. Nhau dzakafanana ne Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) yakatanga dzidziso yamasimba anorehwa, ichibvumira hurumende kuita zviito zvisina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo kwenguva refu kana kuri madikanwa kuita masimba ayo akareviwa.

Grans-Aid: Mubatanidzwa Wemari Webatira Pamwe

Gadziriro yokupa inoreva zvimwe mutoo wakananga zvikurusa webatira pamwe yehurumende. Hurumende yehurumende inounganidza mari yemitero yakafara uye inoparadzira mari kuhurumende nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakati, kazhinji kazhinji nemigariro yakabatanidzwa. Izvozvi zvinopa mari inowira mumapoka makuru maviri. Mitemo inopa chipfuro mativi akatetepa ane zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokushandisa, nepo zvinopa nyika mvumo yakafara kuzvo zvinoda nzanga yose.

Uhu ukama hwezvemari hune mavambo makuru enhau. Morrill Act ye 1862 yakagovera nyika yehurumende inogovera mari nokuda kwokutanga makoreji akanangidzira ngwariro paunyanzvi hwokurima namakemikari, kuumba hwaro hwamayunivhesiti mazhinji avose anhasi. Mapurogiramu azvino uno anopa mari yechinhu chiri chose kubva kumipimo yezvokufambisa kusvikira kumasangano outano, namaruwa anotungamirira gadziriro idzo hurumende yehurumende inobetsera nemari.

Mavambo Ane Nhaka Ehurumende

Nzvimbo dzinotevera dzinoratidza kuti kushandira pamwe uku kunoshanda sei, zvichiratidza zvose simba uye ganhuriro dzegadziriro yomubatanidzwa.

Kumanikidzwa Kuteerera Mutemo uye Kuchengeteka Kwevanhu

Kushanda pamwe chete kwemitemo pakati pehurumende nezviremera zvehurumende kwazova kwakaoma zvikuru mukupindura tyisidziro dzoutsotsi dzazvino uno.

Joint Terrorism Task Forces yeFBI inoshanda munyika dzose neguta guru, ichibatanidza zviwanikwa zvenzvero neziviso yehurumende neyomutemo yomunzvimbomo yenzanga. Nenzira yakafanana, DEA vasonganiri namapurisa ehurumende muHigh Intensity Drug Traghing Praghications (HIDTA) kudzongonyedza mibatanidzwa yokuparadzira mirimo. Iri basa rinogoverana uchenjeri, mabasa anotsinhiranisa, uye zviremera zvemitemo zvepamubatanidzwa kuti vatevere mhaka idzo pasina simba rimwe ringagona kubata dzoga.

Gadziriro dzokugoverana mashoko dzakachinjawo batira pamwe yehurumende. National Criminal Information Center inogovera purojekita yapakati inowanika kumasangano anochengeta mutemo pamwero yose, ichigonesa nzvero dzenguva chaiyoiyo dzekunze kwapashure nokusimbiswa kwechokwadi. Nzvimbo dzinoshanda pamwe chete pakati pezviremera zvehurumende nehurumende dzinonzvera uchenjeri hunobva mumanyuko akawanda kuti dzione tyisidziro dzinotanga kukura nemhesano.

Utano Hworuzhinji Nemhinduro Yekurumidziro

COVOID-19 yakasimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba nedenho dzebatira pamwe yehurumende muutano hwavanhu vose. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention inobatira senhungamiro yehurumende, ichigovera unyanzvi hwesayenzi, gadziriro dzokuongorora, uye mari zvinotsigira madhipatimendi ezvoutano enyika. Iyi batira pamwe ichishandisa mibatanidzwa yakatanga migariro yakakomba isati yatanga.

Grategic National Stockpile, inotarisirwa asi inoparadzirwa nehurumende kupfurikidza namadhipatimendi ezvoutano enyika, inovimbisa kuti migove yezvokurapa yakakomba inosvika munzanga mukati menjodzi. Madhipatimendi ezvoutano ehurumende anochengeta gadziriro dzawo amene dzokupindura nokukurumidza dzinowirirana negadziriro dzehurumende muNational Reformation Framework. Mukati mokupararira kwacho, CDC yakagovera migove yokuedza nenhungamiro yokuparadzira nhomba, nepo zviremera zvehurumende zvakakwanisa nzvimbo dzokuedza dzomunzvimbomo, zvipatara, uye kutumira mashoko kwoutano kuvanhu vose kwakagadzirirwa kuvanhu vazvo.

Gadziriro dzemushonga dzinoratidzira rumwe rutivi rwebatira pamwe. Vaccines yepurogiramu yavana inogovera kudzivirira kwapachena kuti vana vakwaniriswe, asi madhipatimendi outano ehurumende anosarudza zvirongwa zvokuparadzira uye anotarisira kubhadharwa. Uku kubatana kwakasvika mwero wakakwirira wepfuti nokuda kwehosha dzinodzivisika munyika dzose 50, kunyange zvazvo kugadzirwa kwakavakirwa panzvimbo yokutanga yehurumende nedzidzo.

Dzidzo Nokufambira Mberi Kwebasa

Dzidzo inoramba iri mutoro wenyika nomunzvimbomo, asi mari nenhungamiro zvehurumende zvinoumba mativi anokosha edzidzo yeAmerica. Umutwe I weElementary and Secondary Education Act unogovera mari kusangano remari kuzvikoro zvinobatira vadzidzi vanowana mari shoma, nehurumende dzinosarudza kuti mari iyi inoparadzirwa sei mukati memiganhu yazvo yakavakirwa pamashoko ourombo.

Vanhu vane chirwere cheChulture Education Act vanoda kuti nyika dzipe vadzidzi vane urema dzidzo yapachena yakakodzera, vachitsigira chikamu chemari yacho nemari.

Dzidzo yepamusoro inopa mimwe mienzaniso yokubatana kwehurumende. Mayunivhesiti ehurumende anowana mari yakananga asi anobetserwa nezvipo zvokunzvera kwehurumende, zvirongwa zvokuyamura nemari zvakadai saPell Grants, uye zvirongwa zvechikwereti zvehurumende. National Science Foundation neNational Institutes of Health zvinogovera mari yokunzvera inotsigira gadziriro dzeyunivhesiti dzehurumende nokubudirira kwezvemari.

Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza Nemanyuko Ezvinhu Zvomuzvarirwo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inoshanda kupfurikidza nemutevedzeri wesangano rehurumende inobatira pamwe umo Environmental Protection Agency yeU.S. inogadza mipimo yenyika apo nyika inoshandisa ndokumanikidzira gadziriro zhinjisa. Ceather Air Act inobvumira nyika kuparira Gadziriro dzokupa mipimo yeHurumende ichazana nayo mipimo yesimba remhepo yehurumende. Kana hurumende ikakundikana kuita gadziriro yakakwana, EPA inogona kuisa kuitwa kwehurumende, ichiita sundo dzakasimba nokuda kwokubatira pamwe.

Bhuku rinonzi Clean Water Act rinopawo simba rokubvumira kubuda mumvura, EPA ichigovera kutungamirira uye kupindira apo zvirongwa zvehurumende zvinokundikana.

Kutarisirwa kwezvishandiso zvomusikirwo kunowanzoda kubatira pamwe mumasangano akawanda enyika nehurumende. Colorado River Compact inopa mvura pakati penyika nomwe nehurumende yehurumende, ichida kuti kukurukurirana kunopfuurira uye kubatira pamwe kugadziridza migariro yokusanaya kwemvura nokuwedzera kwavagari vemo. Masangano eFederal akadai seBureau of Reclametion anotarisira gadziriro dzinoendesa mvura kunyika, nepo zviremera zvehurumende zvinodzora kushandiswa kwemvura mukati medzo.

Zvekufambisa Nezvirongwa

Federal Highway Administration inogovera mari yakawanda nokuda kwezvirongwa zvemugwagwa mukuru wehurumende kupfurikidza neFederal-Aid Highway Program. United States inogadzira nokuvaka zvirongwa mukuwirirana nemipimo yehurumende, nemari yehurumende inofukidza 80 muzana yendyiko dzemigwagwa mikuru yeruwa uye 50 muzana yedzimwe nzira dzehurumende. Uku kubatana kwabudisa Interstate Highway System, rimwe ramabasa makurusa munhau.

Gadziriro dzokufambisa dzinotsamira paFederal Transit Administration dzinopa kuti masangano ehurumende neemunzvimbomo ashandise kutenga midziyo, kuchengeta gadziriro, uye mabasa okutarisira. Hurumende yehurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa zvokukwanisa kushandira nokushandisa mari zvinoiswa pakutanga, nepo zviremera zvehurumende nezvomunzvimbomo zvichisarudza nzira chaidzo, zvirongwa, uye zvivako zvemari zvinobva pazvinodikanwa zvenzanga.

Vandudziko yenhandare yendege inoratidzira kushanda pamwe chete. Federal Aviation Administration inogovera mari nokuda kwokukura kwenhandare yendege uye inoisa mitemo yekotsekano, nepo zviremera zvehurumende nezvomunzvimbomo zvinotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva newedzero dzekuronga. Uku kubatana kunovimbisa mipimo yekotsekano isingachinjiki apo kunobvumira ndege kuita chimwe chinhu kumigariro yemisika yomunzvimbomo.

Muitiro Wemari Nekufambira Mberi Kwevashandi

Maturusi emitemo yehurumende yezvoupfumi anoshanda zvikuru nepurogiramu dzehurumende kusimudzira kusimudzirwa kwebhizimisi nerovedzo yavashandi. Workforce Innovation neOpportunity Act yemari yehurumende inorovedza basa, neLocal Workforce Development Boards inobatanidza mabasa akaenzana navashandi vanoshandira nezvinodikanwa.

Gadziriro duku dzeBusiness Administrations dzinoshanda nemasangano ezvemari ehurumende kuti ape zvikwereti, rubatsiro rwezvokugadzira zvinhu, uye kutsigira kugadzirisa njodzi.

Inishuwarenzi yourovha inoshanda sepurogiramu yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, nehurumende inogadza nhungamiro dzakafara uye hurumende dzinosarudza mwero yebetsero, mipimo yokusashanda zvakanaka, uye urefu. Mukati mokuderera kwezvemari, hurumende yehurumende inogovera betsero dzakawedzerwa dzinotsigirwa kupfurikidza nemari yose zvayo, nepo nyika dzichipfuurira kugovera kutaura kupfurikidza namasangano adzo aripo.

Masangano Okubatsira Vanhu Nezvirongwa Zvemambure Okudzivirira

Hurumende inogovera mari inovhara uye inoda nyika kuti dziwirirane nemwero yebasa, asi inotema zvitsama zvinobetsera, mitemo inodzoreka, uye gadziriro. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira nyika kuedza nemitoo yakasiana - siana kukuderera kwourombo nepo dzichichengeta kuzvidavirira kwomubatanidzwa.

Somupiyuta weInternational Information Program inoshanda nenzira yakasiana, nebetsero dzehurumende yehurumende nendyiko zhinjisa dzehurumende nepo nyika dzichikwanisa kutsunga nokubetsera kuparadzirwa.

Medicaid anoratidzira kubatira pamwe kwehurumende mutarisiro youtano, nehurumende inowirirana nokushandisa mari yakavakirwa pamari inotambirwa nehurumende pamunhu mumwe nomumwe. Nyika dzinoshandisa purogiramu yacho mukati menhungamiro huru dzomuhurumende dzinotanga mapoka okupedzisa anogombedzerwa nebetsero shomanene, asi hurumende dzinogona kuwedzera kufukidzwa, kuwedzera mabasa okugovera, uye kuronga gadziriro dzadzo dzokupa kupfurikidza namasangano etarisiro akarongwa.

Kugamuchira Njodzi Nokupora

Stafford Act inotanga gadziriro yebetsero yengwavaira yehurumende, ichida kuti nyika dzikumbire betsero yomubatanidzwa ndokuita mari inowirirana pamberi pokugamuchira tsigiro. Federal Emergency Management Agency inoronga zvishandiso zvehurumende izvo nhamburiko dzokuwedzera nedzomunzvimbomo dzokupindura, dzichigovera kunzvera namano okununura, dzimba dzechinguvana, uye mari yokugadzira zvinhu zvavose.

Hurumende dzinoshandisa zvirongwa zvokutambira kukurumidzira uye kuchengetedza zvinhu zvinoda kugadziriswa zvinoshanda zvakananga neFEMA kuti dzione kukuvadzwa, kuziva zvinodiwa, uye kuparadzira rubatsiro.

Iyi gadziriro yakavharwa inobvumira mhinduro dzakagadzirirwa idzo dzinoremekedza chiremera chehurumende nepo dzichigovera zviwanikwa zvehurumende apo nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo inokurirwa. Hurricane muruwa, kudzorwa kwemwoto muMadokero, uye mafashamo munzizi huru zvose zvinoratidzira uku kubatana mukushanda, nemipimo yakasiana - siana yokutsinhirana kuchitsamira pamwero norudzi rwengwavaira yacho.

Kuderedza Kusawirirana uye Kuvaka Vakwanyina Vanobudirira

Kusawirirana, kusawirirana mune zvemari, uye kusawirirana kwemitemo kunowanzonetsa ukama hwehurumende. Kunzwisisa kusawirirana uku kunokosha kune munhu wose anoda kushandisa nzira yacho zvakanaka.

Kuedzwa uye Kukunda Kukuru

Mitemo pane dzimwe nguva inoramba mitemo yehurumende yainorangarira sechiremera chikuru zvikuru chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kudzosa pamibato yegamuchidzanwa. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu NFIB v. Sebelius (2012) yakauraya gadziriro yeAffordble Care Act inoda hurumende kukudza Médicaid kana kuti kurasikirwa nemari iripo, kutonga kuti hurumende haigoni kutyisidzira nokurasikirwa nemari iripo kuti imanikidze zvisarudzo zvitsva zvemitemo.

Kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika kunopa kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pechiremera chehurumende nefariro dzehurumende. Dare Rapamusorosoro mu Arizona v. United States (202) rakarova gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzokuita kuti vanhu vatamike muArizona sedzinovhiringidza chiremera chehurumende, nepo dzichisiya nzvimbo yebatira pamwe nemitemo yehurumende mumigariro yakati.

Mabhanzi Ane Makemikari uye Mamiriro Okunze Asina Kutsakatika

Nyika dzinonyunyuta kazhinji kazhinji pamusoro pemirairo yehurumende inoisa mari pasina kugovera mari yakakwana. Dare reReforma ra1995 risina kutenderwa raida kuongororwa kwemitengo yehurumende yezvitendero munyika, asi rinoshanda bedzi kumutemo mutsva, kwete mirau kana kuti mapurogiramu aripo. Hurumende dzinopfuurira kuva nendyiko huru dzokushandisa zvinodikanwa zvehurumende mudzidzo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye tarisiro youtano.

Midhicaid inogovera muenzaniso wakajeka weidzi shavo huru. Purogiramu inoparira inopfuura 20 muzana yemari yehurumende paavhareji, uye chinjo dzemiitiro yehurumende dzinogona kutapura zvikuru ndyiko dzehurumende. Apo hurumende yehurumende inoraira zvinodikanwa zvitsva zvokupa bhaisiro kana kuti inoganhurira zvisarudzo zvinoda kubhadhara, bhajeti yehurumende inofanira kugadziridza kugovera mari yakawedzerwa kana kuti kuwana mari inochengetwa kune imwe nzvimbo.

Nguva Yemberi Yebatira Pamwe Yehurumende

Zvinowanzoitika zvakasiyana - siyana zvingaumba kubatana kwehurumende mumakore ari kuuya. Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunoda kuti zviitwe zvakawiriraniswa munzvimbo dzose, sezvo pasina nyika imwe inogona kugadzirisa kana kuchinja mhoteredzo. Kuchinja zvinhu kunoda zvokufambisa, simba, uye kushambadzirana kwemari kuchaita kuti nyika irambe ichingoramba ichidyidzana nounyanzvi hwokushandisa nyika.

Kubviswa kwegadziriro dzehurumende dzokuti dzigova nyika kunopfuurira munharaunda dzakawanda, navatsigiri vachitaura kuti nyika dzinoshanda semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uko mitoo yakasiana - siana inogona kuedzwa pamberi pokugamuchirwa kwehurumende.Vatsoropodzi vanonetseka pamusoro pedziviriro dzisina kuenzana nokuda kwevagari vemo munyika dzose uye kukamukana kwepurogiramu dzenyika.

Ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu uye mashoko zvinopa mikana mitsva yokushandira pamwe. Makombiyuta, mapurogiramu anoshanda pamwe, uye kuvhiringika chaiko kunogona kuvandudza kubatana kwemitemo, utano hwevanhu, uye masangano enzanga. Zvisinei, kunetseka nokudzivirira mashoko uye nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzinoita kuti pave nezvinetso zvinoda kukurukurirana kwokungwarira.

Mugumisiro: Ukoshi Husingaperi Hwokushandira Pamwe

Kubatanidzwa kwamasimba ehurumende nehurumende kunorondedzera kudzora kweAmerica munzira dzinowanzosaoneka kuvagari veAmerica asi dzinokosha kuupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.

Kunyange kusawirirana uye kusawirirana zvichiramba, nhoroondo yacho inoratidza kuti kana vose vari vaviri vehurumende vakabatana, vanogona kuwana migumisiro isingagoni kupedza vari voga.

Gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica yakanga isina kurongerwa kuita zvakanaka asi kuti igovere simba rokudzivirira rusununguko nepo ichigonesa chiito chakabatana.

Nokuda kwokuravirazve pamusoro pechibvumirano chehurumende neukama hwehurumende, bvunza U.S. uye nzvera kubva kuBasa reRefesitoriyo. Mirangariro yehurumende pamasangano ehurumende inowanika kupfurikidza ne [[FLT: 4.] National Conference of State Legislatures.