Mavambo Nehwaro Hwebumbiro remitemo raChangamire weHurumende

Kudzivirirwa kwesimba rehurumende hakusi chinhu chazvino uno; midzi yakwo inodzora mutemo weChirungu, uko mambo aisagona kupiwa mhaka pasina mvumo yake. Matendere eMitemo eU.S. akaisa shanduro yeiyi nheyo muAleminth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1795, iyo inovhara zvakananga matare ehurumende kuti asanzwa sutu “dzinotongwa kana kuti kutongwa nomumwe weUnited States neVagaritizeri veimwe Nyika, kana kuti neVagaritizerias kana kuti naVanegaridzi veNyika ipi neipi yomunyika isiri yeUnity.” Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira masuturo edare rinounzawo zvipfeko mugaro mukurwisana nehurumende yaro yarogaro yavagari vemo voga voga voga.

Iyi dziviriro inobatira zvinangwa zvinoverengeka. Inodzivirira pfuma yehurumende pakudzongonyedzwa, inochengetedza chiremera chehurumende sechinzvimbo chinoyera, uye inosimbisa dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Bva dzidziso inoparirawo kusawirirana nemitemo yekodzero dzehurumende, iyo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzehurumende kunyange apo anoputsa ari mutambi wehurumende.

Kushanda Kunoita Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yeFederal . inodzora pakati payo inonzi VII yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavagari vemo cha1944, Chikamu cha1943 cheKu Klux Klan Act, American ane Ulimi husina kunaka (ADA), uye Age Discision in Molor Act (ADEA) , zvinopa mibato yeIndaneti yokubvisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, urema, uye zera. Iyi mitemo inowanzoshanda kuvashandirwiswa, hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, uye masangano anowana mari yehurumende. Zvinogovera mibato yavanhu vamwe vanhu kuti vasarutsigire ruyamuko, mumibhadharo, uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, kukuvadza.

Kumanikidzwa kunopfuurira zvikurukuru kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende akadai seAuncime Opportual Opportunity Commission (EOC) neBato reRuramisiro, asi kupomera mhaka kwomunhu oga kunoramba kuri chishandiso chavose zvikurusa nokuda kweyamuro yomunhu oga. Mhinganidzo yakakomba inomuka apo mukwirwi ari hurumende: kudzivirira maruramiro apamutemo kunogona kuvhara suturo yacho chose chose kutoti kana kuti Dare rakaisa dziviriro kana kuti hurumende yaiparadza nenzira yakarurama.

Magadzirirwo Okubvisa Zvisaririra Nokubvisa Mazai

Dare rinogona kukurira kudzivirira Hurumende kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, asi kana bedzi rikagutsa zvinodikanwa zviviri. Chokutanga, rinofanira kutaura zvakajeka vavariro yaro yokubvisa mashoko murugwaro rwomutemo. Chechipiri, kurumwa kunofanira kupiwa kuti chipedze simba repamutemo rakakodzera (*kazhinji Chikamu 5 cheMitemo ye145th Amendmentment, chinobvumira Congress kumanikidza kuvimbisa kwePrementement kwebasa rakakodzera nedziviriro yakaenzana. Dare rapamusoro rakaramba rataurazve kuti Kongress rekomrty haigoni kudzivirira hurumende pasi peFoclaus Claus yogate, seyakagadzwa [Foct:0] STYU.[FLD] Florida v:96]).

Mitezo inogonawo kubvisa nokuzvidira dziviriro yesimba rinotonga, zvimwe kupfurikidza nokubvuma kuwirirana murugwaro rwomutemo, kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende (iyo ingauya nemugariro wokuzvisunga), kana kuti kupfurikidza nokubvisa mhaka kudare rehurumende. Zvisinei, vaparadzi vanofanira kuva “vasingarevi uye vasingaregi kupfuudzirwa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inogamuchira mari yemugwagwa mukuru ingarangarirwa kuva inotapurwa necherokudzivisa ADA pasi peTitlet II, seizvo Dare Rapamusoro reTrimes rakataura mu Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama. [FLT][FF:1]

Nhau Dzinokosha Dzaunofanira Kuziva

Kutonga kweDare Repamusorosoro panyaya iyi kwachinja kwemakumi emakore:

  • [FLT] FITPATRIK v. BITH [6] Dare rakaramba kuti Dare rinogona kudzora hurumende parinomira pasi peChikamu 5 cheGenetive Reformation, nemhaka yokuti kugadziriswa ikoko kwakagadzirirwa kuganhura simba rehurumende.
  • [FLT][FOLT] REFURT DE Florida v. Florida (1996]]: Muchisarudzo cha5/4] Dare rakatonga kuti Congress haigoni kushandisa Chikamu chayo I Chiratidzo (Chengetery Clause kana kuti Bankruptcy Clause /to abrogate jatement. Icho chakaganhurira zvikuru mano eKos yokuzviisa pasi pemitemo yapaga yega yega yega yega yega kunze kweGramende ye1448.0.0.0 reA.
  • KIMEl v. Florida Board of Regents[FT:2] [2000]: Dare rakaramba kuti kudzivirira kwaADEA kwaishaikwa nemhaka yokuti rusaruro rwezera haruna kuongororwa zvikuru pasi peSucreate Protection Claus; naizvozvo Congress yakanga isina hwaro hwakakwana hwebumbiro remitemo kubvisa dziviriro.
  • Dare rakarovanya kudzivirira hurumende pasi peTitle I yeADA (basa), richirangarira kuti rusaruro rwechirema harugamuchiri kuongororwa zvikuru uye kuti Dare rakanga risina kuratidza muenzaniso womufambiro wehurumende.
  • [FLT][FOLT]ssee v. Lane [[FLT:] Muchisarudzo cha5/3] Dare rakatsigira musoro II weAAD sokunoshandira kumatare anoshandiswa kudarika kodzero huru yokuwana kumatare. Dare rakatsaura [[[FLT: 4.] Garrett kupfurikidza nokusaona kuti musoro weChitiro II unovanza mufambiro wakawanda uye kuti Dare rakava nerusaruro rwakapararira mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro.
  • [FLT] United States v. Georgia (2006: Dare rakabatana raidavira kuti Muti II weADA wakakodzera kuva maabropages anotaura kuti mamiriro ezvinhu etsika anopesana chaizvoizvo nePramendejimende ye14 pachayo, kunoreva kuti kana zviito zvenyika zvakazvimirira zvikaputsa muitiro wakafanira kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana, ADA inogona kushandiswa somushonga wetsikano.

Musiyano Pakati Pezvipfeko Zvedare Nehurumende

Nenzira inokosha, Hurumende yePrefection yechi11 inongoda bedzi migariro inorwisana nehurumende mudare . Nyika hadzisati dzichingozvidzivirira pamipimo mumatare adzo dzimene, kutoti kana kuti mirau yadzo ikapa dziviriro yakadaro. Nyika dzose dzine chimiro chakati chokudzivisa chigaro, asi zhinji dzakaita masangano anodzivisa kurwisana nehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nehurumende kubvumira zviito kana kuti mitemo yekodzero dzavanhu kubvumira vanhu kuunza maruramiro ehurumende mudare rehurumende.

Ikoku kunoreva kuti mutevedzeri asingagoni kukwirira mhaka hurumende mudare rehurumende muChikamu 1983 kana kuti ADA angava achiri nechaanotaura chinoshanda mudare rehurumende. Zvisinei, mishonga yedare rehurumende ingaganhurirwa. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinopa mirau mipfupi yeganhuriro, kana kuti dzinoda kuneta kwehurumende isati yanyora. Uyezve, mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo haisati ichiita hayo chisakiso chechiito mudare rehurumende kutoti kana dare rehurumende rakabvumira nenzira yakajeka zvipfeko zvakadaro.

Kumanikidza Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Apo Changamire Anodzivisa Zvipingamupinyi Zvedare

Vachifunga nezvemiganhu yacho, vatsigiri vekodzero dzevanhu uye magweta ehurumende vakaronga dzimwe nzira dzokuita kuti kodzero dzehurumende dzitsigire vatambi vemitambo.

Vakuru Vakuru Vehurumende Vanotengesa Mumaumbirwo Avo Mumwe Nomumwe

Chechi yegumi naMazana matanhatu haisati ichidzivisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inodzorwa kana kuti nokuda kwekuvadziko dzinoripirwa muhomwe yomukuru mukuru. Pasi pe Ex parte Young dzidziso (08), mupurisa anogona kukwidza mukuru mukuru wehurumende kuti amise kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Iri ndiro basa ravose zvikurusa. Somuenzaniso, musungwa anogona kukwidza muchengeti wejeri reyamuyamutsipa pasi peSeredhimendeji, kunyange zvazvo hurumende imene isingagoni kukwidzwa nokuda kwokuvara.

2. Kutsvaka Ruyamuro Kupfurikidza Negadziriro Dzezvirongwa

Mitemo yakawanda yekodzero dzavagari vemo inoda kuti vanhu vanopa mhaka kusangano rehurumende vasati vakwirira mhosva. EEOC, somuenzaniso, inogona kunzvera, munobudisa nhau, uye kunyange kukwirira hurumende nokuda kwavashandi. Nemhaka yokuti United States haisati iri pasi pePramende yePremindement ye13, sangano rinogona kuunza chiito chehurumende mukurwisana nehurumende pasina kusangana nemhinganidzo yezvisakiso zvemitemo. Nenzira yakafanana, Department of Justice inogona kukwidzara nyika nokuda kwerusaruro rwetsika pasi peTit VII, ADA, uye mimwe mitemo.

3. Vachishandisa Mabasa Okupa Kodzero Dzevanhu Muhurumende

Hurumende iri yose ine kodzero dzavanhu kana kuti kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinomanikidzira kuisa mitemo inorwisana neshanje. Nepo mitemo yehurumende ingasagovera mishonga imwe cheteyo semirau yehurumende, iyo inowanzopa dziviriro yapamutemo nokuda kwezvinoitika zvokutonga uye inogona kudzorera mubairo wokudzosa, kudzorerwa, uye kunyange kuvadziko yokutsiva. Mapolantiff anogona pane dzimwe nguva “kuisa zvinhu” nezvose zviri zviviri kondirakiti yehurumende neEOC.

4. Masuti okuvaka

Zviito zveboka ravanhu mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro yehurumende zvinoramba zviripo. Nokuda kwemimiganhu inopfuurira iripo yehurumende mumajeri ehurumende kana kuti rusaruro rwedzinza mudzimba dzavose(a sutu yeboka rezviito pasi poMutemo 23 inogona kutsvaka murairo wedare unoraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuchinja miitiro. Iyi sutu hadzina kudziviswa nedziviriro yehurumende nemhaka yokuti ivo vanodenha vakuru vakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe, uye hurumende imene haisati iri mukwirirwi.

Kupindura Kwedare uye Kukurudzira Chinjo

Kusawirirana pakati pekodzero dzapamutemo nedzinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu hakuna kuzivikanwa. Mumakore apfuura, Congress yakarangarira mutemo kukuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kukwirira mhaka hurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Civil Rights Act ya1991 yakajekesa kuti vashandi vehurumende vanogona kukwirira mhaka nokuda kwekuvadziko mudare rehurumende pasi peTitle VII(/*) uye chisarudzo [[FLT:] FATPATRIC[[FLT: 1] chakanga chatonge chatosimbisa kuti kuputsa kwakadaro kwapamutemo pasi peRemendimendement yechi14.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Rehabilitation Act ya 1973, inorambidza rusaruro rwevapi navapi vanowana mari yehurumende, inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba nemhaka yokuti masangano ehurumende anogamuchira mari anofanira kurasika nokuda kwezvinotaurwa mukuita izvozvo. Nenzira yakafanana, Family and Medical Leact (FMLA) yakawanikwa neDare kuti rive nekodzero yehurumende ye “gadziriro yaro yogadziro”, asi kwete nokuda kwegadziriro yemichero yemhuri yayo inoramba ichibudisa mari ([FLT:] Nvada Department of Human Resources v., 2003, [FLT:], uye [FOL:] .Certs courts of Mary [FFFF]

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuti dzibvise nyika dzinodzivirira kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu, asi izvozvo zvinoramba zvisingabviri mune zvematongerwe enyika. Dzimwe dzinokarakadza kuti Congress inosanoronga mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yomunguva yemberi muchikamu 5 cheKirempira yeMitemo ye14, kuvaka chinyorwa chemitemo yerstrapment yakapararira iyo ingatsigira kutemerwa pasi pe City of Boerne v. Flores [1997]

Zano Rinoshanda Nokuda Kwavazivi Vekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kana uri gweta kana kuti uchitsigira kutongwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nesangano rehurumende, heino mibvunzo inokosha yokubvunza:

  • Mukwidziridziri “mubatanidzwa” nokuda kwezvinangwa zvegumi nezvitanhatu here? masangano eHurumende, mayunivhesiti ehurumende, uye zvipatara zvehurumende zvine marapirwo azvo, asi matura, maguta, uye mabhodhi ezvikoro kazhinji kazhinji haasati. (Mutemo ndewokuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo hadzidzivirirwi nePendementmenterment yechi11, asi masangano ehurumende angava akafanirwa nechisarudzo chorutongeso.)
  • Ko mutemo unodzivisa kubatwa nehosha here? Unotsvaka mutauro wakajeka mumutemo, wakadai souyu “Hurumende haisati ichizodzivirirwa mukuvadziko yegumi nemimwe....” Muenzaniso weDare rapamusoro uchakuudza kana kukwidzwa kwateererwa kwomutemo iwoyo wakananga.
  • Ko mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende adzivisiwe? Chekedza kana hurumende yapfuura chibvumikiso chomutemo chinobvumira kuwirirana, kana kuti kana yagamuchira mari yehurumende iyoyo inopinzwa mumugariro. Somuenzaniso, hurumende ipi neipi inogamuchira mari yeMedicaid inofanira kukuvadza maruramiro akati ourema.
  • Unogona kupomera mukuru mukuru wehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inopfuudza here? Iyoyi inenge inowanika nguva dzose kana pane kupunza kunopfuurira. Unogona kukumbira dare kuraira mukuru mukuru kumisa muitiro wokudzivisa kusarura kana kuti kugovera pokugara kune mufungo.
  • Unofanira kuunza kutaura mudare rehurumende here? Kana dare rehurumende rikarambidzwa, hurumende ingapa mushonga(), zvikurukuru kana hurumende ine mutemo wakakwana wekodzero dzavanhu unofukidza mufambiro mumwe chetewo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokubatana KwaChangamire Nekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kuumbwa kweDare Gurusa kunopfuurira kushanduka, uye mhaka dzokuzvidzivirira kwoutongi dzinowanzokamuraniswa mumativi epfungwa. Mumashoko achangobva kupfuura, Dare rakaratidza kudisa kuganhura mwero wedziviriro yekodzero yokuzvitonga mune dzimwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvakadai sokuva nehurumende dzinogona kupiwa mhaka mukuita kuti zviitiko zvishaye basa pasi peBranruptic Clausle (] Allen v. Coloper[FL:] [20], asi cherekedza Dare rakaramba chaizvoizvo kudarika muenzaniso wetsika imomo, richisiya mubvunzo wacho wakazaruka). Munguva ino, Dare rakasimbisawo kuti Dare reIndia Commercie haripiwo simba rehurumende rehurumende reBrookition remisswokubhejera yemidyani ([FLK2]].Bullsmustrust [2014]

Nokuda kwavaiti vekodzero dzavagari vemo, chinhu chikuru ndechokuti kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu hakusi chinhu chaicho. Idzidziso yakajeka yakasiyana - siyana neyakasiyana - siyana neyakasiyana - siyana. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa tsinhirano pakati peEleminth Amendment, Idment yechi 144th Amendment, uye mutemo mumwe nomumwe wakananga wekodzero dzevanhu, vatsigiri vanogona kungowana rusununguko rune revo nokuda kwevanyajambwa vorusaruro.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] Cornell Leagn Information Institute yemvunuro yeAleminth Amendment ne Tsamba yeMutongi wekuunganidzwa kwemasero apamutemo okuzvidzivirira padziviriro . Nokuda kwokunyudza zvakadzama zvikuru muDare rakakwirira, Oyez Project inogovera [[[FLT:]]] mazati enhau dzinokosha dzePremendimendifix .

Pakupedzisira, kubatana kwemitemo yehurumende inodzora kodzero dzevanhu nehurumende kunoratidza kusanodzikamiswa kwemipimo inokwikwidzana yebumbiro remitemo: chiremera neperero yetsika yenyika, uye kuzvipira kwerudzi kururamisira kwakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Kusarudza kuti dzikamo inoda zvose zviri zviviri kururama kwapamutemo uye unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu hwakakodzera — asi kurema kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoratidza kuti kukunda zviremera zvoruzhinji kunobvira apo vatsigiri vanosarudza nzira yakarurama.