Sumo

Kuisa pachena nheyo yemiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Pashure pekuverenga vanhu kwegore negore, maruwa ehurumende ehurumende anodzokororwazve kuti aone kana vanhu vachizochinja. Izvi zvinopfuura nokure kunyora mepu-jeni(zvinosarudza zvakananga kuti vanhu vapi vanogoverana manzwi ezvamatongerwe enyika, kuti kusarudza kunoguma sei, uye kana nheyo yo “munhu mumwe, vhoti imwe” inokudzwa. Nemhaka yokuti kudzokororwa kwemitemo kunogona kuderedza mwero wesimba nokuda kwegumi ramakore, kunzwisisa kuwirirana uye zvakureva kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anofunda marumbirira kurusarudzo kana kuti kutora rutivi rwenyika dzeAmerica.

Chii Chiri Kuderedza?

Kudzosera muganhu muganhu wemitemo newezvamatongerwe enyika wokusarudza miganhu yoruwa. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoda kuti zvigaro muImba yavamiririri zvigoverwe pakati penyika dzakavakirwa pavagari vemo, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatambanudza chinodikanwa chakaenzana kuti nyika dzive nehurumende inotonga maruwa. Makore gumi oga oga oga, pashure pokunge kupedzwa kwekuverengwa kwerudzi, nyika dzinofanira kugadziridza mitsetse yadzo yoruwa kuitira kuti ruwa rweruwa rupinde nhamba imwe cheteyo yavanhu. Vavariro ndeyokuvimbisa kuti vhoti yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga inotakura uremuko hwakaenzana.

Kupfuura kuenzana kwavagari vemo, kuyera kunofanirawo kugutsa mimwe mipimo yamaruwa. Iyoyi inosiana nehurumende asi kazhinji kazhinji inobatanidza kubatana (ruwa runofanira kuva ndima imwe yakabatana), kubatana (kuchinja zvimiro zvisiri zvapamutemo), ruremekedzo nokuda kwemapoka maduku ezvamatongerwe enyika (zvakadai semitsetse yeruwa kana kuti yeguta), uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzanga dzefariro (mapoka avanhu vane itiro hanya dzenzanga, dzemari, kana kuti dzetsika). Kuiswa kwokutanga kunopa mumwe nomumwe kunopa mupimo kunogona kuchinja nomutoo unoshamisa chimiro chemepu.

Nheyo Dzenhau Nedzemitemo

Kuisa muganhu kwakambova basa rakakwirira zvikuru, rakasununguka zvikuru muutariri hwehurumende. Iro rakachinja nechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muna 1962 mu Baker v. Carr, iyo yakatanga kuti matare ehurumende aigona kuhwirudzura denho dzekudzoresa pasi peSangano rePresetation Claus. 1964 kutonga mu [FLD:] Reynolds v. Sims akakudza “munhu mumwe, mupimo mumwe” kuruwa rwemitemo. Gare gare gare, Voi maruramiro ekodzero eChibvumirano a 1965 (Chikamu chikuru 2) akarambidza zvirongwa zvinoshatisa simba roruko rworumwe rudzi kana kuti ruvara. Idzi idzi bhini dzakaita zvepamutemo dzakagadza chikamu chetsika chazvino unoyera nokuda kwenzvimbo chazvino unona, chikambira kudimukwana.

Chikonzero Nei Kuderedza Zvinhu

Kudzosera muganhu hausi muitiro wehurumende. Chinoitika chezvamatongerwe enyika chakakwirira nemiuyo inosvikira kure.

  • Chiratidziro chedemocracy: Pasina kuganhurirwa kwenguva dzose, kuchinja kwavagari vemo kwaizoparira maruwa ane ukuru husingaenzaniswi chose chose, kuchiputsa donzo rapakati redemocracy rokuti mavhoti ose anofanira kuva akaenzana.
  • Parisan Balation:[ Nzira iyo miganhu inoiswa nayo inogona kusarudza kuti ipati ipi inodzora mubatanidzwa wechikwata kwegumi ramakore rakazara, ichipesvedzera muitiro kubva patarisiro youtano kusvika kukodzero dzokuvhota.
  • [ Kubatanidzwa: Mitsetse inoremekedza nharaunda, nzvimbo dzamadzinza, kana kuti nzvimbo dzezvemari inobvumira mapoka kuva nefariro dzakafanana kuvamiriri vakasarudzwa vanonzwisisa zvinodikanwa zvavo.
  • Ubhadharo: apo maruwa anenge ari makwikwi, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanogamuchira zvikuru kumativi. Kana maruwa akakotsekana, matunhu anotarisana nedzvinyiriro shoma yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kana kuti kuvamba.
  • Masangano anoputsa mipimo inoyera anoisa mungozi matare anodhura, kupindira kwehurumende, uye() muzvinoitika zvakakomba zvikuru (*kudzokororwazve kwemepu natenzi chaiye.

Nhano Inoderedza Nhano Nenzira

Kunyange zvazvo nguva chaiyo ichisiyana - siyana nehurumende, kuongorora nzvimbo kunowanzotevedzana kuchiita sekwakatevedzana kunoitika mwedzi inopfuura 18 kusvika ku24 pashure pokuverengwa kwevanhu.

Danho 1: Cherechedza Kuunganidzwa Kwemashoko Nokubudiswa Kwemashoko

Muitiro unovamba nokuverenga vanhu kwegore negore, kwakaitwa neU.S. Censureal Bureau. Pashure pokuverenga mugari woga woga, Bureau inobudisa mashoko maviri anokosha: P.L. 94-171 faira, iyo inogovera hwerengedzo yavagari vemo inoenzana nemwero wemitezo yemitengo, uye mashoko ane udzame zvikuru anoshandiswa kuyera kuwirirana neVoting Rights Act. Nemhaka yezvinodikanwa zvapamutemo, nyika zhinjisagona kupedza mepu dzadzora kutozosvikira vagamuchira aya mashoko, zvikurukuru panosvika pakupera kwegore pashure pokuverengwa kwacho. The Rebitual Officeing Office Office [FLT]] inogovera zvishandiso nenhungamiro nokuda kweshoko.

Nhano 2: Kuziva Nhamba Yemaseats

Congress - regionational carementment .kugoverwa kwezvigaro 435 zvedzimba pakati penyika dzinonzi neCensus Bureau ichishandisa mutoo unonzi mutoo wemwero wakaenzana. Nyika dzinowana chiverengero chavagari vemo dzingagamuchira zvigaro zvakawedzerwa, nepo dzichitaura kuti chiverengero chavagari vapasi chingarasikirwa nezvigaro. Uku kudzokororwa kunonyandura kudikanwa kwokuzvinyima tsvuku muruwa rwuri rwose, kunyange avo vasina chinjo yavagari vemo, nemhaka yokuti kuchinja kwavagari vemo kunotapurawo maruwa ehurumende.

Danho 3: Kudhirowa Mepu

Iri ndiro danho rinopomerwa zvikurusa mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Muhurumende zhinjisa, chigaro chehurumende chinonyora mepu, kazhinji kazhinji nagavhuna anoshandisa chivhozhokero. Chiverengero chinokura chenyika, zvisinei, chakatendeukira kumasangano akazvimirira kana kuti bipartisan kuti aderedze pesvedzero. Madrowa anoshandisa mapurogiramu anoumba vanhu, mabhii anosvika vanhu, migumisiro yechiverengero chavanhu, migumisiro yesarudzo, uye mitsetse yeruwa yapfuura. Zvinofanira kudzikamisa mipimo yakawanda apo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoedza kuwana betsero inovakwa nedendera, apo inonyanyotorwa, inosvika kure, ichava gerrymermering.

Danho 4: Mashoko Anobudiswa Pachena Nevanhu Vanonzwa

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoda kunzwiwa nevanhu mapu asati agamuchirwa. Vagarica nemapoka evanyengeri vanogona kupupurira, kuisa mepu dzavo dzinokarakadzwa, uye kumutsa kusabvumirana pamusoro pe rusaruro rwedzinza kana kuti rusaruro. Nyika shomanene dzakashandisa mamepu epaIndaneti anoshandiswa kubvumira munhu upi noupi kunyora nokuisa mepu. Nhevedzo yavose idziviriro yakakomba, asi tapuro yayo inosiyana zvikuru zvichitsamira pakuti muitiro wacho unojeka sei uye kana boka revoruzhinji richidisa kubatanidza kutsinhira.

Danho 5: Kubvumirwa uye Kuongororwazve Kwepamutemo

Pashure pokupedzisa mepu, vavhoti vehurumende kana kuti vamiriri vehurumende kuti vaigamuchire. Maruwa matsva ipapo anova mutemo, asi anodokuva adzokerwa nokukurumidza nedenho dzapamutemo. Mitemo ingadzivisa kudzorwa kwedzinza, kudzorwa kwemibatanidzwa, kusaenzana kwavagari vemo, kana kuti kuputswa kweVoting Rights Act. Matare ehurumende anogona kuvhara kana kuti kugadziridza mepu dzinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo kana kuti mirau. Mune dzimwe nhambo, matare akatora muitiro wose wokudzorwa kwedzinza apo masangano emitemo akabvisa ganhuriro kana kuti kubudisa mepu dzisiri dzapamutemo.

Danho 6: Kushandisa Zvaunosarudza

Mepu dzinotenderwa dzinoshandiswa kwenguva yokutanga munhambo yesarudzo inotevera. Vasarudzo vanofanira kusarudza kuti iruwai rwavanogara, uye vavhoti vangazviwana vamene vari mumaruwa matsva navamiriri vatsva. Ikoku kunogona kuparira nyongano, zvikurukuru apo maruwa anodarika miganhu yakarovedzeka yenzanga. Vakuru vakuru vedare vanodzokorora mapepa okuvhota uye miganhu yenzvimbo inowirirana.

Kurayira Kusarudza

Betsero Yepakati Nokushanda Kwadzo

Kuisa pachena kunopa chishandiso chine simba chokushandisa kuvhota. Nokurongedza vavhoti vavashori mumaruwa mashomanene (kurova) uye kuparadzira vatsigiri vebato vazhinji mumaruwa akawanda (kukwesha), boka rinogona kuwana nhamba yakakura yezvigaro zvine chokuita nokuvhota kwaro kwose. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa sechivhoti gerrymaning, yazova yakatanhamara zvikuru nokushandiswa kwemirayiridzo yeslation negirametic mepu. Brennan Center yeRugare rwayosero yeMutongi nhamburiko dzokuvandudza gerryman kupfurikidza namasangano anozvimirira.

Partisan gerymaning ine tapuro inoparadza pamakwikwi okuvhota. Apo maruwa anokweverwa kuva anovhota zvakakotsekana (mutook., ruwa urwo runosarudza nguva dzose >55% nokuda kwebato rimwe), sarudzo dzavose dzinova dzisingaendi kupfuvurira. Kuisa ngwariro pavhoti huru, kuchitungamirira kunzvimbo dzakakomba. Voter angaderera nemhaka yokuti vagari vemo vanorangarira kuti vhoti yavo haina basa. Dare guru ratonga kuti matare ehurumende haagoni kunzwa dare rehurumende risingabvumirwi (sokunge mu [[FLT:]]. Ruucro. Chisarudzo chavose , 20,], asi matare nebhorati dzakaita dare zvakadzikamisa nhau yacho.

Kudzivirirwa Kwechisimbwa

Madrowa anogona kunyora mitsetse inodzivirira vatendi vezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kero dzavo dzapamusha nokuwedzera vavhoti vane ushamwari vachibvisa nzvimbo dzine utsinye. Uyu muitiro, unowanzonzi unodzivirira kukuvadziko, unogona kudzivirira vaiti vemitemo pakuzvidavirira. Munyaya umo mutemiswo wemitengo inodzora kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvinoyera, vatengi vebato vazhinji vanowanzova vanodzivirirwa zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinorambidza zvakajeka kushandisa kero dzemitengo semupimo.

Mufananidzo Muduku

Voing Rights Act inoda kuti mapoka maduku ave nemukana wakaenzana kuvasaruri vechisarudzo chawo. Mutsika, ikoku kunowanzoreva kutanga maruwa ane zvikamu zviduku uko boka redzinza kana kuti mutauro risingaverengeki rinoumba ruzhinji rwavagari vemo vemo vebasa. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti aya maruwa akawedzera zvikuru nhamba yeBlack, Hispanic, uye vamiririri veAsia. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti vanogona kuisa vavhoti vashoma munhamba duku yemaruwa, nokudaro vachideredza pesvedzero yavo mumaruwa akapoteredza. Dzikano pakati pokudzivirira kodzero dzevota uye kudzivisa maruramiro edzinza edzokerimani ndeimwe yenhau dzinonyanyova nenhau dzinovarambwa zvikuru mureyi.

Kutanga Nokutsigira

Kudzokororwa kunotapura nzira iyo vavhoti vanorangarira nayo pesvedzero yavo. Apo maruwa anenge achikwikwidzana zvikuru, vavhoti vanganzwa mavhoti avo ane revo uye vanobva pamwero wakakwirira. Nenzira inopesana, apo maruwa anenge akakotsekana zvikuru nokuda kwebato rimwe, zvikurukuru munyika umo maruwa mazhinjisa asingakwikwidziridzi, muvhoti anogona kutambura. Mukuwedzera, chinjo dzeganhur dzinogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti: vanhu vangasaziva kuti ndevapi vanorarama mauri kana kuti vapi vari mubato wavo, kuchitungamirira kukuderera kutora rutivi mumakwikwidzano akaderera.

Matambudziko Mukuderedza Kukura

Gerrymandering

Gerrymanindering inoramba iri denho inopfuurira zvikurusa. Nepo mativi makuru ose ari maviri akapinda mumuitiro apo anodzora muitiro wacho, shanduro yazvino uno inotsamira pamitemo mikuru nepurogiramu yemapureji yakajeka yemapu. Mamwe maruwa akava zvimiro zvakavhengana zvikuru nejekeserwa. Naizvozvo kurwa kwacho kwachinja kuva kumatare enyika nemwero yebhii. Mapoka eAdvocy pa Ose pamusoro pekutsiva]

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Nokunyengedzwa

Chinenge nhambo iri yose yokuchinja kunoparira kukwirira kwemhosva. Zvinetso zvinogona kuparira kurongerwa kwedzinza. Kutyorwa kwe “munhu mumwe, mupimo wevhoti”, kana kuti kundikano kunyora mepu mutsinhirano nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende. Kudzorwa kunogona kufamba kwamakore, pane dzimwe nguva kuchiparira sarudzo kuitirwa pasi pemepu dzechinguvana dzakarongwa nedare. Uku kusava nechokwadi kunoomesa kuronga kwechirongwa uye kunogona kuparira kusavimba navanhu vose. Muna 2022, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaona mepu dzichidzorwa nematare nokuda kwechipomendedzero rehurumende.

Kuvimba Kwavose Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakajeka

Kudzosera mativi kazhinji kazhinji kunoitika seri kwamasuo akavharwa, nokunzvera kushoma. Munzvimbo dzisina zvirongwa zvakazvimirira, boka guru rinogona kunyora mapu pakavanda, kuchitungamirira kukupomerwa kwezvirongwa zvekudzosa mari. Kunyange apo kunzwa kunoitwa, zvinogona kunzwa semawirirano. Nyanzvi dzakadana nokuda kwemipimo yakawanda yokujeka, kubatanidza maturusi avose, magiramu anonzwa, uye masangano akazvimirira. Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira rediokings seasina kururama, kuvimba negadziriro yose yevhiyi.

Kuchinja Kwevagari Vemo Nekuchinja Kwemadhimoni

United States iri kuwedzera kuva nemhatsa uye inofamba. Kuwedzera kwechimbichimbi munharaunda dzomumusha neSun Belt, pamwe chete nokuderera kwechiverengero chavagari vemo munharaunda dzomumaruwa neRust Belt, kunoparira dzvinyiriro yenguva dzose pamitsetse yoruwa. Mitengo yemavara iri kukura munharaunda dzakawanda, bva inowanzovakwa muchiverengero chavanhu kana kuti yakarongedzwa mumaruwa anoganhurirwa pesvedzero yavo. Kuwedzerazve, denda reCHOVID-19 rakaoma kurangarira kuverengwa kwavanhu, kuchitungamirira kukunonotsa kumikisa kunamanamanama uye mifaniro yenguva inomanikidzirwa yokudhinda nokuda kwokudhirowa. United States iyo isingagoni kupedza nguva yakananga kutemwaradziso, zvinetso zvapamutemo, uye kunonoka kwezvisanzve.

Ruzivo Nemidziyo

Kugadzira mapu kunobatsira nokudzivisa kugadzirwa kwemamepu. Kune rumwe rutivi, inobvumira madhirowa kuenzana zvakaenzana chaizvo nemitemo uye kuwirirana nemitemo yepamutemo. Kune rumwe rutivi, inoita kuti pave nokuvhiya kukuru. Maapureti anogona kugadzira zviuru zvemepu dzinobvira ndokusarudza iya inoderedza betsero nepo inoramba iri mukati memiganhu yepamutemo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kuganhurira kushandiswa kwemajeri echirungu mumesero, asi kudzikamiswa kwakaoma. Kuwedzera kwounyanzvi hwemitemo yesoftware inoyera yakaita kuti ikurumidze kuvhura mepu yemicheto yemicheto yemicheto uye kujekedzo yemiteo.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu Nenguva Yemberi Yokuchinja

Mukupindura kudzorwa kwoutsinye zvikuru, fungu rechinjo rakawana simba. Chifo cha 2000, nyika dzinopfuura gumi nembiri dzakaita masangano anozvimirira kana kuti bipartisan reddifigialialigia, kubvisa muitiro wacho kuvaiti vemitemo. Chiverengero cheCin California Transligioning Commission uye Pendex Citizemitizence Commission chinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji semie. Masangano aya anowanzoita kuti vanhu vanzwirwe, ashandise mipimo yakajeka, uye anoda kuti zvivhotiso zvemajeri kuti vatendere mepu. Ufakazi hwapakuvamba hwezvirongwa zvekushandira zviri muCalifornia California shororo, madhindiro mashoma, mashoma anotarisana nedenho pamutemo.

Nhano dzokutanga dzeballot muzvikamu zvakadai seOhio neUtah dzakaisawo ganhuriro pamatunhu anogona kunyorwa, zvakadai sokurambidza mapu anofarira mubato zvisina kufanira. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinopfuurira, kusundira nokuda kwokuchinja kwamaaremistritiki kunobvisa tsvudziro dzavanhu. Bva mitoo yealgorithm ine denho dzayo imene.

Pamwero wehurumende, mabhiri akadai seFour the People Act naJohn Lewis Voting Rights Adveriment Act akaedza kuita kuti mipimo inodzorwa nemitemo ive yenyika yose, asi yakadzorwa muCongress. Kurangarira chinetso chezvamatongerwe enyika chokuchinja kwehurumende, chinjo dzinovimbisa zvikurusa dziri kuitika pamwero wehurumende kupfurikidza nokutanga kudzorwa nedare rehurumende. Kuvaraidzi navadzidzi, kuramba vachiziva pamusoro pokuchinja hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo wedzidzo(idzoro) inzira yokunzwisisa nayo kuti mitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakanyorwa nokunyorwazve.

mhedziso

Kuisa mashoko munzanga kunokosha asi kazhinji kazhinji hakunzwisisiki kwesarudzo dzeAmerica. Kunotema kuti ndiani anosarudzwa, igadziriroi inopfuurira, uye kana vavhoti vachinzwa manzwi avo. Muitiro wacho wazova unopesana zvikuru negumi rimwe nerimwe ramakore, sezvo midziyo yemitauro inowedzera hondo dzinobatanidza uye kuchinja kwavagari vemo. Bva kudzokororwa kunopawo banza rekuvimbisana kwehurumende: vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi mukunzwa kwavose, kuisa mepu, uye kumanikidza nokuda kwokuva nechengedzero yakanaka igadziriro yehurumende inotonga zvakanaka iri kudzikamisa mirariro yakaenzana, kodzero dzavanhu vashomanene, makwikwikwi, uye chivimbo navanhu vose. Kunzwisisa izvozvi inhano iri nhano yokutanga kukuvimbisa kuti mepu dzinowana vanhu.