Kuchinja Kunoita Bumbiro Remitemo Rokupindira Kwebazu

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. vakagadzira hurumende isina bazi rimwe raigona kudzora. Iyi gadziriro inokamuraniswa simba pakati pemitemo, zviremera, uye mapazu okutonga, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiyana asi chiremera chakafanana. Kubatana pakati pamapazu iwawa hakusati kuri bedzi kudzora; injini inosunda muitiro wavose nomutemo. Mutemo uri wose unopfuudzwa, murayiro uri wose wevakuru vakuru unobudiswa, uye dare riri rose rinoratidzira tsinhirano huru yekurukurirano, ganhuriro, uye pesvedzero. Kunzwisisa uku kunokosha nokuda kwavagari vemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vadzidzi vehurumende vanoda kunzwisisa kuti miitiro yenyika inoumbwa sei, inodenhwa, uye inoitwa sei.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinosimbisa gadziriro yamasimba akaparadzana, asi rinoparirawo miitiro yokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinzvere mamwe. Ichi chivako chinovimbisa kuti kuita mutemo kunoda bvumirano, kuraira kuuraya, uye kududzira kunoramba kwakavakirwa munheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, kubatana pakati pamapazu kwakatanga, kwakaumbwa nemibatanidzwa yezvamatongerwe enyika, pfungwa yavose, uye njodzi. Muuyo igadziriro mhenyu yokutonga inowirirana nedzikamo.

Bazu Romutemo: Kuita Mitemo Segadziriro Yakaisvonaka

Chivako chebazu remitemo, Congress, idare guru rokugadzira mitemo. Rakarongwa reImba yaVamiririri neDare, rinomirira vanhu nehurumende. Zvisinei, Congress haishandi iri yoga. Nhanho imwe neimwe yomuitiro wemitemo inobatanidza kuwirirana namapazu makuru neanotonga, kubva pakurongwa kwezvikwereti kusvikira kukuitwa kwokupedzisira kwemitemo.

Kubva Kuna Bill Kuenda kuMutemo: Basa Rechiremera

Rwendo rwechibvumirano runoratidzira pfundo rokutanga rinokosha rokubatana pakati pamapazu. Pashure pokunge dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzapfuudza musengwa, unotumirwa kuPurezidhendi. Mutungamiriri wehurumende angachisaina mumutemo, achichiiisa, kana kuti achibvumira kuva mutemo pasina sigini pashure pamazuva gumi (kana kuti Congress iri murusando). Iri simba rapurezidhendi reveto icherekedzo yakananga paCongress. Nhamba inopesana, Congress inogona kukwidza bhii nevoruzhinji nekero mbiri mumakamuri ose ari maviri, chiziviso chemitemo chine simba pamukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Iyi yapashure-pashure haisati iriwo zvayo kurukurirano; inoumba zviri mukati memitemo. Mapurezidhendi anowanzotyisidzira mavhiri mukati momuitiro wemitemo, kumanikidza Congress kukurukura mirau misati yasvika Office yeOval. Somuenzaniso, mutemo mukuru wakadai se Act yeCare cont [ ne

Kutarisira Kwemisangano: Kukurukura Kunopfuurira

Kushanda kwomutemo nomukuru mukuru kunopfuura kuisa mutemo. Congress inotungamirira masangano ehurumende nepurogiramu kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye kuronga. Iri basa rokutarisira rinobvumira Congress kuongorora kuti mitemo iri kuitwa sei uye kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvidavirire. Office yeAccouncip Accounting Accounting (GAO)[FLT]] kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoitisa bvunzurudzo pa chikumbiro chaCongress Congress, kugovera mashoko edonzo anopesvedzera mamiriro ezvinhu. Uku kunzvera kunopfuurira kunovimbisa kuti bazu repamusoro harisati richitsauka kure zvikuru padonzo romutemo.

Mukuwedzera, simba reDare rokusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi($Kubatanidza vanyori vedare, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamiririri) nderimwe retanho hurusa pakati pamapazu. Iyi bvumirano yazova inopesana zvikuru, uye vamirinei vanotarisana nokuongororwa kukuru. Kubatana pano hakungovaki bedzi kuumbwa kwomukuru mukuru nedare asiwo kutungamirira kwetsika kwamakore anouya.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chapamusoro: Kuita Kuti Muitiro Ushande Zvisingashandiswi

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokuita mitemo inopiwa neCongress asi pesvedzero yaro pamuitiro wavanhu inopfuura zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuitwawo zvako.

Mirayiro Yavatungamiriri: Kupa Mutemo Nomutemo

Miraidzo inopiwa naPurezidhendi ane simba romutemo. Iwo chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwomuitiro wokuumba, zvikurukuru apo Congress inopfigirwa. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Barack Obama akashandisa zvirango zvehurumende kushandisa Deferered Action for Childholptions (DACA), kudzivirira vatami vakati kuti vadzingwi vasakutapwa. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump akabudisa mirairo yechiremera pakubvisa magetsi, purogiramu yesimba, uye kubuda munyika. Joe Biden akachinja mirayiridzo iyoyo pazuva rake rokutanga muhofisi.

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru haina kuganhurirwa; inodzorwa nehwirudzuro yedare. Madare anogona kudzosa zvirango zvavatungamiriri kana vakapfuura chiremera chomutemo kana kuti kuputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Iyi nzvero yokutonga yakakomba: Dare Gurusa rakavhara mativi okufamba kwaPurezidhendi Trump mukudzorwa kwaro kwapakuvamba, uye rakabvumira DACA kupfuurira asi nzvimbo yokusiiwa kuti chigadziro chiite. Kufambidzana pakati pamapazu echiremera neatongi kunovimbisa kuti chiito chirambe chiri mukati muganhu wemitemo.

Gadziriro Dzoutarisiri: Bazu Rechina

Masangano akarerekeranwa akafanana ne Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), Food ne Drug Administration (FDA), uye [[FLT]UP] Nzanga ne[FULT]UP] Commissioner (SEC)[FLT] inoshandisa chiremera chakasimba chakasimba. Vanoshandura mitemo yakafara mumiraudzo yakajeka inotapura upenyu hwezuva riri rose. Iyi nzira yokuita mutemo pachayo: masangano anofanira kutevera AG. Zvinoda kuzivisa pachena netsinhiro. Masangano anogona kushandura mitemo inoshandiswa paCercestion Review Act, uye madare anogona kushatsa mirano.

Uku kubatana kwenzira nhatu (kuderedza kubudisa carbon disease), mukuru mukuru, dare. (*.) kunonatsa mugariro wetsika wazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, EPA's Chirongwa cheProgramme chakachena [ (chinoshongedzwa pakuderedza kubudisa carbon) chakadenhwa mudare, uye Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa pakupedzisira rakaivhara. Kubatanidza kwacho kunoratidza kuti muitiro unogona kugadzirwa ndokuputswa sei kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kwebazu.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira uye Kushatisa Mutemo

Bazu rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti vanowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare, rakatangwa mu Madison mu. (1803), matare anogona kuzivisa mabasa eCongress kana kuti mabasa evakuru vakuru. Iri simba rinoita kuti judicariary ishamwari inokosha mukuumba muitiro wavose.

Zvirango Zvinooneka Zvakachinja Mitemo

Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvakachinja zvakananga nzira yomuitiro weAmerica. BrowN v. Board of Education (1954) yakagumisa kuganhurirwa kwapamutemo muzvikoro zvavose, kuchiparira chiito chikuru chemitemo nedare kuti zvitsigire kodzero dzavagari vemo. Roe v. [[FLT] [197773] [FLT] yakatanga kodzero yepamutemo yokubvisa pamuviri, chisarudzo chakanyandura makumi amakore ehondo dzechibvumirano uye kuronga kwevakuru vakuru vakuru vanotungamirira zvakaronga kuiputsa. Muna 20222, Dare rakashandura Rot:] Dobs v.[FLT] Vakadzi vaMastern Health Organization [FFFFF] [FFF]], kudzorera chinyorwa chikuru.

Iyi mirau inoenzanisira basa redare kwete somuturikiri chete asi somugadziri wemiitiro. Apo Dare rinoputsa mutemo, rinomanikidzira Congress naPurezidhendi kururamisa mutemo kana kuti zvimwe kuwana dzimwe nzira dzokuita nharidzano dzemitemo. Apo Dare rinotsigira mutemo, unobvumidza uye kazhinji kazhinji unosimbisa mutemo.

Kusarudza Vatongi: Pesvedzero Yagara Nguva Refu

Kubatana pakati pamapazu avakuru vakuru nemitemo mukugadza vatongi kune revo dzenguva refu. Mapurezidhendi anogadza vatongi vehurumende, kubatanidza Dare Gurusa, nokugara. Uku kugadza kunodzorwa nesimbiso yeDare, kuchiita nzvimbo yapakati yerwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuiswa kweRumbiso Brett Kavataugh[[[FLL:1] muna 2018, somuenzaniso, kunobatanidza kunzwika kwakakomba kwedare nechiito chavose. Chibvumikiso pakupedzisira chakabvisa chiyero cheSangano yePurement, kupesvedzera zvisarudzo pamusoro pechipfuti, kodzero dzepfuti, uye simba ravakuru vakuru.

Uyu muitiro wokugadza muenzaniso wakananga wokubatana kwebazu: Purezidhendi anokarakadza, Dare rinorasa, uye chisarudzo chedare.Muuyo ndowokuti muitiro wavose unoumbwa kwete bedzi nemitemo yazvino asi nokuumbwa kwematare ayo anodudzira mitemo iyoyo kwamakumi amakore.

Macheki Nedzikamo Zviri Muchiito: Fundo Chaiyoiyo Yechaidzo yeCase Ose

Kuongorora uku kunoratidza kuti kukurukurirana kwebazi kunoguma sei pasina bazi rimwe chete raigona kuwana riri roga.

Chirango Chekutarisira Chinotapurika (2010)

SA Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira zvakawanda zveACA mu ] National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (2011) (2012) [[FLT: 1], asi rakasaina pashure pekurukurirano inokakavadzana. Izvo mutemo wakakurumidza kutarisana nedenho dzapamutemo. Gare gare gare, Purezidhendi Trump akaedza kudzosa ACA kupfurikidza nezviito zvehurumende uye kutsigira denho dzapamutemo. Dare rakatsigirazve mutemo [FLTL:] (2012), asi wakabvumira nyika kusarudza paMedicaid. Iyi dare rakaedza kubvisazve kukura muMedicaid. Gare gare gare gare gare, kudzosera kwaProme Trump kupfurikidza nezviito zvapamutemo.

Simba Rine Simba Nesimba Rehondo

Kubatana pakati paPurezidhendi naMakuru ehondo kunoratidzira kusagadzikana kwemitemo. War Powers Resolution ya1973 yakanga iri kuedza kweCongress kuganhurira chiremera chapurezidhendi kuti aise mauto kurwisano pasina mvumo. Bva purezidhendi wamativi ose ari maviri aiwanzorega kana kuti kudenha chisarudzo. Somuenzaniso, Purezidhendi Obama akapindira muLibya muna 2011 pasina mvumo wedare, achikakavarira basa racho. Mutungamiriri wehurumende Trump akaraira kuurawa kwaIran General Qasem Solemani muna 2020, chisarudzo chaipembedza pasi pechiremera chake somutungamiriri wedare. Dare rakatonga asi haana kubvumira kana kuti kushora basa racho. Uku kupfuurira kuratidzira kuti mapazu ebasa okudzora munyika yokumwe nyika.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kworutongeso Rwemitemo Yeagency

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Dare Gurusa razova rinoshingaira zvikuru mukuhwirudzura mirau yesangano rehurumende. Majer Questions Doctrine, yakaziviswa muzvinoitika zvakadai se West Virginia v. EPA (2022)], inoita kuti masangano asaite zvisarudzo zverevo huru yemari kana kuti zvezvamatongerwe enyika pasina mvumo yakajeka. Ichi chisarudzo chinodzorwa chinokosha nesimba rehurumende rehurumende. Inomirira nzvero yokutonga pahurumende, kumanikidza Dare naPustries kuti ashande pamwe chete apo anenge achikurukura nhau huru dzenhau dzakafanana nechinjo kana kuti utano.

Basa Rokuita Rutivi Mukupindira Kwebazu

Vagari vemo havasi vanhu vanongotarisawo zvinoitwa nemapazi; vanoshingaira kutsigira pfungwa dzevanhu, kuita mabasa, uye kuvhota kuti panzvimbo ipi panofanira kudzorwa, uye kuti mapazi iwayo anoshandisa simba rawo zvakasimba sei.

  • Kusarudza: Kusarudza kutema kudzora kweCongress nedenderer. Mapazi anogona kutusa kana kuti kuranga mapazu nokuda kwezviito zvavo, kuchiparira kuzvidavirira.
  • Advocacy: mapoka efariro, matangi okufunga, uye masangano ouswa zvinogamuchira mapazi ose. Vanoisa maamicu mipfupi mumhaka dzedare, vanopupurira pakutonga kwedare, uye vanosangana navakuru vakuru vemibato.
  • Media nePublic Voison: Dzvinyiriro yavose inogona kumanikidza mapazu kuita chiito. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo, somuenzaniso, rakabatanidzwa nokuramba nokukwidziridza, kuchitungamirira kumutemo wetsika nemitemo yedare.
  • Constitugational Amendments: Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, masangano avanhu anogona kuparira kugadziriswa kweBumbiro remitemo, uko kunochinja zvikurukuru mabasa ebazu. Amendment ye 22, inoganhurira mashoko apurezidhendi, yakanga iri mhinduro kuFranklin D. Roosevelt's remaminiti mana.

Somuenzaniso, kuziva kuti mutongo weDare Repamusorosoro unogona kuchinjwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti nemutemo mutsva (kana uchibva pakududzira mitemo) kunoita kuti vagari vemo vasarudze nzira yokushandisa nayo zvinhu.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Nokupindirana Kunochinja

Kuchinja kwematongerwe enyika, kuwedzera kwesimba revakuru vakuru, uye kuwedzera kushandiswa kwokutonga kwakachinja kukurukurirana kwebazi.

Kunyanyodzora Nokuronga Masangano

Kana Congress yakamukana zvikuru, mapurezidhendi anowanzotendeukira kumirairo yavakuru vakuru uye kuiswa kwemitemo kuti vazadzise zvinangwa zvavo.Izvozvi zvakatungamirira kukupomerwa kwevatungamiriri vanonyengera. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Congress yakatamburira kubudisa mutemo mukuru panhau dzakadai sokutama, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kungwarira utano. Mugumisiro wacho ibasa revakuru vakuru, denho yedare, uye kuisa mutemo mudare. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti tsika haichashandi sezvayakagadzirwa, nesimba guru zvikuru rakaiswa mumapazu edare uye madare.

Kutonga Kwematongerwe Enyika

Sezvo kurota kwomutemo kunopfuurira, kukakavadzana kwemiitiro kunosvika mudare. Mapoka ezvisarudzo anowedzera kuvimba nokuchinja kwomuitiro kuti awane chinjo dzavasingagoni kukunda muCongress. Uku kutongwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoisa simba guru mumaoko avatongi vasina kurongwa, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwehurumende yedemokrase. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reDare rinodzorwa nehurumende mu Chitazenguro United v. FC (2010), icho chakabvumira kushambadzwa kwesangano renyika mukuvhota, muenzaniso wedare iro rinovandudzazve nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika kwamakore.

Kurwisana Nokuchinja Zvinhu

Rwisano dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi − dzakadai sokuramba kwevatarisiri veTrump kuwirirana namasangano echikwata chehurumende, kana kuti kushandiswa kwechibharo chechikwereti chavadzidzi pasina chiremera chakajeka chemitemo / / rwisano huru pakati pamapazu. Kurongwa kwokuvandudza kunobatanidza miganhu yedare guru, ganhuriro dzenhungamiro dzavakuru vakuru, uye kusimbisa Congregational Review Act. Idzi tsinhiro dzimene dzinoratidzira kubatirana kunopfuurira: bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoedza kudzivirira kana kuti kuvandudza simba raro rimene mukati megadziriro yemitemo yemitemo.

mhedziso

Kubatana kwemapazu ehurumende chinhu chinodzora cheAmerica. Kunoumba mutemo mukuru uri wose, chiito chikuru chehurumende chimwe nechimwe, uye dare riri rose rechiratidzo. Kunzwisisa kuti mapazi aya anoshanda pamwe chete sei, anokwikwikwidzana, uye anonzverana kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anoda kufamba kana kuti kupesvedzera hurumende. Sangano haisati yakakwana; inogona kuva inononoka, inokakavadzana, uye isingadeyi kuzivikanwa. Asi yakagadzirirwa kukumbira kubvumirana, kudzivirira kodzero shomanene, uye kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba. Savagari vemo, basa redu rokugara tichiudzwa, kutora rutivi, uye kuzvidavirira. Utano hwebazu rimwe nerimwe rinotsamira pairi.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pebatano dzebazu, shanyira nzvimbo ye .gov nduramo yebazu[, Tsigiro yeMari reNyika peji, uye [[FLT] dare redare .