Ukama pakati pezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro yavose hunoumba mavambo okutonga munzanga iri yose. Hondo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinosarudza kuti ndezvipi zvinetso zvinowana ngwariro, imhinduroi dzinowana maruramiro, uye ndiani ane ndyiko dzezvisarudzo. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakavimbisana, kunzwisisa ichi ichi chitambi hachisi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yetemokrati, kuyera kushanda kwehurumende, uye kuziva kushambadza kunowirirana nechisarudzo chiri chose chemiitiro. Iyi inopfupikisa mifungo yapakuvamba, masimba epfungwa, esangano, uye chiitiko chaichoicho icho chinozivisa kuti matongerwe enyika netsika yavose zvinowirirana sei.

Kurondedzera Zvematongerwe Enyika uye Mutemo Wevanhu Vose

Zvematongerwe enyika, panzvimbo yazvo hurusa, mutoo uyo boka ravanhu rinoita nawo zvisarudzo zvakabatana. Inobatanidza makwikwi esimba, kurukurirano pakati pavachengeti vemari, uye kushandiswa kwechiremera. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzoirondedzera se "ndini anowana, ndirini, uye sei" (Lassell, 1936). Iyi inosimbisa kuti matongerwe enyika pamusoro pokuparadzirwa kwezviwanikwa, kodzero, uye mitoro.

Muitiro wavose, mukupesana, ibudiriro yemiitiro iyoyo yezvamatongerwe enyika, mirau, zvirongwa, uye zvirongwa izvo hurumende dzinogamuchira kukurukura zvinetso zvenzanga. Policy haisati iri chisarudzo chimwe chete; inzira yechiito (kana kuti kusaita) yakaitwa nezviremera zvavose. Oxford Reference[ inorondedzera muitiro wavose se "chisarudzo chechisarudzo chakabatana chakatorwa nomutambi wezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti boka ravatambi pamusoro pechisarudzo chenharidzano uye nzira dzokuzvisvitsa nadzo mumugariro wakananga.) Nokudaro, nepo zvematongerwe enyika anogovera nhandare nemiraudzo, ndiwo muuyo unotapura upenyu hwavanhu hwezuva riri rose.

Kunzwisisa musiyano wakakomba nemhaka yokuti kunojekesa kuti muitiro hautongovi wokusatora rutivi(irwo) inoratidzira mipimo, mirangariro, uye masimba zvakaiswa mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chiri chose chinobatanidza zvisarudzo zvebhizimisi izvo zvakaumbwa namamirire ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika umo wakaitwa.

Basa Repfungwa Dzematongerwe Enyika

Pfungwa dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinobatira semalens umo vanhu namapoka vanodudzira zvinetso zvenzanga ndokupa zvigadzikiso zvinoparira mirangariro inozivisa zvitendero.

  • Chikonsimende [ chinosimbisa gamuchidzanwa, nhevedzano, uye kupindira kwakaganhurirwa kwehurumende. Vadive vanowanzoda misika yakasununguka, mutoro womunhu oga, uye ngwariro kukuchinja kunokurumidza kwenzanga. Iyi mirangariro inowanzoshandura kuva mitemo inoisa chirango chemari, kubvisa, uye dziviriro yenyika yakasimba.
  • , , , , vatsigiri vehurumende inoshingaira kufambisira mberi ruramisiro yenzanga, kuenzana, uye maruramiro omunhu oga. Marairaparal anokombamira kutsigira bhizimisi ravose mudzidzo, tarisiro youtano, uye mambure echengeteko yenzanga, pamwe chete nemirau inodzivirira vatengi nemhoteredzo.
  • Chisariranwa [ chinosimbisa kuva neboka kana kuti kuva nehurumende yemitoo yokugadzira uye vavariro dzokuderedza kusaenzana kwemari kupfurikidza nemitemo inoparadzira. Kuchinja kwenzanga kwazvino uno kunogamuchira upfumi hwakavhengana asi kuchiri kusimbisa mabasa avose nedziviriro dzamabasa dzakasimba.
  • .Libertrianism inorangarira rusununguko rwomunhu oga soukoshi hukurusa hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vamiriri vehurumende duku(inoganhurirwa kudzivirira maruramiro namabvumirano(//nakushora zvimiro zvizhinjisa zvemitero, murairo, uye gadziriro yavose.

Misangano yepfungwa iyi haisati iripo mukuparadzana.Mumaitiro, gakava remitemo rinowanzobatanidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nezvinzvimbo zvemhiko. Somuenzaniso, kusachinja kungatsigira kupindira kwehurumende muchimiro chevatongi kuti vadzivirire maindasitiri epamba, nepo kutsigira kwakasununguka kunobva mumusika wakadai secarbon prigrate yezvinangwa zvemhoteredzo. Kunzwisisa izvi kunobetsera mukunzwisisa chikonzero nei kushambadza kwemitemo kusingadzivisiki: hakuna pfungwa imwe inogona kugutsa mipimo yose panguva imwe cheteyo.

Kuitwa Kwomuitiro

Kugadzira mitemo hakuwanzovi nomutsetse, asi vaongorori vanowanzoiparadzanisa kuti ive nhanho dzinotevera kuti vanzwisise zviri nani masimba ezvematongerwe enyika padanho rimwe nerimwe.

Kugadzirira Agenda

Gadziriro yeAgenda inosarudza kuti inhaui dzinogamuchira ngwariro yehurumende. Zvinetso zvinogona kuwana utanhamari kupfurikidza nomufungo wavose, kupupurirwa kwenhau dzenhau, nhimbe dzeboka, kana kuti kuisa zviitiko zvakafanana nengwavaira dzomusikirwo nenjodzi dzemari. Vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vanoita basa guru: vanogona kusimudzira nhau dzakati vachifuratira dzimwe namaune. Murangariro we "policy" (Kingdon, 1984) unotsanangura kuti chinetso, mhinduro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye migariro yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanaka inofanira kuwirirana nokuda kwenhau yacho.

Kudzorwa Kwemitemo

Kana nyaya yava papurogiramu, vagadziri vemitemo navanopa mibayiro vanotanga zvigadzikiso zvinobvira. Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira kutsvakurudza, zvikarakadzo zvokunyora, kuongorora mutengo, uye kukurukurirana. Kuronga kunowanzoitika mumasangano evakuru vakuru, makomiti emitemo, kana kuti masangano chaiwo. Mapoka anofarirwa nevanopa mari yezvirongwa. Mapoka ezvirongwa zvemotokari zvinopa mutengo, kuronga zvisarudzo kuti zviwirirane nezvinodiwa zvavo.

Kurera Mwana Womubereki Usiri Wako

Kugamuchirwa ndiro danho umo muitiro unotenderwa nenzira yapamutemo nedare remitemo kana kuti chiremera chavakuru vakuru. Ndimo umo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinooneka zvikurusa: vhoti dzinoitwa, kugadziridzwa kunoumbwa, uye zvibvumirano zvinoumbwa. Chivako chehurumende(httle purezidhenti) kana kuti paramendi, unbadaral kana kuti bidaral_shapes. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba kunoreva kuti mutongo unofanira kupfuura dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeDare routungamiriri ndokupukunyuka denho inobvira yeDare rapamusorosoro.

Kushandisa

Kushandisa kunova muitiro webasa. Masangano ehurumende, pane dzimwe nguva mubatira pamwe navatambi vomunhu oga kana kuti vasingapinduri, anoita udzame. Iyi nhano inowanzova yakazara nedenho: simba rehurumende, mwero yemari, kudziviswa kwavagari vemo vanyajambwa, uye miraudzo isina kujeka inogona kubvisa zvose zvinovavarirwa nevavariro. SezvoPressky naWindavsky (1973) vakanyorwa zvakakurumbira, kukwanisa kuita i "mano okuumba batano muketani yechipfuvara chinobatanidza muitiro wacho nemigumisiro yaunoda."

Kuongorora

Pakupedzisira, nzvero inoyera kana muitiro wakawana nharidzano dzawo uye nendyiko. Nzvero dzingaitwa navanzveri vehurumende, vanzveri vedzidzo, kana kuti masangano akazvimirira. Miuyo inogona kudzosera shure mugadziriro yezvirongwa, kupfuudzira, kana kuti kugumisa mutemo. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji zvinokurira ufakazi hwakakurumbira asi husingashandi zvingapukunyuka, nepo uhwo hunobudirira asi hunomutsa nharo hungabviswa.

Kutengeswa Mumutemo Wavose

Kushambadza kuripo nemhaka yokuti zviwanikwa hazviwaniki uye kurwisana kwetsika. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinobatanidza mukana unoda mari(hwunorega betsero kubva pakusatsvaka chimwe chinhu. Kunzwisisa kubuda kwezvokutengeserana chinhu chinokosha kukunzvera kwokutsoropodza.

Kuwedzera Kwezvemari Kunopesana Nedziviriro Yemhoteredzo

Kusawirirana kwakatanhamara kunomuka pakati pemiitiro inonyandura budiriro yemari neiyo inochengetedza pfuma yomusikirwo. Mitemo yokushatisa, somuenzaniso, ingakwidza ndyiko nokuda kwamabhizimisi ndokuderedza kukura kwenhambo pfupi, asi inoparira betsero dzenhambo refu muutano nemhoteredzo yakatsiga. Denho ndeyokuti ndyiko nebetsero zvinoparadzirwa zvisina kufanira panguva namapoka.

Kuchengeteka Kwavose Kunopesana. Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika

Matanho okurwisa utsotsi kana kuti ugandanga (kwakadai sokunzvera, kumisa uye kuvhara) kana kuti kuvharirwa kunowedzera chengeteko asi nokurasikirwa nokuvandika, muitiro wakafanira, uye rusununguko rwokufamba. Ukuru hweiri basa rinodzorwa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Security Just jirogastings respects reconcurity yetsika yerudzi netation natapuro dzadzo parusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Kugutsikana

Mitemo inonangidzirwa kuderedza kusaenzana kwemitero yakakwirira(_yakakwira, mitemo yemitero yakaderera, kana kuti tarisiro yezvoutano hwepasi pose) ingaderedza kusabudirira kwezvemari yose kupfurikidza nokushatisa kurudziro kana kuti kugadzira ndyiko dzehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, mitemo inosimbisa kushanda zvakanaka (zvikurukuru, kubvisa) inogona kuderedza kusaenzana. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kusarudza dzikamo inogamuchirika pakati peiyi mipimo inokwikwidzana.

Ruyamuro rwenguva pfupi v. Kutsigirwa kwenguva refu

Ruyamuro rwengwavaira, kupedzisa mari, kana kuti kuderedza mitero kazhinji kazhinji zvinogovera betsero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzapakarepo asi zvingawedzera chikwereti kana kuti kudzongonyedza purojekiti mugadziriro dzepfuma, dzidzo, kana kuti mamiriro okunze. Uku kupera kwechinguvana kunoziviswa zvikuru mugadziriro dzehurumende yedemocracy, umo nhevedzano dzegadziriro dzevhiyi dzinoda betsero dzenguva pfupi kupfuura kuronga kwenguva refu.

Rusununguko Runopesana.

Mirayiro yecheni, ganhuriro dzoutano dzavanhu vose, uye mitemo yokugara munzvimbo dzinogara zvinoratidza kusawirirana kuri pakati pezvigaro zvomunhu oga negarikano yakakura yenzanga.

Kupesvedzera Kwemapoka Anofarira

Mapoka echishuvo — unganidzwa yakarongwa yavanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti masangano anotsvaka kutapura muitiro wavanhu vose — inzira ine simba kupfurikidza nayo zvamatongerwe enyika zvinoumba muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Anogovera unyanzvi, anounganidza vavhoti, uye anogona kupa mipiro yenhimbe, asi anogonawo kuparira muitiro wefariro shomanene kukuvadziko yavose.

  • [ Masangano ebhizimisi neTrade Associations: Mapoka akafanana neCamber of Commerce date yeUnited States nokuda kwemitemo yemitero yakanaka, kudzorwa, uye zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi. Kubetsera kwadzo kwamabasa kazhinji kazhinji kunovapa mukana wakawanda zvikuru.
  • Johanness:[ The American Medical Association kana kuti American Bar Association inopesvedzera miitiro inotapura maindasitiri avo, zvakadai semirau inodzorwa uye mitemo yemhosva.
  • Masangano:[[FL:1] Masangano akadai seAFL-CIO anotsigira maruramiro avashandi, dziviriro dzakabatana, uye mari inotambira mari shoma. Pesvedzero yawo yaderera munyika dzakawanda asi inoramba iri inokosha mumakamu akati.
  • Mapoka eMhindu:[[FLT: 1] Mapoka eMharauriro (mutoo, Sierra Club), vatsigiri verusununguko rwavagari vemo (mutoo, ACLU), uye vatengi vorurimi (umt., Public Citizen) anomirira kupararira kwemacontitue angasainzwa.
  • Masangano eIssue Groups: akanangidzira ngwariro pamaruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, kuva nepfuti, kana kuti kutama anoshandisa dzvinyiriro huru pamiganhu miduku yemiitiro, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza namapoka anonyandurwa zvikuru.

Mapoka anofarira anoshandisa nzira dzakati: vaiti vemitemo vanopesvedzera navakuru vakuru vesangano, vanopa chitsama chokushambadzira, vanotengesa nokushandisa mari yokunzvera nokufunga matangi, uye kuunganidza midzi youswa tsigiro. OpenSEcrets [ Nhimbe dzemipiro yokuronga yokuisa zvinhu patsvakisi nokubudisira ndyiko, kuzivisa zvitsama zvakawanda zvinopedzerwa kupesvedzera miuyo. Kushambadza kuno kubva pano kuri pakati pokuvimbisa kuti hurumende inzwe navatengi vakatapurwa uye kudzivisa muitiro kubatwa nevo vaduku vakasano.

Zvinoitwa Nepfungwa Dzevanhu Vose

Maonero anoita vanhu vakawanda anoshanda sechinhu chinodzorwa uye chinobatsira vagadziri vemitemo. Vakuru vakuru vanongoteererawo pfungwa dzevamwe, kunyanya nyaya dzinonetsa.

Kuyera Mafungiro Evanhu

Nzvero inogovera chishandiso chikuru chokuyera murangariro. Nzvero dzakarongwa zvakanaka dzinogona kuratidzira kuparadzirwa kwezvinodiwa uye ukuru hwemirangariro. Zvisinei, kubvunza mashoko, mhosho, uye kupesana kwemirangariro yavose zvose zvinomutsa zvinetso. Mukati menjodzi, murangariro unogona kuchinja nokukurumidza._Somuenzaniso, tsigiro yekupindira kwehurumende inowanzowedzera mukati mekuderera kwemari.

Pesvedzero Yezvinobudisa Nhau

Zvinobudisa nhau, zvose zviri zviviri zvegamuchidzanwa nenzanga, zvinoita rutivi rwechipiri: zvinozivisa murangariro wavanhu uye zvinopesvedzerwawo nawo. Agenda-Spetting rondedzero inoti rondedzero inoudza vanhu kuti havasati vachizofungai, asi kuti vofunga nezvei. Munhambo yemichina, nzvimbo dzokufambisa mashoko uye mashoko asina kururama zvinogona kukanganisa kunzwisisa kwavose kwemitero yokutengesa. Somuenzaniso, gakava pamusoro pemitero rinowanzovhara kushatsa kushatsa kutengeserana nemhosho dzenguva yemberi.

Makambani Nemadhiragi Anokonzera Kufurirwa

Masangano akafanana nesangano ramaruramiro avagari vemo, kuita chiito chemhoteredzo, uye Tea Party zvakachinja nenzira inobudirira kupfurikidza nokuunganidza tsigiro yavose. Kana yakatsigirwa zvakakwana, dzvinyiriro yemidzi youswa inogona kukurira fariro dzakadzika midzi. Brookings Institution[ yakabudisa nzvero huru pamusoro pokuti masangano enzanga anoshandura sei chinjo kuva muitiro, kuratidzira zvose zviri zviviri budiriro neganhuriro.

Munhu wezvamatongerwe enyika anofuratira zvakasimba mirangariro yavose anoisa ngozi yokukundwa nevoruzhinji, asi panhau dzakaderera, vangafarikanya uchenjeri hwakati.

Makambani Anoita Faramezime: Nzira Iyo Hurumende Inoita Nayo Kutengeswa

Masangano ose ezvamatongerwe enyika enyika anoisa mitemo yawo amene yechienzi, achiita kuti zvimwe zvitsamisire zvive sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura mamwe. MuUnited States, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira mifungo mizhinji iyo inochinja mitoo inononoka asi inokurudzirawo kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kubatira pamwe kunoparadzira chiremera chemitemo pakati pehurumende dzenyika nedzinenyika dzakawanda, kunobudisa mhesano mumiuyo yemiuyo munyika dzose.

Miitiro yeParamende, mukupesana, inopa ngwariro musimba mumukuru mukuru uye inoita kuti chinjo yomuitiro ikurumidze, asi inopinzawo mungozi udzori hukuru pasina kunzvera kwakasimba. Kurega pakati pechisarudzo nokurangarira chisarudzo chikuru chesangano. Nenzira yakafanana, chivako chedare rejajichary //matare anogona kurova mutemo (*) unowedzera rimwe pesvet yetsika kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Mitemo yemitemo yeElectoral ine chokuitawo. Kumirira kwemibatanidzwa yezvikamu zvizhinji inoda kutaurirana uye inogona kuratidzira zviri nani mifungo yakasiana - siana, asi ingatungamirira kuhurumende dzakatsiga kana kuti dzisina kutsiga. Gadziriro dzokutanga dzemitemo dzinokurudzira makwikwi maviri akabatanidzwa uye kuzvidavirira kwakajeka, asi dzinogona kusiya mirangariro mishomanene isina kupiwa. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvesangano zvinobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei zvisarungada pfungwa imwe cheteyo inogona kuparira miitiro yakasiana zvikuru munyika dzakasiana.

Pesvedzero Dzenyika Yose Nedzenyika Yose

Mitemo yebhizimisi, makambani emarudzi akawanda, uye utongi hwenyika yose zvinomanikidza hurumende dzenyika yose kuti dzisarudze zvadzinofanira kuita. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yeWorld Trade Organization inorambidza kushandiswa kwemajeri uye kubhadharwa mari; zvibvumirano zvemamiriro okunze zvinoda kuderedzwa kwemaburi anenge abudiswa; uye zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu pasi pose zvinogadza mipimo yemitemo yemumba.

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose pachako kunoparira kushambadza: misika yokutanga ingawedzera kukura kwemari asiwo kuwedzera kusaenzana uye kukanganisa kwemari. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kusarudza kuti ihurumende yakawanda sei inofanira kushandira pamwe kuti ishande pamwe chete. Kupindura kudenda reCOVID ra19 kwakaratidza zvose zviri zviviri kudiwa kwokubatana kwepasi pose kwemajekiseni .(in chemishonga) uye kuparadzirwa kwejekiseni (* nokupfuurira kwourudzi rwokuzviitira hanya.

Fundo Dzenhau Mumiitiro Yokutengesa

Fundo Yakakosha 1: Muitiro Wokutarisira Usingatani Kudziviswa (ACA)

Yakapfuudzwa muna 2010, ACA yakavavarira kukudza kubhadharwa kweinishuwarenzi youtano, kuderedza ndyiko, uye kunatsiridza kunaka. Yakatanga misika, mari inotsigirwa, maruramiro, uye kukura kweMedicaid. Hondo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanga inotyisa, inoratidzira kupesana kukuru kwepfungwa. Kushambadzira kwakanga kuri pachena: mamiriyoni akawana bhamvu, asi mitengo yamapoka akakwira, uye chiratidzo chakaisa mutoro panzvimbo isina kubhadharwa. Vashori vakaidziridza hurumende; vatsigiri vakazviona senhano iri nhanho refu kupfuudzira nyika yose. Mutemo wakapukunyuka kuedza kwakawanda uye unoramba uri chinyorwa mutengo wezvamatongerwe enyika zveutano. Kunzvera kwakaitwa ne [[FLD:] Famier Foundation [F:]

Fundo 2: Hondo Pamirimo

Kushaikwa kwemirimo kwakakuchidzirwa muma1970 uye kwakawedzera muma1980, Hondo yeMirimo yakaisa mitemo yaishandiswa pakutanga uye matanho okubvisa zvinodhaka. Kushambadzira pakati pekotsekano yavose neruramisiro yenzanga kwakava kwakakomba. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwemirimo kwakaderera munguva dzakati, muitiro wakatungamirira kusungwa kwavazhinji, kwakakanganisa zvisingadzoreki nzanga dzevoruzhinji, uye kwakabvisa upfumi pakurapa nokudzivirira. Vatsoropodzi vakakundikana kuderedza kupindwa muropa nokuparira zvivako zvetorongo zvakakura. Zvinjo dzemisi mitsvaro yazvino uno yakadai serakachino chehurumende yemubatanidzwa zvepamutemo mumiitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, inodzorwa , zvinodzorwa mirangariro yezvoutano yavose neruramisiro. [[FLT:] Vatsoropo vakaedza kuderedza kuderedza kupindwa kwemari uye kurambidzwa kwemirimo yemirimo. [FFF:]

Fundo 3: Carbon Pricing uye Mutemo Wemamiriro Okunze

Kuchinja kwesimba remamiriro okunze kuyera dziviriro yemhoteredzo pakukura kwemari, mutengo wenhambo pfupi pakupukunyuka kwenguva refu, uye makwikwi enyika yose. Carbon prigate ject kupfurikidza nemitero kana kuti kudzorwa kwechikepisi nejenasi(ichi chishandiso chemari inoisa mutengo webutiro remhepo. Zvisinei, inoparira kutengeswa kwezvokutengeserana: tapuro dzinodzoswa pamiuyo yakaderera, kurasikirwa nebasa muindasitiri yecarbon, uye kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kubva munzanga dzakatapukunurwa. Nyika dzakadai seCanada neSweden dzakashandisa mutengo wecarbon apo dzinoshandisa funganyo dzisati dziripo, zvichiratidzira kuti kutengeserana kubviswa kunogona kudzorwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yemiitiro asi kwete.

mhedziso

Zvematongerwe enyika uye tsika dzavose hazvichinji. Chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chinobuda mukurukurirano dzezvematongerwe enyika, zvinobatanidza tsika, uye zvinosanganisira kutengeswa kunoumba kuparadzirwa kwemari nebetsero munzanga yose. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, basa harisi kupedzi udzame hwemitemo asi kukudziridza unyanzvi hwezvokushandisa asi kuti vakudziridze unyanzvi hwemasangano kuti vanzwisise chikonzero nei mamwe mitemo ichiitwa, anokunda uye anorasikirwa, uye anorasikirwa nayo, uye kuti mavhesiti esangano nepasi pose anodzorwa kana kuti anoita kuti kuchinja. Nokudzidza mienzaniso chaiyo yenyika uye kubatanidzwa nezvinoitwa pasi pezvine simba, vagari vemo vanogona kuva vatori vezviito zvakazivikanwa mugadziriro yedemo yedemocracy.