Kutanga: Mapazi Matatu Munguva Dzenjodzi

Mamiriro ezvinhu enjodzi (8) pasinei zvapo nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kuparara kweupfumi, njodzi dzeutano hwevanhu, kana kuti tyisidziro dzekuchengeteka) zvinoedza kusimba uye kubudirira kwemasangano ehurumende. MuUnited States, mapazi matatu ehurumende (anouraya, anotonga, uye anotonga) rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiyana pasi peBumbiro reMitemo, asi mabasa aro anova anokosha zvikuru munguva dzengozi. Kumhanya, mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende, uye kumira papamutemo kwezviito zvehurumende zvinogona kusarudza migumisiro inotapura mamiriyoni oupenyu. Kunzwisisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sei munguva dzehondo, mabumbiro ehurumende, uye kusunungurwa kwevanhu. Uku kuongorora kunonyanya kuongorora mabasa akasiyana - mamiriro ezvinhu enhau neapokuongorora, uye kuongorora kuongorora kuongorora zvimwe zvinetso zvingasimbisa kuoma.

Mhinduro Yavakuru vebazu: Kukurumidza, Chiremera, uye Kubatana

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPrezidhendi, kazhinji kazhinji ndiro rokutanga kupindura kunjodzi. Chirairo charo chebumbiro remitemo ku “Nakisa kuti Mitemo iurawe nenzira yokutendeka” rinobatanidza namasimba ekurumidziro akagarwa nhaka kuti igone kugonesa chiito chokukurumidza. Purezidhendi anogona kutumira zviwanikwa zvehurumende, zvirango zvehurumende, uye masangano akananga akadai seFederal Emergency Managementment Agency (FEMA), Department of Defense, uye Department of Health and Human Services. Zvisinei, basa rechiremera mukati menounzi inhau yezviito zvehurumende rave iri nhau yekurukurirano inopfuurira, zvikurukuru apo zviito zvinodzo dzomutemo dzinodzo dzoruzhinji kana kuti dzinodzivisa miitiro yemitemo.

Masimba Ekurumidziro Nezviremera Zvokutonga

Masimba ekurumidziro aPurezidhendi anobva mumanyuko akawanda: Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yakafanana neNational Emerpitation Act (1976), uye muenzaniso wenhau. Kuzivisa gadziriro dzekurumidziro dzorudzi dzinovhura dzinenge 140 dzemitemo, kubatanidza mano okudzoserazve mari, zvinyorwa zvapachivande, uye kumisa mitemo yakati. Somuenzaniso, mukati medenda reCHOVAD Trump yakakumbira Stafford Act neDefect yeDefect youcial Act kukurumidzisa kukura kwenzverwa kwemajekiseni nokugoverwa kwezvokurapa. Bazu repamusoro rehurumende rinobatirawo rinobatanidzawo navatongi vehurumende kupfurikidza nezviziviso zvekurumidziro zvekurumidziro, kunyange zvazvo kuva mubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa wehurumende kunogona kuita rwisano apo nyika inokwirana.

Fundo Yenyaya: September 11, 2001 uye Hondo Inorwisana Nengozi

Hapana njodzi yazvino uno yakagadziridza simba ramakurukota kupfuura kudenha kwamagandanga kwaSeptember 11, 2001. Mumazuva mashomanene, Purezidhendi George W. Bush akazivisa njodzi yorudzi ndokutanga mabasa ehondo muAfghanistan. Chibvumirano cheUsense of Uterliary Force (AMF) chakapfuudzwa neCongress chakapa Purezidhendi chiremera chakafara chokushandisa “simba rose rakafanira nerakafanira.” Bazu guru rakatanga Department of Homeland Security, rakaparira USA PARITITT purogiramu dzokuongorora, uye rakabvumira kubvunzurudza zvakawanda zvezvirongwa zvokubvunzurudza zvakazotarisana nezvinetso zvepamutemo. Mhinduro yedare rakaratidza simba rebasa nokukurumidza, rainechine, asi rakamutsawo mibvunzo inopfuurira pamusoro pokutarisira uye kudzikamatambira pakati pekusunungurwa.

Kuongorora Zvakaitika: Hurricane Katrina uye Kusagona Kuitwa Nevanhu

Hurricane Katrina muna 2005 yakafumura kusava nesimba mukutungamirira mamiriro ezvinhu okutarisira. Pasinei nokunyevera kwapachine nguva mberi, mhinduro yehurumende yaitungamirirwa naPrezidenti George W. Bush yakanga ichinonoka uye isina kutungamirirwa zvakanaka. FEMA, panguva iyoyo pasi peDepartment of Homeland Security, yakakundikana kuendesa zvinhu, kubvisa vagari, kana kuti kudzorera nhevedzano muNew Orleans. Njodzi yakatungamirira kukurega kwemutungamiriri weFAMA Brown uye yakaparira chinjo huru mukugadzirira njodzi, kubatanidza Post-Katrina Emergency Empical Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Mana Dectial Reform Act ya2006. Chiitiso chacho chakasimbisa kuti simba revakururirano bedzi pasina kuronga kubatana kwadzorwa kwadzo nekurukurirano yakajeka nehurumende nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo.

Kutarisirwa Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Ane Simba Azvino Uno: COVID-19

Nhenda yeCHOVAD yakaedza bazu guru mumativi maviri ehurumende. Mupasi paPurezidhendi Donald Trump, White House yakanyandura Stafford Act ndokutuma mauto kuvaka zvipatara zvechinguvana. Mubato Warp Warp Warp Warp yakakurumidza kubudisa fambiro wenhomba dzenhomba kuti anyore nguva dzenguva. Munyange Purezidhendi Joe Biden, mirairo yevakuru vakuru yairaira kuti zvifukidziso zvive panzvimbo zvehurumende, yakatanga CHOVHOVAD-19 Health Force Meace, uye yakaraira Occapational Safety Safety neHguruty (OSA) kuti ibudise miganhuro yechinguvana yebasa rebasa rokushanda. Muramwaro mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru yakasimbisa sei kubva panzvimbo yokutanga Controlosescipt CD yedatence (CD) kuti ishandise gare gare gare gare gare rehondo repamutemo. Yakawo yapa muganhurororororo yenhau yezvokudzo yezvokudzo yehurumende yehurumende.

Mhinduro Yebazu Yomutemo: Kushandisa Mari, Kutarisira, uye Kugadzira Mitemo

Congress inoita basa rinokosha mukuumba mhinduro yenjodzi kupfurikidza nokushandisa mari inopiwa zviremera, kutongwa, uye kuiswa kwemitemo. Nepo bazu rinotungamirira rinowanzotanga kuita chiito, bazi romutemo rinogovera zviwanikwa, gadziriro yemitemo, uye miitiro yokuzvidavirira iri madikanwa kuti rirurame. Mukati menjodzi, Congress inogona kufamba nokukurumidza kusingaenzanisira, kupfuudza zvikwereti zvingatora mwedzi yakati kuti mumazuva. Zvisinei, degreption blet inogonawo kudzongovhiringidza chiito chemitemo, sezvinoonekwa mumingava yezvikwereti zvakawanda uye kuvhara kwehurumende mukati mechimbichimbichimbi.

Kurapwa Kwekurumidziro Nezvitoro Zvemari

Congress ine “simba rechikwama,” inoreva kuti mari huru yehurumende inoshandiswa mukati menjodzi inoda mvumo yemitemo. Zvikwereti zvepedzi dzepedzi dzejeri zvinogona kutungamirira mabhiriyoni emadhora kuyamura yenjodzi, simba rezvemari, uye purogiramu dzoutano. Somuenzaniso, pashure penjodzi yemari ya2008, Congress yakapfuudza Nhambudzo yeInzuruko yeYamuko (TARP) muna October 2008 (a $700 bhiriyomubhiriyoni yemadhora remari yemari. Chiteshi chakatevera American Rereation and Reinvestment ya20091 bhirionis muupfumi kupfurikidza nemitero, zvirongwa zvemari, uye yamuro yeChirongwa cheRecurecurence. Muna 2020 ne201,Dare rezvokubetsera vanhu vemari rakapfumba

Michina Yokutarisira uye Yokuzvidavirira

Congress inotungamirira kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye Dare reHurumende reManongedzero (GAO). Pashure penjodzi, matare anowanzova nokuteerera kunzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru, kuraira magwaro, uye vakuru vakuru vemibvunzo. Somuenzaniso, House Sand Committee on the Decception yakanzvera Capitol, kubudisa mushumo wakakwana pamusoro pekundikano nebazu rehurumende rekusaita chinhu. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare reDare reHomeland Security rakanzvera kushanda kwaFEMA pashure pemadutu makuru. Kutarisira kunoshanda zvakanaka kunogona kutungamirira kugadziridza zvakadai se9/11 Commission Act, iyo inoshandura kugoverana kwouchenjeri. Zvisinei, kutungamirira kunogona kuderedza kuiswa muhoro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kukuva ruteko rwevo rusando rwehurumende, runoshatsa chivimbo chavose.

Fundo Yomutemo Yenhau: USA PATRIOT Act

Yapfuudzwa muna October 2001 netsigiro inodokupa tsigiro, USA PARITIOTT Act yakakudza masimba okunzvera nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwomutemo namasangano akangwara. Yakadzikisa bhawa nokuda kwokuwana zvibvumikiso, yakabvumira mawadhi ezvikwata zvemichina, uye yakaita kuti zvipfavise mashoko pakati peCIA neFBI. Nepo vatsigiri vakatsigira Mutemo wacho waikosha nokuda kwokurwisa ugandanga, vatsoropodzi vakaibatanidza kuti idzivirirwezve nguva dzakawanda nokuchinja, uye gadziriro dzawo dzokunyura kwezuva dzakamanikidzirwa kuhwirudzura nhevedzano yenhambo nenhambo yenhambo yenguva nenhambo yemisikacha yetsika (*a nesimba iro rinoratidza kuti chiito chemitemo mukati mamiriro ezvinhu anodzikira pamutemo anogona kuva netapuko refu. Muna 2015, Dare nhevedzano mitengo yemitengo yeUSAUSFUSFUS, yakachinja mirangariro pamusoro pekuchengeteka.

Fundo Yenhau Yapamutemo: Kugamuchira Kwenhamo Yemari kwa2008

Dare rakabvumira Federal Reserve kuti itore matanho anoshamisa, akadai sokuita mirayiridzo yeIUD yeIndasitiri yeIP. Mutemo wacho waibatanidza urongwa hwemiripo yemasangano uye kutarisira nedare redare rehurumende. VaObama vakazopedzisira vadzorwa nokuda kweDodd Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act muna 2010, iyo yakaisa mitemo mitsva pamabhangi uye yakagadzira Stock Finicial Finity Arecure Bureault (CFPB). Iyi nhevedzano inoratidza kuti njodzi inogona sei kuchinja pamutemo mukuru yehurumende yakaitazve maindasitiri yose yamakore.

Mhinduro Yebazu Rokutonga: Kutarisirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Munguva Dzefunganyo

Bazu redare, kazhinji kazhinji bazu rinotanhamara zvikurusa rinofamba, rinova rinokosha zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi nemhaka yokuti rinovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Dare rinohwirudzura mirairo yavakuru vakuru, mirau, uye zviito zvokutonga nokuda kwepamutemo, zvinodzivirira maruramiro avanhu pahurumende anonyengerwa, uye zvinogadza mienzaniso inotungamirira mhinduro dzenguva yemberi. Basa rejaji redare rinogona kumutsa nharo: nhamburiko dzekurumidziro zvikuru dzinogona kusadzoresa, nepo kunonoka kushomanene kunogona kubvumira kuputswa kwekodzero. Dzikamo pakati pekudzo yedare nechiito nechiito chinoshanda chinobetsera dzinoedzwa zvikurusa mukati medzo.

Kuhwirudzura Kunoita Vatongi Zviito Zvekurumidziro

Matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana----kunzvera kumabasa ehurumende ane chokuita nenjodzi. Nokuda kwenhau dzechengeteko dzenyika, matare anowanzozviisa kumukuru mukuru pasi pe “nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika” dzidziso kana kuti“ zvakavanzika zvechinjo”. Zvisinei, apo maruramiro makuru ari padanda. matare angapindira. Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Supreme Court inocherekedzwa nenzira ine mbiri yakakurumbira mu [[FFOL:]. [FFUN], , .[5] NH.N] NZVIRONDE] NZVINE] ZVINHONDO [ZVO]

Kudzivirirwa Kwokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete Munguva Yokutambura

Basa rejajidhiary rakakomba zvikurusa nderokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe. Mienzaniso yenhau inorairidza: mukati meHondo yavagari vemo, Purezidenti Lincoln akaregeredza habeas corpus, asi Mutongi Mukuru Roger Talveney akatonga mu [[FLT: 0]] Expate Merryman[ [1861])] kuti Congress Congress angagona kuita kudaro ne(a a kutonga Lincoln. Muchinjo yeRed Spect pashure peHondo yeNyika I, Dare rapamusorosoro mu [[FLT:] scheck. United States [FLT] [19] [19] [19]) yakatsigira miganhuro pakutaura pachena, asi gare gare gare gare gare sezvisaruso zvehurumende zvinobatira bhishoro yorudzidziso.[FLD] V.[FFEN] [F] [FT] [19] [196969] [91]

Chiratidzo chenyika: [[FLT: 0] Promtown mapeji & Tube Co. Sawyer[[FLT: 1] (11952)

Kutaura kunokosha zvikurusa kwedare pamusoro pesimba ravakuru vakuru mukati memigariro yemigariro kwakauya mukati meHondo yeKorea. Apo Purezidhendi Truman akabata zvigadziko zvesimbi kudzivisa kurova mukati menguva yehondo, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatonga mu [[FLT: 0] pwere [ kuti Purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chapamutemo chehurumende chokutora zvinhu zvapachivande pasina mvumo yemitemo. Mutongi Robert Jackson akaumba chiwirirano chedare ramakurukota matatu: chiito chikuru pakakwirira pesimba apo rinobvumirwa naCongress; zviito mu “chokupera kwezuva” apo Congresss anenge akanyarara; uye zviito pazvinodzokorodzwa zvipfupi nezvinenge zvichipesana nemitemo yeDare rehurumende. Chimiro ichi chinoramba chiri mupimo chekuongorora masimba ekurumidziro anenge apera nguva yapera.

Denho Dzokutonga Dzazvino Uno: COVID-19 uye Kupfuura

Denda racho rakaparira fungu risati ramboitika. Zvisarudzo zveDare gurusa mu Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020) yakarova miganhu yokugara muNew York pamachechi, nepo South Bay United Pentecostal Church v. Newsom[[FL]] [20] yakabvumira ganhuriro dzeCalifornia pakunamata mumba [$16] kuratidzirawo bhenji rakakamukana. Darewo rakavhara CDC rokubvisa poromartory neOSHAU's regoom revashandi vazhinji. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuhwirudzura kwechinetso chekuita nevhiringi kwakawedzera kwapasi pePromeoggno, uye migamendi yesimba rokutarisira bhizimisi rapavhuruso.

Kupindirana Pakati Pemapazi: Kuongorora, Kudzikamisa, uye Kurukurirano

Hapana bazi rinoshanda mukuparadzana mukati menjodzi. Gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo inoparira kurukurirano huru dzinogona kuvandudza kana kuti kudzivisa kushanda kwemhinduro yose zvayo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinomanikidza mapazu namaune kutsinhiranisa mari izvo zvikumbiro zvavakuru vakuru, matare anohwirudzura izvo mukuru mukuru anoita, uye zvishandiso zvinoraira Dare. Mukushanda, iyi kurukurirano inowanzoparira kupesana, kutaura, uye kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Kusarudza Kwehondo uye Kurwisa Kwemauto

Muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenyanduko yePurezidhendi yeWar Powers Resolution ya 1973, yakapfuudzwa paPurezidhendi Nixon pashure peHondo yeVietnam. Kunoda kuti Purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okuita mauto akashongedzerwa uye kubvisa mauto pashure pamazuva 60 kutoti Congress ibvumidza chiito. Mapurezidhendi akadenha kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji mutemo uyu sechirambidzo chisina mutungamiriri wehurumende pamasimba avo makuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, wakaumba chisarudzo chenjodzi mukurwisana kwakadai seRibhiya (201) neSyria (2017), apo dare rinonzvera kunyoreswa kwedare kana kuti kushanda kwenguva yakati pakati pe60.

Kutsigira Kurwa uye Kuvharwa Kwehurumende Munguva Dzokutambura

Kudzorwa kwemari kungamanikidza mukuru mukuru kuti achinje zvinonyanya kunetsa. Somuenzaniso, panguva yakamiswa Hurumende ya2013, National Park Service yakavhara zvirangaridzo zvenjodzi uye FEMA yakaderedza kurovedza kwenjodzi. Zviratidzo zvokuti bazi remitemo rinogona kuvhiringidza mabasa okutungamirira. Panguva yedenda reCHOVID-19, kusawirirana kunoderedza kukura kwemapaketi okuyamura. Chikamu chinobudisa pfungwa kuti kunyange munguva yakaitika nokukurumidza, kusawirirana kwezvematongerwe enyika kunogona kuderedza kufambiswa kwezviwanikwa kuti zvive zvakakanganiswa.

Kupesana Kwokutonga: Kupomera Nokumanikidza

Apo mutongi anoraira mukuru mukuru kuita kana kuti kurega kuita chiito, kuzviisa pasi hakungoerekani kuchiitika. Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson anoshumwa kuti, “John Marshall akaita chisarudzo chake; zvino muregei achichigombedzera!” Kuratidzira chokwadi chokuti matare anotsamira pasimba ravakuru vakuru. Zvisinei, nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi, dare rinozvidza zvisakafanira uye rakaramba kuwirirana nenzvero dzepaimba, kuchitungamirira kukuzvidza mashoko. Mumigariro yenjodzi, mukuru mukuru angadzivisa mirairo yedare panzvimbo dzechengeteko, sezvinoonwa muGuantana habeas. Zvisinei, nguva refu inotsamira pakunamatira kumatare, sezvo kuzvidza kukuru kunogona kushatisa mipimo yomutemo.

Kutarisira Kwedare Nokutonga

Madhipatimendi anowanzopesvedzera kuumbwa kwedare rinodzora pacharo. Mukati medenda ra2020, kusimbiswa kwaDare reMutongi Amy Coney Barrett kwakapfuurira pasinei zvapo nezvirambidzo pamusoro pekuva pedyo nesarudzo yapurezidhendi. Mumigariro yakapfuura, mapurezidhendi akagadza vatongi avo gare gare vakasarudza mhaka dzinomuka munjodzi idzodzo. Kuparira kupiwa mutsindo pakati pamapazu. dare rinotongawo zvinoumba: kutsigira mari nokuda kwematare ehurumende, kuwedzera matare edare, uye mitemo yekurumidziro yokukumbira kuti zvose zviitwe nechiito chemitemo.

Mugumisiro: Zvidzidzo Zvokutonga Muzera Renjodzi Yenguva Dzokupera Kwepfungwa

Kunzwisisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinoita sei kumamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende akakomba kuvagari vemo, vadzidzisi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro zvakafanana. Bazu rehurumende rinounza kumhanya nokushanda asi rine ngozi. Bazu remitemo rinopa mari, kuva nekodzero, uye kuzvidavirira asi ringanonoka uye ringadzorwa. Bazu redare rinodzivirira kodzero dzemitemo uye rinoisa miganhu asi rinofanira kudzikamisa kumira nokungwarira. Njodzi dzinoitika dzenyika chaidzo(8/11 nePrusrussur Katrina kudender denda reCHOVAN) dzinoda kushandira pamwe chete kuti mapazu ose matatu anoshanda zvakanaka ashande pamwe chete, nokuita basa raro repamutemo risingarevi vamwe. Sezvicho zvinoitika zvouganda, njodzi, njodzi dzepasi, uye uganda, uye zviitiko zvougandangada kushandira pamwe chete noruzivo rwenhau, zvinogona kutendwa nokudzosera mufambiro wakanaka munyika inoto.