Mumugariro wakaoma wezvematongerwe enyika weUnited States, masangano ehurumende anomira semabasa makuru okutonga nokuda kwavanopfuura vaAmerica vane mamirioni 330. Nepo Congress yeU.S. muWashington, D.C., inodzora misoro mikuru yenhau yamarudzi, ichivako chechiremera chehurumende muhurumende yako umene icho chingava netapuro yakananga zvikuru neyapakare paupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. U.S. Constitution’s 10 Confectivement midective kuhurumende, kana kuti kuvanhu, masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yorudzi. Iyi govera yechiremera yakapfava inongova yakakwirira yemitemo panhau dzedzidzo, dzidzo, kutarisira utano, utsotsi, ruramisiro, uye chengeteko yapachena.

Kunzwisisa kuti mitumbi iyi inoshanda sei hakusi kungorovedza kwedzidzo chete, asi ndicho chinhu chikuru chokunzwisisa kuti simba rinoshandiswa sei muUnited States.Iyi nhungamiro inogovera kufamba kwakakwana, kune chiremera kupfurikidza nezviri zviremera zvehurumende, nzira yazvakarongwa nayo, kuti mutengo unova sei mutemo wehurumende, vanhu vanobatira mazviri, uye denho dzakaoma dzavanotarisana nadzo nhasi.

Mitemo yeCore Nemasimba eHurumende

Pamwero wazvo mukurusa, matare ehurumende ndiwo anoita mitemo yehurumende. iwo ane mutoro wokugadzira, kuitisana nharo, uye kuisa mitemo inodzora vagari vehurumende.

Simba Rokuita Mutemo

Kusafanana nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, iyo ine masimba bedzi anorongwa muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., masangano ehurumende anoisa chinozivikanwa se "hurumende". chiremera chakafara chokuisa maruramiro nokuda kwoutano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzavagari vemo. Iri chiremera chikuru chinovabvumira kuisa mitemo mizhinji yenhau. Kupa mitemo yemitemo yemitemo yedare, kubva pakurondedzera mhosva dzokuisa nhungamiro. Ivo vanotarisira gadziriro dzedzidzo dzavose, mipimo yedzidzo yechikoro, mipimo yezvokuronga, uye zvikwaniso zvomudzidzisi. Vanodzora maindasitiri, pamutemo, mutemo wezvinhu, pamutemo wemhuri (kubatanidza roorano nechatanuko), uye kushatambira kukurusa. Simba iri rinoshanda panhau ipi neipi inotapura nzanga yehurumende yehurumende. Vanotarisira kudzoro yedzidzo, zvikwamboro zvedzidzo zvedzidzo, uye zvinodikanwa zvoudzorevo.

Simba Rechidyiro

Rimwe ramasimba anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende ipi neipi ndi "simba rechikwama"" chiremera chapose chemari yokubhadhara mutero nokushandisa mari yavose. Gavhuna angakarakadza bhajeti, asi ihurumende ndiyo inosarudza pakupedzisira kuti mari yehurumende inosimudzirwa ndokugoverwa sei. Ikoku kunobatanidza kugadza mitemo yemitero, kubvumira bhajeti yemari, uye kuronga mari yechinhu chiri chose kubva kukuvaka migwagwa kuti itsigire migwagwa kumari yehurumende uye kuti ishande mapaki ehurumende. Masangano ehurumende anoshanda pasi pezvinodikanwa zvemitemo kupfumisa bhajeti yakadzikama, inoadzivisa kupedza mari yakawanda kupfuura yaanoshandisa. Ikoku kunovapa chirango chemari icho hurumende isingagari, uye inoita kurukurirano yezvokuronga nhevedzano, kazhinji, rutivi rwezvibvumirano, rukakavarambwa.

Kutarisira Nesimba uye Kusimbisa

Masangano ehurumende haangopiwi mitemo ndokuenda kumusha. Ane mutoro unokosha wokutarisira bazu guru, achivimbisa kuti mitemo yaanopfuura inoitwa zvakarurama uye kuti masangano ehurumende ari kushanda zvakanaka. Uku kutarisira kunoitiswa kupfurikidza namatanho anoverengeka. Matare anova nokunzwa nokunzvera zviito zvamasangano, mabvunzurudza anoitiswa, uye "kuongorora" kunoshandiswa nguva nenguva kuyera kana masangano ehurumende achifanira kupfuurira kuvapo. Mumaruwa akawanda, Dare rine mutorowo wokusimbisa zvigaro zvagaro zvamagavhuna, matare ehurumende, uye mabhodhi ehurumende. Ikoku kugovera nzveroko pasimba guru rehurumende uye kuvimbisa ganhuriro pakati pamapazuro enyika.

Kuderedza

Makore gumi ari ose, pashure pekuderera kwechiverengero chavagari vemo cheU.S., masangano ehurumende anoitirwa basa nomuitiro unokosha zvikuru wokuisa mativi ose. Vanofanira kunyora miganhu mitsva nokuda kwemiganhu yehurumende uye, muhurumende zhinjisa, nokuda kweImba yeVamiririri veruwa. Iyi nzira inovimbisa kuti ruwa rumwe norumwe rune chiverengero chavagari vemo chakaenzana. Kunyange zvakadaro, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, idare rehurumende rinogona, uye maererano nenhau, yakakweva nemitsetse miganhuro mitsva yeruwa kupa vamirioni vayo basa. Muitiro uyu unozivikanwa se germanting . . Dare gurusaro renyika yose ratonga kuti matare arege kuteerera nhau dzeGenegerry, rinochinja basa rakawanda rokuita basa rokuchinja kuti rivaradzike bhishopu yehurumende.

Kutsigira Bumbiro Remitemo reHurumende

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rakaoma zvikuru kushandura, mabumbiro emitemo mazhinjisa enyika anogadziridzwa kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru. Hurumende dzinowanzoita basa rakananga mugadziriro iyi. Muhurumende dzakawanda, kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunokarakadzwa kunogona kuiswa pavhoti nokuda kwokutenderwa nevhota nedare rinovhota zvikuru. Ikoku kunobvumira mutemisvuro kunhau dzakananga dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende .

Sangano Romukati: Kuda Kudzora Kunzwa uye Simba Redare

Kuti vabudirire kugadzirisa basa ravo rakaoma, matare ehurumende akatanga chirongwa chakaoma kunzwisisa.

Kuda Kunyanyisa Kuzvidzora

Chikamu chikuru chemitemo mizhinjisa yehurumende ibhimeralism() kukamura kwemitumbi miviri yewirikiti yemitemo: imba yapamusoro (Dare reSangano) uye imba yakaderera. Iyi gadziriro, yakaratidzirwa neU.S. Congress, yakarongedzerwa kugovera kunzvera simba remitemo. Inoraira kuti zviitwe nemitumbi miviri yakasiana ine mitemo yakasiana, macontitue, uye mirangariro. Kusiana nouyu mutemo iNebraska, iyo yakaumbwa neUniharel (kabhiri-guer), inodanwa nenzira yapamutemo se "Legislation" asi inonongedzerwa ku "Unicamer". [Maraclaise], asingaenzanions, uye kumira mumiitiro yemiitiro yemitezoteverwa, uye kuinoitwa seyamutoo yakatanhamara, uye kupfurikidza nokuoneka zvakanaka, kunyange zvakadaro, kutevedzerwa kwamashoko ose.

Mabasa Makuru Okutungamirira

Kushanda kwekamuri rewisono rewisc kunobva zvikuru pautungamiriri hwaro. Munhu ane simba zvikurusa muimba yakaderera ndi Mutauri weNzvimbo , anodzora karenda yewirirano, anoisa zvikwereti kumatare, uye anogadza zvigaro zvedare nemitezo. Simba remukurukuri guru, zvikurukuru kusarudza kuti ipepa ripi ripenyu uye ripi rinofa. MuDare, mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru anowanzova [[FLT:[FLT] Gavana [[FOLT] [3] [FFO:] (mute-pano]], [FFFFOM],[3],[3],[FFFFF], uye boka rimwe nerimwe], rinodzorwa.[3],[3]

Muitiro weDare: Injini Yomutemo

Hakuna muiti wemitemo anogona kuva nyanzvi munharaunda dzose. Ndicho chikonzero nei gadziriro yedare ichikosha kwazvo. Matare amire akadai seDare reDzidzo, Dare rePudiary, kana kuti Dare reApproppiations(inzvimbo zvechigarire dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakati. Pano gwaro rinotangwa, rinoendeswa kudare rine chiremera charo. Pano, dare rinowana dare rinoongorora kwazvo. Matare akabata kunzwa kwavose uko vagari vemo, vagamuchiri, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona kupupurira. Ipapo vanova ne "macrop" rusando apo vanogona kukurukura uye kubvisa muganhu wezvikwereti. Zvizhinji zvezvikwereti zvinofa mudare, zvisingatongoitiki muuriri nokuda kwokuvhota. dare, nzvimbo yesimba guru, nzvimbo yesimba, dare, uye dare rinodzora uye ringawana mabhirimo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Bhiri yaMabhuku Mutemo Wehurumende: Kutarisisa Kwakazara

Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakananga ichisiyana - siyana zvichienderana nehurumende, rwendo rwemutemo uchishandisa chibvumirano chehurumende runotevera nzira inokosha yokunzwisisa.

Danho 1: Kutanga uye Kudzorera

Muiti wemitemo upi noupi anogona kutanga mutengi. Pashure pokunyora navashandi vedare remitemo, mutongo wacho unopiwa nhamba ndokuraviwa kwenguva yokutanga pauriri hweimba ("kutanga kurava). Mutungamiriri ipapo anonongedzera mutongo kudare rakamira rakafanira.

Danho 2: Chiito cheDare

Iyi idanho rakakomba zvikurusa. Chigaro chedare chinoisa wiridzi parusando rwedare. dare rinoita kuti kutonga kwavose kuunganidze mubatanidzwa. Pashure pokutonga, dare rinogona kuvhota kupfuudza bhiriti se-ndi, kuripfuudza nedzosi, kuritsiva chose chose ne "pepa redare," tafura (ririririnoriisa), kana kuti risingangoiti chiito. Kana dare risingapfumi, rakafa zvinobudirira nokuda kwerusando.

Nhano 3: Nharo Yakaisvonaka Nokufara

Kana dare rikapukunyuka, rinoiswa pakarenda nokuda kwechiito. Rinopiwa "wechipiri kurava," uko kunobvumira nokuda kwekurukuriranozve nokugadziridzwa. Pakupedzisira, rinopiwa "yechitatu kurava," panzvimbo apo mavhoti eimba yakazara. Mutoo wokuvhota unosiana. mivhoti yevhoti [[FLT:]] mivhoti [[FLT]] inoshandiswa nokuda kwezvikwereti zvisingashandisiwi. Stockhovess translates translatesss trans" forms [[FFFFFLT:4] rhect] chinyorwa chimwe nechimwe, kugadzira nzvimbo yavose. [[FFLT]

Nhano 4: Mamwe Matare Edare Nematare Emisangano

Pashure pokupfuura imwe kamuri, muromo wacho unoenda kune imwe kamuri, kwaunoenda kupfurikidza nedare rose nouriri zvakare. Kamuri rechipiri ringapfuvura shanduro imwe cheteyo yomutemo, kana kuti ingaupfuure nokugadziridzwa. Kana shanduro dzacho dzichisiyana, imba yemavambo inofanira kubvumirana nemhesano. Kana dzisingagoni kubvumirana, dare re rinobvumirana nomutemo [pamubatanidzwa] panzvimbo imwe neimwe. Iri idare rechinguvana rinoumbwa nemitezo mishomanene inobva mukamuri rimwe nerimwe inogadzwa kuti ienderane neshanduro inopesana nechikanganiso. "Revoset" ipapo mushumo unofanira kutenderwa namapamuri ose ari maviri pasina kupfumiswazve.

Danho 5: Kushandisa Chirwere

Nhano yokupedzisira chiito chagavhuna. Gavhuna ane zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka: kusaina musero mumutemo; vhato pamutemo, kudzorera kuimba yomutemo; bvumirai mutemo kuva mutemo pasina kusayina pashure pechiverengero chakati chamazuva; kana kuti, mudzimwe nyika zhinji, shandisai chinhu chezvikamu chepamutemo kuti mupedze zvinhu pazvasara. Kana gavhuna akarega bhirikiti, mugadhendi anogona kuedza kudzora , zvikurukuru kuvhotera mavhoti maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Ichi dandaro, asi chinogovera kunzvera kukuru pasimba ravakuru.

Mabhuku eMitemo yeMasai eNyika Anoshanda: Masangano Ane Unyanzvi Hwemitemo

Musiyano mukuru pakati pevatongi vehurumende ibasa rokuita basa.

Mitemo Yenyanzvi Dzemitemo Yakasiyana Neyavagari Vemo

National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) inoita kuti zvirongwa zvive zviduku. Zvirongwa kana kuti "Red" masangano edzimba [ (seCalifornia, New York, uye Pennsylvania]) mabasa enguva yakazara nemiripo, vabati vakuru, uye marusando marefu. Vanokwezva vezvamatongerwe enyika uye vane mwero wakakwirira weunyanzvi. Pane imwe nhambo i [[FLT:]] Chineidzo kana kuti "Mitemo yeBluoki" [[FLT]] [[FL:3]] (se Hamfiti, Monterre, uye Woupiri.) inobatira rudzi rwemiviri yemiviri.

Kumirira uye Kunyora Mazita

Mumakumi amakore anoverengeka apfuura, vagaro vomutemo vehurumende vava vakasiana zvikuru, asi havasati vachitongoratidzira nguva dzose chiverengero chavagari vemo chehurumende dzavo. Vakadzi zvino vanoita mugove mukuru wavaiti vemitemo (inenge 30% munyika), kukwira kubva pa 5% bedzi muna 1971. Vorusaruraganda nemadzinza vanewo nhamba inokura yezvigaro, kunyange zvazvo ratidziro dzichiwanzova seri kutangira chiverengero chavagari vemo. Kune gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pokuti matare edzimba apamutemo anomirira zvakanaka sei maat sycreams uye kuti mhinganidzoidzoi dzinonzinzi “yakaderera, kudzorwa, uye kuraira nguva yakaderera zvikuru, uye purogiramu (_pvendt) imwe nhambo inomirira vamiririridzi vanoenda kunzvimbo.

Miganhu Yenguva

Mumaruwa 15, vatemi vemitemo vanodzorwa neganhuriro. Iyi mitemo, yakapfuudzwa muma 1990 sechinjo yokurwisa mabasa ndokuunza mirangariro mitsva kuhurumende, inoganhurira chiverengero chamakore munhu anogona kubatira munzvimbo yakapiwa. Muuyo weganhuriro dzeshoko unokurukurwa nokukurumidza. Vatsigiri vanodzivisa kusimbiswa kwesimba uye kumanikidza pfungwa itsva mutsika. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti vanobvisa zivo yesangano uye simba kubva kuvaiti vemitemo vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira uye kuvabati vebazu, vabati vakuru, uye yamuro dzemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino Zvinotarisana Nemitemo yeHurumende

Masangano ehurumende haasati ari masangano anodzikamisa mauto, anogarochinjana kutarisana nedenho itsva mukutonga kweAmerica.

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

SemuUnited States Congress, masangano ehurumende ava kupesana zvikuru mumitsetse inopesana. Kuderera kwemibatanidzwa yokuvhota zvine mwero, yakabatanidza kwakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuure mutemo, zvikurukuru muhurumende dzehurumende dzakakamukana umo mumwe mubatanidzwa unodzora mutezo wedare remitemo uye mumwe unodzora hofisi yagavhuna. Iyi giradhi inogona kudzivisa nyika kupedza zvinetso zvokukurumidzira, kubva pakushandisa mari yepfuma kusvika kundyiko yezvoutano.

Gerrymanning uye Hondo Yemamepu Akanaka

Gadziriro yokubvisa zvigaro zvechimurenga yazova hondo yakakomba yokudzora zvamatongerwe enyika. Nepurogiramu yekombiyuta yakaisvonaka nemashoko anovhota ane udzame hukuru, mubato wesimba unogona kunyora mitsetse yoruwa noururami hwokuvhiya kuti iwedzere zvigaro zvawo uye kuderedza simba revoki vebato rinopikisa. Uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa segerrymaning, unosekesa nheyo huru yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu: kuti vavhoti vasarudze vamiri vavo, kwete imwe nzira. Kune sangano rinokura rokuvandudza kutsigira kushandiswa kwematunhurikidzwa eregia matunhurikidzwa okugadzira maruwa akanaka, anokwikwidzana.

Kutanga Kwomuedzo

Chimiro chendangariro chinokura mumitemo yehurumende kushandiswa kwe "kuparadza" mitemo, uko hurumende inopfuudza mutemo unokunda kana kuti unorambidza mitemo yomunzvimbomo inopfuudzwa namaguta nenzvimbo. Iyi yazova nhambo huru panhau dzakadai sewedzero dzemibairo shomanene, mirau inorwara, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye chinjo dzamapurisa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuparadzwa kunovimbisa kuva mubatanidzwa wemiviri uye kunodzivisa "basa" remitemo inorwisana. Vatsoropotedza vanourangarira sesimba rinodzorwa nehurumende dzinodzvinyirira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo uye dzinodzivisa maguta kukurukura zvinodikanwa zvakasiana zvamagariro.

Chikonzero Nei Mitemo yeHurumende Ichikosha Kuupenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Kuri nyore kunangidzira ngwariro pachinoitika muWashington, D.C., asi zvokwadi ndeyokuti mubatanidzwa wehurumende yako une tapuro huru zvikuru paupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Mutongi Louis Brandeis anozivikanwa zvikuru kunzi masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," uye pano ndipo apo miitiro mitsva inoedzwa. Runako rwemigwagwa yaunotyaira pairi, mari inopiwa zvikoro zvinopinda vana vako, mitemo yokuwana rezinesi, mitemo inodzora inishuwarenzi youtano hwako, mirau yemhepo yakachena nemvura, iri yose inosarudzwa muhurumende yako.

Kana iri nyika inowedzera kusvika kwokuvhota, kunyoresa marimba, kukwidza mari shomanene, kana kuti kudzivirira maruramiro okubereka, chiito chiri kuitika nenzira inowedzera pamwero wenyika. Simba redare rehurumende iguru, asi pakupedzisira rinotorwa kuvanhu. Kuziva kuti ndiani anokumirira, kuronda zvikwereti zvavanotsigira nokuvhota, uye kuvhota mumasangano makuru zviito zvinokosha zvokuva mugari wemo. Chirongwa chehurumende yako ndiwo mwero wehurumende iri pedyosai pedyo newe, uye inofanirwa nengwa newe nokuvimbisana.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kubatanidzwa, zviwanikwa zvakafanana ne [[FL:0]NCS inopa mashoko akazara padzimba dzehurumende. Masuo akaita se Avo vanobudisa mativi [ anoita kuti kuve nyore kuronda mutemo munyika yako. Nokuda kwerondedzero dzine udzame dzechibvumirano chehurumende yako chakananga, [[FLT:] BALOPIA ichinhu chinokosha chakaisvonaka. Kunzwisisa kuti aya masangano ane simba anoshanda sei ari nhano yokutanga kukuva muziviso nemutsigiri wehurumende yako inosarudzwa.