Kunzwisisa Tsika Yebhamural muHurumende yeHurumende

Chigaro chehurumende yako ibazu rehurumende ine mutoro wokuita mitemo, bhajeti yokubvumira, uye kumirira fariro dzavagari vemo. Mu49 wemaruwa 50, chirongwa chomutemo bhiyaral, zvinoreva kuti ine makamuri maviri: imba yapamusoro inonzi Dare uye imba yakaderera inonzi Imba yaVamiririri (kana kuti Gungano, zvichitsamira pahurumende). Ichi chivako chechambo chedare chinogadzirirwa kugovera nokudzikana mukati momuitiro wemitemo, kuvimbisa kuti hapana mutumbi mumwe usina simba rokudzivisa pamusoro pomutemo.

Mavambo ebudrama muhurumende dzehurumende anodzokera shure kuParamende yeBritain namagungano ehurumende apakuvamba. Vagadziri vebumbiro remitemo rehurumende vakagamuchira uyu muenzaniso kuti vatange mutumbi unorerutsa ungagona kuhwirudzura mutemo unokarakadzwa nokungwarira kubva mumifungo mizhinji. Nhasi, matare ehurumende anobata nhau dzakawanda, kubatanidza mari yedzidzo, murairo wezvoutano, kotsekano yavose, zvivako, uye mitero. Kunzwisisa mabasa avamiriri navamiririri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoda kupinda mubudiriro nehurumende yavo yehurumende.

Musiyano mukuru pakati pedzimba mbiri uri muukuru hwadzo, urefu hwenguva, uye ukuru hwemimiririri.

Dare reHurumende: Dare Rapamusoro

Kuvakwa uye Kurongwa Kwenzvimbo

Dare idukusa padzimba mbiri mudzimba hurusa dzehurumende. Hurumende inowanzova nemitezo iri pakati pe 20 ne50, kunyange zvazvo nhamba yacho chaiyo ichisiyana zvikuru pahurumende nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Dare reTexas rine mitezo 31, nepo Dare reMinnesota rine vatenator 67. Ukuru huduku hweDare hunoita nhete, hunobvumira kukurukurirana kwakananga zvikuru nekurukurirano panhau dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Vasarudzi vanosarudzwa navavhoti mumaruwa avo, ayo makuru zvikuru kupfuura ayo avamiriri. Ruwa rwedare rimwe rungabatanidza maruwa akawanda eImba, kureva kuti vamiriri vanomirira kutenderera kukuru kwechiverengero chavagari vemo. Uyu murangariro mukuru unobvumira vatendi kurangarira revo yose yomutemo unokarakadzwa panzvimbo pokunangidzira ngwariro bedzi paitiro hanya dzomunzvimbomo.

Mashoko uye Zvinosarudzwa

Majeni anowanzobatira mashoko marefu zvikuru [[[FLT: 1] kupfuura vamiririri. Mudzimwe nyika zhinjisa, vasande vanobatira mashoko amakore mana, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mativi, akadai seNew York neFlorida, anoshandisa mashoko anokosha emitezo yagara kwenguva huru. Sarudzo dzamajeresarudzo dzinozivikanwa nokuda kwesenati, kureva kuti havasi vose vasarudzo vanomira panguva imwe cheteyo. Uku kutenderera kunoparira kupfuurira mukati mekamuri, sechikamu chinokosha chemitezo inoziva nguva inosara mukati nhambo yerusarudzo imwe neimwe.

Urefu hwenhambo refu hwakarongedzerwa kupa vatendi nguva yakawanda yokukudziridza unyanzvi mumiitiro yakaoma yakadai sokuronga mari, tarisiro youtano, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi. Kunovadzivirirawo padzimwe nguva pakuchinja pfungwa kwenhambo pfupi yavose, kuvabvumira kuita mutoo unoyera zvikuru wokutonga. Zvisinei, vatendi vanoramba vachizvidavirira kuzvavanobatanidza kupfurikidza nesarudzo yenguva dzose uye tarisiro yavose.

Simba Nemabasa

Dare rinoshandisa masimba anoverengeka unique [ anoatsauranisa neImba yavamiriri. Aya masimba anosiana nehurumende asi anowanzobatanidza:

  • Kusimbiswa kwokugadzwa kwevakuru vakuru: Mabumbiro emitemo akawanda anoda Dare kusimbisa vamiriri vamagavhuna nokuda kwenzvimbo dzamagavhuna, zvikwata zvedare, uye mamwe marongerwo enzvimbo dzepamusorosoro. Ikoku kunopa edzero pachiremera chevakuru vakuru uye kuvimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanogadzwa vanosvitsa mipimo yemitemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubatanidzwa kwendyiko huru: Mune dzimwe nyika, Dare rine basa mukutendera zvisungo, zvikwereti, kana kuti zvimwe zvibvumirano zvemari zvinokosha zvinoitwa nehurumende.
  • [ Tsamba yemitemo: Kana Imba ichizvidza mukuru mukuru wehurumende (zvakadai sagavhuna kana kuti mutongi), Dare rinowanzobatira somutumbi wokutonga, kusarudza kana kupinza mutorongo ndokubvisa mukuru mukuru pahofisi.
  • Kurangarira mutemo: Kufanana neImba, Dare rinofanira kupfuudza zvikwereti zvose zvisati zvagona kuva mutemo. Dare rinogona kupedza, kuramba, kana kuti kubvumira mutemo unopfuudzwa neImba, richigovera ruvara rwechipiri rwokunzvera.

Ukuru huduku hweDare kazhinji kazhinji hunobvumira kurukurirano huru pamitengo inokakavadzana, navatevedzeri mumwe nomumwe vane mukana mukuru wokupesvedzera muuyo kupfuura waizobvira mukamuri guru. Iri basa rinobvisa ndiro chikonzero chikuru nokuda kwokupfuurira kwegadziriro yebhidamal muhurumende yehurumende.

Vatungamiriri Nematare

Vamiririri vehurumende vakarongwa negadziriro youtungamiriri iyo inobatanidza mukuru mukuru anotungamirira (anowanzonzi Mutungamiriri weDare kana kuti Mutongi we Lieutenant), vatungamiriri vazhinji navaduku, uye zvigaro zvamatare. Matare anokosha nokuda kwomuitiro wemitemo, sezvo anobvumira vatarisiri kuvamba zivo chaiyo munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, zvokufambisa, utano, uye mari.

Hurumende Yevamiririri: Dare Repasi

Kuvakwa uye Kurongwa Kwenzvimbo

Imba yaVamiriri (inonziwo Gungano munyika dzakadai seCalifornia, Wisconsin, uye New York) inzvimbo huru muimba yemitemo yebhidamaral iri yose. Ukuru hweimba hunosiyana zvikuru, neyakaderera zvikurusa ichiva Imba 40 yeAlaska uye hurusa iNew Hampshire iri mutezo we 400 House. Dzimba zhinjisa dzinowira pakati pemitezo 50 kusvikira ku 150.

Kubatana kukuru kwenhengo dzeImba kunobvumira kumirira maruwa maduku, kazhinji kazhinji achiumba maruwa ane vagari 40 000 kusvikira ku 100 000 vemo.Iko kubatana kwapedyo nenzanga dzomunzvimbomo kunoreva kuti vamiririri kazhinji kazhinji vakarovedzana zvikuru nenhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sokushandisa mari yechikoro, kugadziriswa kwemigwagwa, mirau yokuronga zvivako, uye itiro hanya dzebhizimisi duku.

Mashoko uye Zvinosarudzwa

Vamiriri vanobatira mashoko mapfupi kupfuura vasenter, kazhinji kazhinji makore maviri. Muruwa rwuri rwose kunze kwaAlabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Missississippi, uye North Dakota, zvirevo zveDay, zvinogadziriswa pamakore maviri. Iyi nyika shanu inoshandisa mashoko egore mana nokuda kwavamiririri vadzo vadzo, kuwirirana namashoko avo eDare. Mitemo mipfupi inovimbisa kuti vamiririri vanozvidavirira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nezvinovapoteredza zvavo, ichivaita kuti vadavirire zvikuru kuzvinhu zvomunzvimbomo.

Kuchinja kupfupi kwechisarudzo kunoreva kuti vamiriri vanofanira nguva dzose kupinda namaruwa avo, kupinda zvinoitika zvenzanga, kusangana navamiriri, uye kukurukura nhau dzomunzvimbomo.Iyi simba rinoparira batano yapedyo pakati pavanhu nehurumende yavo, fandesheni yehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Simba Nemabasa

Imba Yavamiriri ine masimba akasiyana ebumbiro remitemo anokwanisa asi akasiyana neayo eDare:

  • Kuiswa mundangariro kwezvikwereti zvemari: Mabumbiro emitemo enyika mazhinjisa anoda kuti mari inosimudzirwa (yakadai semitero) itangire muImba. Iyi gamuchidzanwa, yakagarwa nhaka muU.S. Congress, inovimbisa kuti kamuri riri pedyo zvikuru navanhu rine kutaura kwokutanga pamusoro pemitero.
  • [ chiremera chokudzidzisa: Imba ine simba rokuzvidza vakuru venyika, ichiunza pomero dzokusazvibata. Kana Imba ikavhota kumunhu mumwe nomumwe, nhau yacho inoenda kuDare nokuda kwokutongwa.
  • Mufananidzo wapanharaunda: Nemhaka yokuti maruwa edzimba maduku, vamiriri kazhinji kazhinji inhau yokutanga yokuonana navagari vemo vanotsvaka betsero namasangano ehurumende, mvumo, kana kuti itiro hanya dzemitemo.
  • [ Kutanga kwapamutemo: Vamiriri vanotanga ruzhinji rwezvikwereti mumasangano mazhinjisa ehurumende, vachiratidza simbiso yenzvimbo pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo nezvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo.

Ukuru hweImba yacho hunoreva kuti kurukurirano inowanzova yakasanorongwa zvikuru, neganhuriro dzenguva pahurukuro nemirairo yakarongwa zvikuru yokutarisira kufamba kwomutemo. Iyi gadziriro inobetsera imba kuita chinyorwa chakakwirira zvikuru chomutemo chinoenzaniswa neDare.

Vatungamiriri Nematare

Imba inotungamirirwa nomuSpeaker, uyo akasarudzwa nemitezo. The Spenger anodzora purogiramu yemitemo, anogadza zvigaro zvedare, uye anotarisira kurukurirano youriri. Vakuru navatungamiriri vashomanene vanoronga gadziriro dzebato, nepo zvigaro zvedare zvinotarisira kuhwirudzurwa kune udzame kwemabhiri. matare epaimba anowanzova makuru kupfuura matare eDare uye angava nenzvimbo dzakati kuti dzounyanzvi zvikuru dzokubata nzvimbo dzemiitiro.

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pevamiririri Nevamiririri

Nepo vose vari vaviri vafundisi navamiriri vachisarudzwa vakuru vakuru vanotora rutivi mukugadzira mitemo, misiano inoverengeka yourongwa inorondedzera mabasa avo akasiyana mukati medare romutemo:

Feature Senate House of Representatives
Chamber size 20–50 members 50–400 members
Term length Typically 4 years Typically 2 years
District size Larger districts Smaller districts
Primary function Deliberation, confirmation, trial of impeachments Revenue initiation, impeachment, local representation
Election cycle Often staggered Usually all at once

Iyi misiyano inoratidzira uzivi hwapakuvamba hunotsigira kuterama kwezviito: Dare rinogovera dzikamo, ruzivo rwokuzviwanira, uye murangariro wenyika yose, nepo Imba ichipa kugamuchira, kumirira kwomunzvimbomo, uye kuzvidavirira kwakananga kuvavhoti. Kuoma kuri pakati peaya makamuri maviri kunovimbisa kuti mutemo unosanobviswa kubva mumativi akawanda.

Kuva Kwakaita Bhirogiramu Mutemo Wehurumende: Muitiro Womutemo

Kunzwisisa izvi kunoita kuti vamiririri nevamiririri vakwanise kushanda pamwe chete kuti vaite mitemo yavose.

Kuongorora Kutanga Nedare

Chibvumirano chinogona kutangwa nenhengo ipi neipi yekamuri rimwe chete. Kana yangotangwa, dare rinogoverwa pamutemo rinodzora nhau yaro. Kutonga kwedare kunobvumira uchapupu hwapachena, kuongorora kwounyanzvi, uye kuhwirudzura kune udzame. Matare anogona kudzorera mutengi wacho, kuutumira kudare duku, tafura nokuda kwokurangarira kwouriri. Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvinofa mudare, zvichiita iyi nzvimbo chiteshi chikuru chebumbiro remitemo.

Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba

Pashure petendero yedare, dare rinoendesa kuuriri hwenzvimbo inobva imba nokuda kwekurukurirano. MuImba, mitemo inoganhurira nguva yokutarisira nhamba huru yemitezo. MuDare, gakava rinowanzotambanudzwa zvikuru, mitezo ichikwanisa kutaura kwenguva refu panhau dzinokosha. Kamwe kurukurirano inoguma, mavhota. Kana rugwaro rwacho ruchipfuura, runopfuudzirwa kune imwe kamuri kuti rurangarirwe.

Matare Edare Rechipiri Nemasangano Emisangano

Kana kamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza pamutemo wakasiyana, kusiyana kwacho kunofanira kupedzwa. Dare remusangano rinoumbwa nenhengo dzedzimba dzose dziri mbiri kuti rikurukure shanduro inobvumirana. Chibvumirano chacho chinofanira kubvumirwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana chisati chapfuurira kuna gavhuna.

Gavhuna NeVeto Achivadzosa

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura mutengo wakafanana, unotumirwa kuna gavhuna. Gavhuna anogona kusaina mutongo mumutemo, kuubvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha, kana kuti kuuisa. Kana akasainwa, mubati wemitemo anogona kukunda chivhoti chikuru (zvinowanzova matatu maviri) mudzimba dzose. Iri simba rinopfuura icherekedzo yakakomba uye rinoratidzira basa redare sebazu rehurumende rakaenzana.

Misiyano Mhiri KweUnited States: Zvirongwa Zvomutemo Zvorumwe Rukuru

Nepo fomu rebicameral riri mumativi ose, masangano anoratidza mhatsa inoshamisa mumashandire anoita masangano avo. Chisiiro chikurusa ndicho Nebraska, ine unicaral parameral paramey ye 49. Maererano ne [FLT:] Nbraska GRAT], mawebreators haaparatis uye anobatira mashoko mana egore. Chivako ichi chakasiyana chakavapo chichibva muna 1937 uye chakagadzirirwa kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye kuderedza girati. Maererano ne NTRAS] GLT [FLT] [FLT]], imwe system system inobvumira zvikweretiso kuti zviranganwe zvakananga pasina kudiwa nedare.

Mimwe misiyano ndeiyi:

  • Nenguva yakazara. .masangano emisionari-pasi panguva imwe: Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seCalifornia neNew York, dzine nguva yakazara, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinosanorongedzerwa uye dzinosangana gore rose. Dzimwe, kufanana neNew Hampshire naMontana, dzine rutivi rwenguva "dzinogaro dzemitemo dzechikaro" umo mitezo inogamuchira muripo wakaderera uye inosangana nokuda kwemarusando akaganhurirwa. Nokuda kwo udzame hwakawanda paaya masangano, [[FLT:] Dare reHurumende reNational Registrationss (NCSLL)[FL:3] inogovera zviwiro zvaparo zvikuru pamasangano emitemo.
  • Miganhu yenhambo: nyika 15 dzinoisa ganhuriro pavanogadza mitemo, dzichiganhurira kuti imakore mangani mutezo unogona kubatira mukamuri rimwe nerimwe. Somuenzaniso, miganhu yeMichigan kumashoko amakore matatu maviri navanoisa miganhu kumashoko maviri amakore mana. Mitemo inodzorwa kusimba remitemo kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kutendeuka kwenguva dzose kwenhungamiro, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropodzi vachideredza zivo yesangano.
  • mazita enzvimbo dzapamutengi: . Apo nyika zhinjisa dzinoshandisa "Sinate" nokuda kweimba yapamusoro ne "Imba yaVamiririri" nokuda kweyakaderera, mamwe anoshandisa mashoko akasiyana. New York neCalifornia dzinodanawo kamuri radzo repasi kuti Gungano. New Jersey inoshandisawo Gungano reGeneral reimba yayo yakaderera.
  • Nhamba yakafara yemitezo: Ukuru hwenzvimbo dzakakura hunoratidzira mugariro wenhau wehurumende imwe neimwe uye chiverengero chavagari vemo. Imba yeNew Hampshire ye 400 ndiyo mutumbi mukurusa wehurumende munyika, uchichengeta gamuchidzanwa rakasimba romufananidzo womunzvimbomo unobva mumisangano yetaundi.

Kukosha Kwemitemo yeHurumende Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvine simba guru muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kazhinji kupfuura hurumende yehurumende.

  • Traxamendi: Hurumende inosarudza nzira dzokushandisa nadzo mari dzezvikoro zveK-12, inogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, inodzora zvikoro zvedhipatimendi, uye inotarisira mayunivhesiti avose. Ruvara rwedzidzo runogamuchira runoumbwa zvikurukuru nezvisarudzo zvinoitwa muhurumende yenyu.
  • Kurapa:[[FLT: 1] United States dzinodzora inishuwarenzi youtano, mapurogiramu eMedicaid, kurapa kwezvipatara, uye nhano dzoutano dzavanhu. Nharo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pamusoro pemirairo yenhomba, wedzero yemari, uye mitemo yezvoutano yezvokubereka yakaiswa mumitezo yehurumende.
  • [ Mitemo inobvumira kuvakwa kwemugwagwa, kugadziridzwa kwebhiriji, mari inotambirwa navanhu vose, uye mitemo inodzorwa. Mamiriro ezuva nezuva ako akabatanidzwa zvakananga nezvisarudzo zvemari.
  • [ Kubhadharisa nokuronga mari: Mitero yemari yehurumende, mitero yokutengesa, mitero yemimwe mitero inogadzwa kupfurikidza nechiito chemitemo. Hurumende inoronga kuti mazana emabhiriyoni emadhora gore negore apfuure izvi zvose zvinokosha.
  • Kukotsekana kwePublic: Mabumbiro eutsotsi, nhungamiro dzokutonga, mipimo yamapurisa, uye mitemo yokutarisira njodzi inoumbwa navagadziri vemitemo vehurumende. Iyi mitemo inorondedzera chinoumba utsotsi uye mashandisirwe aruramisiro anoitwa.

Uchirangarira iyi pesvedzero huru, kunzwisisa chimiro chedare romutemo rehurumende yako uye mabasa evamiririri nenhume hakusati kuriwo zvako muitiro wedzidzo nechinhu chinoshanda nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende. Paunoonana nomumiriri wako pamusoro peburi revhu, unopupurira pakuteerera bhajeti, kana kuti vhoti muchisarudzo chehurumende, uri kutora rutivi pamwero wakananga zvikurusa wehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Zvaungaita Kuti Utsigire Mutemo Wehurumende

Vagari vemo vane nzira zhinji dzokupesvedzera nadzo basa redare ravo rehurumende. Hedzidzidzi nzira dzinobatsira dzokuita kuti inzwi rako rinzwiwe:

  • Kuzivisa vamiriri vako:[[FT:1] Wana kuti ndiani anokumirira muzvose zviri zviviri Dare neImba. Mawebsite akawanda ehurumende okupa pamutemo anopa "Zudza Mutengi Wangu Wemitemo" chishandiswa apo unogona kupinda pakero yako. Chengeta mashoko avo nokuda kwokushandiswa kwomunguva yemberi.
  • Kunzwa kwakakomba namazuva erusando: Kunzwa kwapamutemo kunowanzozarukira vanhu. Kuchengeta misangano yedare namarusando ouriri kunopa nzwisiso pamusoro penzira iyo zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nayo uye kunokubvumira kuona vamiriri vako pabasa.
  • ongorora pamabhiri: Kana bhiri rikatapura nzanga yako kana kuti bhizimisi, unogona kupa chipupuriro chakanyorwa kana kuti chikumbiro chokutaura padare. Ruzivo rwako rwomunhu oga runogona kuva chishandiso chine simba chokupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvemitemo.
  • Kuonana navaiti vemitemo: runhare, maemail, uye tsamba zvinoramba zvichishandiswa nenzira dzinobudirira dzekurukurirano. Iva akananga pamusoro penhamba yepepa kana kuti chinyorwa chauri kutaura nacho ndokutsanangura kuti chinotapura sei iwe somunhu oga.
  • Sarudzo muhurumende: Sarudzo dzemitemo dzeHurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzine nhambo yakaderera kupfuura sarudzo yapurezidhendi, kureva kuti vota yako inotakura uremu hukuru. Nzvimbo dzavanzveri panhau dzehurumende vasati vaisa bratt.
  • anotevera chiito chomutemo: Masangano mazhinjisa ehurumende anotumira mashoko echibvumirano, rudungwe rwedare, uye marekodhi okuvhota paIndaneti. Mutemo wokuroja unobvumira kuti ugare wakaziviswa uye uite chiito nokukurumidza apo nhau dzinokosha dzinomuka.

Kubatanidzwa nedare romutemo rehurumende ikodzero huru uye mutoro mugadziriro yehurumende yedemocracy. Chivako chemakamuri maviri((vamiririri nevanomiririra) kuvimbisa kuti manzwi akasiyana - siyana anzwiwa uye mutemo iwoyo unorangarirwa nokungwarira usati wava mutemo. Nokunzwisisa kuti mutezo wemitemo wako unoshanda sei, unenge wava mutori wetanhiko unobudirira zvikuru mukudzora hurumende yako.

mhedziso

Chivako chedare rako rehurumende, nechikamu charo kuva Dare reSamende neImba yaVamiririri, chakagadzirirwa kugadzira muitiro wokuita mitemo wakadzikama, unorerukirwa. Vamiriri vanounza dzikamo nemurangariro wenyika yose kupfurikidza namashoko marefu namaruwa makuru, nepo vamiririri vachivimbisa kugamuchira kwomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza namashoko mapfupi nehurumende duku. Pamwe chete, vanoumba gadziriro yebidaral iyo yakabvumikisa kuva inochinjika uye inosimba mumazana amakore ose ehurumende yeAmerica.

Ungave unogara munyika ine chirongwa chehurumende chenyanzvi kana kuti dare revagari vemo renguva imwe cheteyo, nheyo dzinoramba dziri zvimwe chetezvo: mitemo inoitwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuvhota. Kupfurikidza nokuziva misiano pakati pavamiriri navamiriri, kunzwisisa muitiro wemitemo, uye kuva pamwe chete navakuru vakuru vako vakasarudzwa, unogona kubetsera kuumba mitemo inotapura nzanga yako zuva riri rose. Chibvumirano chehurumende hachisi sangano riri kure, uye ibazu rinosvikika zvikurusa rehurumende, uye rinoshanda zvakanakisisa apo vagari vanozivikanwa vanotora rutivi zvizere mumuitiro wedemo yedemocratic.