Ngozi yakapetwa kaviri, inozivikanwa mugadziriro dzapamutemo dzakawanda se bis muibhero remitemo [pachiLatin nokuda kwe "hapaviri nokuda kwechinjo imwe]), idziviriro huru inodzivirira munhu pakutongwa, kuedzwa, kana kuti kuranga kanopfuura kamwe chete nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Nepo iyi nheyo iri yakagadzwa zvakanaka mugadziriro dzemitemo dzemo dzemitemo yemo yeUnited States yakarongwa nePrefectivement kana kuti Chikamu 50 cheSango yeSango reHwero yeMarudzi reEuropean Union yeNyika yose (its) inotsoropodza zvakaenzana, zvikurukuru mumashoko ekodzero dzamarudzi ose dzekodzero dzavanhu. Munhambo inova inowedzera kudzivirira utsotsi hwenyika yose, uye kudzodzodzo, uye kudzorwa kwemitemo yemitemo yenyika yose, nhau yemitemo yemitemo yamarudzi ose inoita kuti ishande mumitemo yamarudzi ose.

Kukura Kwenhau Kwengozi Huviri Mumutemo Wamarudzi Ose

Mavambo enjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri anogona kurondwa kudzokera shure kumutemo weRoma uye gare gare kumutemo weChirungu wavose, uko kukumbira kwe autrefois revorder uye autrefois musungwa woutapuro [[] akadzivisa kutonga kwechipiri pashure pokuva nemhosva kana kuti kupwiswa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubatanidzwa kwenheyo iyi muzvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose kuvamba kwazvino uno zvikuru, kumuka mushure medzero yeHondo yeNyika II. Mirangariro, somuenzaniso, yakamutsa mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti vanhu vaigona kuedzwazve nematare yenyika pashure pedare renyika dzakawanda dare ramarudzi ose. Kunyange zvazvo nheyo yacho isina kusimbiswa zvizere panguva iyoyo, kudikanwa kwokudzivisa kutambudzwa nokudzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwakajekerwa kwakajeka.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) ya1948 haidudzi zvakajeka ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri, asi yakavanza fandesheni yeruramisiro muChikamu 10, icho chinovimbisa kutonga zvakanaka uye pachena. Chibvumirano chokutanga chinobatira nyika yose kubatanidza gadziriro yengozi yakapetwa kaviri chakanga chiri Dare reInternational on Civil and Politics Rights (ICCPR), rakagamuchirwa muna 1966 ndokupinda musimba muna 1976. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, zvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu zvomunharaunda zvakatevera zvakafanira, chimwe nechimwe chichichinjira nheyo kumamiriro ezvinhu azvo emitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhau yokuronga zvinyorwa izvi yainozivisa nhamburiko yamaune kuti ienzaniswe nekodzero yokupedzisira yomutemo yehurumende mufariro itsva kana kuti yokupedzisira apo ufakazi husina kururama hwakarurama hwamagaro.

Dziviriro Mumatare Anokosha Ane Kodzero Dzevanhu Vamarudzi Ose

Zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvinokosha zvinoumba nheyo yengozi yakapetwa kaviri, kunyange zvazvo mutauro wakananga noukuru zvichisiyana.

Sungano Yenyika Yose Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematongerwe Enyika (ICCPR)

Chikamu 14, ndima 7 cheICCPR chinoti: hapana munhu achafanira kutongwa kana kurangwazve nokuda kwemhosva yaakatopiwa kana kuti kusunungurwa mukuwirirana nomutemo uye kurangwa kwenyika imwe neimwe. Iyi gadziriro inosungirwa paruwa 173. Dare rekodzero dzavanhu rinobvumirana, Dare rebvumirano iro rinoongorora ICPR rinobvuma, rabudisazve Pokanidza Governmenterworate No. 32 parudyi kukutonga kwakarurama, uko kunotsanangura pamusoro pedariro yeChikamu 14(7). Dare rakajekesa kuti dziviriro inofukidza rutongeso, zvinoreva kuti hachisi chisakafanira kukwirira. Zvisinei, haisii kubvumirazve kutongwa kwacho kubuda mudare.

Nenzira inokosha, chitsama chengozi chapaICCPR chinoshanda mumugariro mumwe chetewo. Hachishandi, pachiso chayo, kurovererwa kwemhaka kwechipiri kupfurikidza nehurumende yakasiana nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo(a ganhuriro ine revo huru nokuda kwemhaka dzamarudzi ose. Kunyange zvakadaro, Dare rekodzero dzavanhu rakakurudzira nyika kurangarira nheyo muzvinoitika zvebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose.

Kusarudza Kubatsira Mhuri

Chikamu 4 cheProtocol Nha. 7 kuECHR chinogovera: hapana munhu achafanira kutongwa kana kurangwazve mukutonga kwoutsotsi pasi poudzori hweHurumende imwe cheteyo nokuda kwokuvanza uko iye akatosunungurwa kana kuti kupiwa mhaka mutsinhirano nomutemo nerango zveHurumende iyoyo. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzaita jurispricine yakapfuma paiyi gadziriro. Zvisaru zvikuru zvinobatanidza Sergey Zoukhin v.[FLT][FLT:] (206]), apo Dare rakagadza kana kuti mativi maviri akavakirwa pamaidi akafanana kana kuti mufambiro mumwe chete. Mutezo wapamutemo unongova mutezongo.

Mutemo Nhamba 7 unozivisawo kuti maruramiro haadzivisi kuvhurwazve kwezvinoitika kana kuti kuchangobva kuwanwa kwamaidi matsva, kana kuti urema hukuru muzvinoitika zvakapfuura, hungagona kutapura muuyo. Mukuwedzera, gadziriro yacho inoshanda bedzi mukati moudzori hwehurumende imwe cheteyo, ichisiya bviro yokutongwa kwechipiri kunoitwa neimwe nyika kana kuti nedare ramarudzi ose. Iyi yave iri nhau yekurukurirano, zvikurukuru mumashoko akapoteredza eEurope Yokuisa Sing Warrants uye nheyo yokuzivana.

Chibvumirano cheAmerica Pakodzero Dzevanhu

Chikamu 8, ndima 4 cheAmerican Convention on Human Rights chinoti: " Munhu anopomerwa mhaka asunungurwa nechisarudzo chisingagamuchiriki haasati achizoiswa mukutonga kutsva nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chetecho. Dare reAmerican-Contermmental Rights rakadudzira iyi gadziriro yakafara. Allenacid Arellano v. Chile [200], Dare rairangarira kuti njodzi dzinoshandawo kumitemo inoshanda zvinotsiva zvinobudirira kutyora kodzero dzavanhu, kunyange zvazvo iyi iri nzvimbo yakaoma. Kutaura kusingadzoreki kunoreva kuti mutongo wokupedzisira haugoni kuvhurwa, kana usati watorerwa gare gare gare gare gare, kana usati uri dare unodzivirira panzvimbo pePR, risingabvumirwi kuti rive Dare kururamisi mhaka dzokupedzisira pakati pavanhu, kunyange zvazvo zvichidzivisa kudzorwa kukanganisa utsotsi.

Dzimwe Tsamba Dzomunharaunda

Chikamu cheAfrican Charter on Human Rights ne People’s hachina chitsama chengozi chapakarepo, asi African Commission on Human and People’s Rights yakabatanidza maruramiro avanhu anodzivirira pamaruramiro kuidzo kuidzo inosa. [[FLT:] Arabib Charter pakodzero dzavanhu [ chinobatanidza gadziriro iri muChikamu 19 iyo inovimbisa maruramiro okusaedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe, kunyange zvazvo miitiro yayo yokudzikamisa yave yakakudziridzwa zvishoma. [[FLT]] maruramiro eChibvumirano cheEurope [FLT], muChikamu 50, chinobatanidza shanduro chakakura "mubatanidzwa] neI Union [I Union] yakaturikirwa neChikamu chitsaruso cheDare remitemo cheYakato yeChibvumirano cheEurope.

Kukura uye Kuganhurirwa Kwenheyo Yacho

Nepo zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu zvichigovera dziviriro yakasimba, ngozi yakapetwa kaviri haisati iri yakakwana.

Kuedza Kunoita Ruramisiro

Nhau inokosha ndeiyo inoumba "mhosva imwe cheteyo." matare enyika namasangano ebvumirano akagamuchira kuedza kwakasiana. Vamwe vanonangidzira ngwariro pamativi epamutemo emhosva ( "masangano apamutemo a"), nepo mamwe, kufanana neEuropean Court of Human Rights, anotarira kumufambiro uri pasi. Kusvika kwapashure kwakafara uye kuri nani kunodzivirira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti vasaipiswa mumitongo yakasiana- siyana yemitemo nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho. Somuenzaniso, munhu anotyaira nokuuraya munhu anofamba netsoka angapomerwa mhaka nomunhu anoseka murutivi rumwe asi achiparira rufu kupfurikidza nokutyaira kune ngozi muchimwe chinhu. Munzvero womufambiro unokwenyengedzerwa, kudarika kusungwa kwechipiri kungarambidzwa kana kupera mukuva nemhaka yokupedzisira kana kutenderwa.

Zvikamu Zveuchapupu Hutsva Kana Kuti Zvenhema

Zvibvumirano zvizhinjisa zvinobvumira kuvhurazve mhaka kana pane ufakazi hwakasimba hwokusaitwa kweruramisiro. ICCPR’S Declaration No. 32 inotsinhira kuti Chikamu 14(7) "hachidzivisi kutangwazve kwekutongwa kwemhosva mufariro dzeruramisiro. ECHR’S Protocol N. 7 inotaura zvakajeka kuti gadziriro haisati ichitapura kuvhurazve kana maidi matsva kana kuti urema hukuru huripo. Zvisinei, American Convention, sezvinotsanangurwa neInter-American Court, inowanzorambidza kuvhura pashure pekurega kutenderwa, kunze kwemigariro yakaganhurirwa zvikuru sechitsoro kana kuti uori hunotapura rutongeso umene.

Kuparadza Kuviri Kwamarudzi Ose

Zvichida ganhuriro hurusa ndeyokuti zvibvumirano zvamaruramiro avanhu zvinopa zvikurukuru kutongwa kwechipiri bedzi mukati mehurumende imwe cheteyo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti munhu asunungurwa kana kuti akawanwa ane mhaka mune imwe nyika anogona kutotongwa nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo mune imwe nyika, kutoti chibvumirano chakasiana kana kuti nheyo (semitemo inozivikanwa yeEuropean Union) inogovera zvakasiana. Mukaha uyu unoparira zvikurukuru mhaka dzouori hwakadai souori, kutengesa mirimo, uye ugandanganzi ungava nehurumende dzakawanda. Kutaura nezvayo, zvibvumirano zvapamberi pashure pezvibvumirano zvinobatanidza gadziriro pamusoro pemitongo yokumwe nyika yose, asi hakuna mutemo uripo.

Kufungidzira Kuviri Mumatare Emhaka Dzamarudzi Ose

Nheyo yenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri inoshandawo mumutemo wemarudzi ose weutsotsi, umo inowanzonzi bis muupenzi. Madare enyika yose, akadai seInternational Criminal Court (ICC), International Criminal Tribunal yeyaichimbova Yugoslavia (ICT), uye International Criminal Tribunal yeRwanda yeRwanda (ICTRT), akatanga mitemo yazvo.

Mutemo weRoma weDare Remhaka Remarudzi Ose

Chikamu 20 cheRome Signalte, chinonzi Nebis mubhendi, chinogovera: [[FLT:]] hapana munhu achatongwa pamberi peDare pamusoro pomufambiro wakaumba hwaro hwemhosva idzo munhu akawanwa napo kana kuti asunungurwa neDare. Rinodudza kuti hapana munhu achaedzwa nedare nokuda kwemhosva mukati meICCF kana kuti akatoedza munhu wacho nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe. Zvisinei, kusiyana kukuru kuripo: kana zviito zvomumba zvakagadzirirwa kudzivirira munhu pamutoro woutsotsi, kana kuti kusasarura, kungapfuurira nouyu muedzo. ICPUS ichava "notozoedza, kana kuti kuisa mutemo unozivikanwa pasi peRoma.

Dare reICTY STATE, somuenzaniso, rinodzivisa zvose zviri zviviri matare eTribunal nehurumende kuidzira munhu pashure porutongeso rwokupedzisira rwakaitwa neTribunal, asi rinobvumira Tribunal kururamisa munhu kana kutonga kwedare renyika yose kwakanga kuri kwechisimba.

Kurwisana Nezvishoro

Imwe yenhau dzakaoma zvikurusa mumutemo weutsotsi wamarudzi ose ibatano pakati pehurumende dzenyika yose. Somuenzaniso, kana dare renyika rikasunungura munhu worudzi nemhaka youfakazi husina kukwana, ICC gare gare inogona kupomera munhu iyeyo nokuda kwezviito zvimwe chetezvo here? Pasi peChikamu 20(3) cheRoma Chirango, ICC inogona kupfuurira bedzi kana kutonga kwenyika kwaiitirwa kudzivirira mupomerwi. Ikoku kunosanodzikamisa kuremekedza uchangamire hwehurumende nokudikanwa yokugumisa kurangwa. Mutoo wakadaro, ICP yakawanzoshandisa ichi chikanganiso, asi inoramba iri dziviriro inobvira mukurwisana nokuzvirevo zvakaipa.

Kusangana Nemitemo Yorudzi

Dare renyika kazhinji kazhinji rinotarisana nenhau yokuti rinofanira kuremekedza ngozi dzinopetwa kaviri. Munyika dzakawanda dzinozivikanwa navose, nheyo ye "utsotsi hwechipameso" haisati ichingozivikanwa mugadziro dzokumwe. Somuenzaniso, United States Supreme Court, mu . United States[FLT] [2029], yakasimbisazve "uchangamire hwechimukomberedzo", iyo inobvumira hurumende dzose dziri mbiri kupomera munhu nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo. Nenzira yakafanana, mutemo wamarudzi ose haadi kuti vatongeri apo nyika yokumwe inenge yatoedza munhu, kutoti chibvumirano chigovera kudaro.

Zvisinei, muitiro wacho ndewokuzivikanwa zvikuru. European Union yaita chinhu chikuru, neChikamu 50 cheChata yeRevidual Rights neSchengen acquis zvinoda kuti nyika dziri nhengo dziremekedze kutonga kwekupedzisira kunobva kune dzimwe nyika dziri mumitezo yakafanana. Izvi zvinosimbiswa neEuropean Priny Warractal, iyo inobatanidza nzvimbo yokuramba kana munhu wacho atozotongwa pakupedzisira. Kunze kweEurope, nheyo yacho haina kusimbiswa, asi dzimwe nyika (dzakadai seCanada neAustralia) dzine mitemo kana kuti dzinopa mugumisiro kusunungurwa kune dzimwe nyika mumigariro yakati.

Matambudziko Acho uye Nyaya Dzichamuka

Pasinei nokufambira mberi, zvinetso zvinoverengeka zvinoramba zvichishanda pakukanganisa kwakapetwa kaviri mumutemo wekodzero dzevanhu wenyika yose.

Ufakazi Hwokupara Nemhaka Nezvemari

Nekuwedzera kwemhosva dzepaIndaneti, hurumende dzakawanda dzingava nesimba rokurwisa kusingadzoreki kunoitwa neimwe nyika inoba vanhu mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Ngozi yokuparwa kwemhosva ndeyechokwadi.

Kurwisana Neugandanga uye Kuchengeteka Kwenyika

Mushure medenho dzamagandanga, dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kuedza kurwisa vanhu vakanga vatosunungurwa mune imwe nyika, dzichidudza ukoshi hwemhosva yacho. Vatsigiri vekodzero dzavanhu vanotaura kuti ikoku kunosekesa nheyo yokupedzisira. Kusawirirana pakati pechengeteko yorudzi nengozi yakapetwa kaviri kungawedzera sezvingabvira sezvo nyika dzinogamuchira mitemo yakakomba inorwisana neutsotsi.

Mutemo Wokuchengetedza Nyika Yose

Nzvimbo iri kubuda imhatsa yengozi mbiri neganhu regakava remutengi wezvirongwa. Apo kambani inotongwa nenzira youtsotsi mune imwe nyika nokuda kwokukuvadzwa kwemhoteredzo, inogona kupiwa mhaka mune imwe nyika mubvumirano yemari yomufambiro mumwe chetewo here? matare eArbitral haasati atanga mutoo unowirirana, asi nhau yacho inotapura mipimo mikuru yekuva wokupedzisira neyokururama.

mhedziso

Zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu munyika yose zvinopa nheyo inokosha yokudzivirira vanhu panjodzi mbiri munyika yose. ICCPR, ECHR, Convention yeAmerican, uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvinogadza mitemo yakajeka inodzivisa kudzokororwa kwemhosva imwe kana kuti chirango. Zvisinei, nheyo yacho haisati iri yakakwana: kunze kwoufakazi hutsva, urema hwemiitiro, uye zvinoitika zvokusarangwa zvinovimbisa kuti ruramisiro inogona kutoitwa. Uyezve, kushayikwa kwomutemo wepasi pose panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri kunoramba kuri musiyano mukuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzinoitika.

Sezvo kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kunowedzera uye gadziriro dzemitemo dzichiva dzinobatanidzwa zvikuru, kudikanwa kwokutsinhiranisa dziviriro dzine ngozi mbiri munzvimbo dzose dzichakura. matare emarudzi ose eutsotsi akaratidza kuti kunobvira kudzikamisa kuzvidavirira nokuzvidavirira, uye masangano enharaunda akafanana neEuropean Union akabatira pamwe nokuda kwokuzivikanwa. Kuti maruramiro avanhu aremekedzwe zvizere, hurumende dzinofanira kupfuurira kuvamba gadziriro dzinobatira pamwe dzinodzivisa kukwiriranwa kwenhau kwakashata apo dzichisiya nzvimbo nokuda kwenhau dzapamutemo mufariro yeruramisiro. Kunzwisisa izvi zvibvumirano kunokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi, vagadziri vemitemo, uye munhu upi noupi anoitira hanya nomutemo munyika inooma zvikuru.