Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana: Chivako Chekodzero Dzevagari veAmerica

Filivity Claus, yakaiswa muIndaneti yeMitemo ye14 kuUnited States Constitution, inoraira kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa nomunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo." Yakasimbiswa muna 1868, mutongo uyu mumwe wazova chimwe chezvombo zvine simba zvikuru nokuda kwokufambira mberi kwekodzero dzevanhu, kudenha rusaruro, uye kuumba nzanga yeAmerica. Chikamu chinoshanda kumapoka ose ehurumende(*, nyika, uye nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo (8) kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza. Kunzwisisa rugwaro rwawo, nhau, uye kushanda kwazvino uno unova anokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anoda kuziva kodzero dzavo nemitemo zvinodzivisa kubatwa kusina nhevedzano.

Chikamu chacho hachivimbisi kubatwa kwakafanana kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, asi chinorambidza zviito zvehurumende zvinobatanidza vanhu munzira dzinozvimirira, dzisina mufungo, kana kuti dzakadzikwa murusaruro. Matare anoshandisa mwero yakasiana - siana yokunzvera zvichitsamira parudzi(kuyera kwapakarepo) rwedzinza nemavambo orudzi, kuongorora kwapakati nokuda kwevarume nevakadzi, uye kuongorora zvine musoro nokuda kwezvimwe zvikamu. Chirongwa ichi chinosarudza kana mutemo kana kuti muitiro uchipesana neFod Younzi Claus. Simba remashoko iri rinobata mativi ose oupenyu hwavanhu vose, kubatanidza dzidzo, basa, kuvhotera, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi.

Mashoko Acho Akanyorwa Munhau: Kubva Pakugadziridza Kusvika Kukodzero Dzazvino Uno

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwainzi Claus kwakaberekwa mumadota eHondo yevagari vemo. The Reconstructon Era (1865-18877) yakapa denho huru: nzira yokubatanidza nayo vanhu vana vaichimbova varanda mukuva vagari vemo veAmerica ndokuvimbisa maruramiro avo makuru. Dare reHwenjirith Amendment (1865) rakabvisa uranda, asi maruwa okuMadokero nokukurumidza akadzika midzisa rusununguko rwevaAmerica. Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza Civil Rights Act ye1866 uye gare gare gare rakakarakadza Hurumende yeKinethi, iyo yakabvumira muna 1868.

Vagadziri vemitemo, kubatanidza Mumiririri John Bingham naSenator Jacob Howard, vakada kuti Mutevedzeri Akaenzana ave vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nehurumende-postrence. Bingham akairondedzera seyaivimbisa kuti "mitemo ichava yakaenzana mukudzivirira vanhu vose. Zvisinei, nhau yapakuvamba yakaratidzirwa nedudziro yedare yakamanikana. Mu Casess-Indlu (1873), Dare rapamusoro rakapa kuraviwa kwakamanikidzira kweropafadzo kana kuti Immate Calaus uye yakaganhurira kusvika kushamba dzapamhika zvikurukuru kuvaranda vachangobva kusunungurwa, kwete kuvagari vose vapasi. Kwamakumi amakore, Kudzivirira kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo yeSangano yakabatana seyamubatanidzwa.

Kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 apo chitsama chamashoko chakava mavambo esangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Dare racho rakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma mutoo waro, richiziva kuti chitsama chacho chinoda zvinopfuura kuenzana kwakarongwa (kwakakomba) kuraira kuti mitemo isapfuuridzire kuva pasi penhau.

Zviratidzo Zvakaumba Claus

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvinoverengeka zvakarondedzera revo noukuru hweAcial Protection Claus.

  • [[FOLT:0] Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Dare rakatsigira mutemo weLouisiana unoda dzinza pazvitima, uchitanga dzidziso ye "kuparadzanisa asi yakaenzana". Mutongi Henry Billings Brown akanyora kuti Amendment ye145 "haingadai yaifanira kubviswa misiyano yakavakirwa paruvara." Ichi chisarudzo chakabvumiranwa kuti Jim Crowconconx kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) - Mufungo unobvumirana, Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren akazivisa kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo zvakasiana zvisina kuvimbika. Dare rakatendeuka Plessy, richiva nazvo kuti muganhu weboka ravana vashomanene vemikana yedzidzo yakaenzana. Brown anoramba ari dare rakakurumbira zvikurusa redziviriro ya Clause uye nzvimbo yokuchinja munhau yeAmerica.
  • Loft v. Virginia (1967)[FL:1] - Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yedzinza. Mutongi Mukuru Warren akanyora kuti "rusununguko rwokuroora, kana kuti kusaroora, munhu worumwe rudzi anogara nomunhu uye haagoni kudzorwa neHurumende." Iyi nhau yakabatanidza nzvero yakakomba kurusarura rwakavakirwa parudzi ndokusimbisa nheyo yokuti dziviriro yeSucreed Classiano inodzivirira zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zvomunhu oga.
  • yaibatanidza mutemo waibatanidza Idaho waisarudza vakadzi mukutarisira zvivako. Reed (1971) [Kwenguva yokutanga] - Kwenguva yokutanga, Dare Rapamusorosa rakashandisa Kudzivirira Kukaenzana Clause kushayisa simba mutemo waitsaura pahwaro hwevatano. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza Idaho yairatidza kuti varume vaifarira vakadzi mukutarisira nzvimbo. Chisarudzo cheDare chakavanza nzira yokunzvera zvikuru zvimiro zvechirume.
  • United States v. Windsor (2013) – Dare rakaputsa Chikamu 3 cheDefense of Marriance Act (DOMA), icho chinorondedzera roorano soyomurume nomukadzi mumwe nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehurumende. Murangariro waMutongi Kennedy wakatsamira panheyo dzedziviriro dzakafanana, achiziva kuti DOMA yakaisa "mad divition, nzvimbo yakaparadzana, uye naizvozvo chinyadziso" pavaroorani vorudzi rumwe chete.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – Dare raidavira kuti maruramiro makuru okuroora anovimbiswa kuvaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano pasi pezvose zviri zviviri Grooces nePrevention Experity Claus. Justice Kennedy akanyora kuti mashoko e "recule revo" kudzivirira vanhu pa "kubvisa chiremera chomunhu oga nehst".

Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidzira mhindumupindu yechikamu chomutsetse kubva mugadziriro yakatetepa, yakananga kudziviriro yakafara muchiito chehurumende chokuzvidira uye chokusasarura.

Kunzwisisa Zvakanyorwa: Kudzivirira Kunoita Claus Mapoka Akasiyana - siyana

Kudzivirira Kunoenzanirana Kunoshanda kumutemo upi noupi wehurumende, muitiro, kana kuti chiito chinoisa vanhu muboka rinoremedza kodzero huru kana kuti rinosarura boka rinonyumwirwa.

Rudzi Nedzinza

Rapa revara rinoramba riri rudzi runofungira. Mutemo upi noupi unosiyanisa vanhu zvakananga parudzi unofanira kuongororwa zvikuru: hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti yakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro inogombedzera. Iyi reshiyo inoshanda kana mutemo uchironga kukuvadza kana kuti kubetsera boka redzinza. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu dzedzidzo dzinotsigirwa nokuongorora kwakakomba bedzi apo vanosangana nouyu muedzo unoraira. [FLT: 0] Yakasarira kubatira fariro yaFai Adgicts v. Harvard (2023), Dare rairangarira kuti mapurogiramu edzidzo edzinza anobvuma paHarvard uye University of North Caroline yakadzivisa ezati Claus, zvinobudirira kushandiswa kwechiito chokudzikamisa.

Gender

Kurongeka kwakavakirwa pavatano kunoongororwa zvishoma: hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kurongwa kwacho kunobatira fariro inokosha yehurumende uye kune chokuita zvikuru nokuwana fariro iyoyo. Uyu mupimo wakabuda muzvinoitika zvakadai se Craig v. Boren (1976][FL:1]. Dare raparadza mitemo inotapura vakadzi sevasingakwanisi zvikuru (g., inoda vadzimai asi kwete varume kubvumikisa chinjo muzita) uye rakarebesa dziviriro parusaruro rwakavakirwa pavarume munzvimbo dzakadai sebasa, dzidzo (Tit IX), uye basa rehondo.

Kurara Navarume Uye Kuzivikanwa Nevarume Vakasiyana

Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosakadzi risina kuzivisa nenzira yapamutemo mirangariro yevatano kirasi inonyumwirwa, zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinodzivirira zvakasimba LGBTQ+ vanhu pasi peFom Flaus Plaise. Mu Romer v. Evans (96), Dare rakarova Dare rakabvisa dziviriro inodzivisirwa vanhu vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano, richishandisa hwaro hwehwaro hunowirirana asi kuwana mutemo unosundwa naaimus. Lawn v. Texas (2003), Dare rakabvisa dziviriro, uye muchimiro chevatano chakaregwa muchimiro chevatano chakafanana.[FLT]

Kuvhiringidzika

Wealct Protection Claus amene haafuki pachena kusarura kwainoita rudzi kana kuti chirume. Rusarura ruzhinji runounzwa pasi peAmerican neChiteko cheBullisement kana kuti Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act. Zvisinei, apo mutemo unoisa vanhu vane urema nenzira isina mufungo kana kuti isina mufungo, kungaputsa mutemo unoda mvumo yeSacial Protection Clausse pasi pehwaro yehwaro. Somuenzaniso, mu City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985) , Dare rakabva rarova mutemo unoda chibvumidzo chakasiyana nero nokuda kweboka ravanhu vane urema hwendangariro, kuwana kuti kurongwa kwakavakirwa parusarurano rusina mufungo.

Ukwekwa uye Mavambo Enyika

Vagari vemo vanorangarirwa kuva boka rinonyumwirwa, uye mitemo iyo kusarura kwakavakirwa pakubva kudzimwe nyika kazhinji kazhinji inonzverwa zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo kusiiwa kuripo nokuda kwemitemo inobata nehurumende yomunhu oga nemabasa ezvamatongerwe enyika. Chitsama chacho chinodzivirirawo vanhu vakavakirwa pamavambo orudzi, ayo ane chokuita zvikuru nedzinza nedzinza.

Zvinetso uye Nhau Dziri Kungoramba Dzichimuka

Pasinei zvapo nesimba rayo, Applime Protection Claus haisati iri kuzvideredza. Revo yayo inotsamira pakududzira kwedare, kunochinjana nokuumbwa kwematare nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika. Nharaunda dzinoverengeka dzinoramba dzichikakavadzana zvikuru.

Chiito Chinosimbisa

Gakava pamusoro pokubvuma chiito rinoratidzira kupesana pakati pouenzana somuuyo. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti miitiro inoziva dzinza iri madikanwa kupedza rusaruro rwenhau ndokusimudzira mhatsa. Vashori vanoomerera kuti miitiro yakadaro inoputsa Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana mukuvata nenzira yakasiana parudzi. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa 2023 mu ] mirangariro yeFair Adgictss v. Harvard[ inogumisa nenzira inobudirira kugamuchirwa kwapamhene kwedzinza mudzidzo yakakwirira, ichiita kuti mapurogiramu akundikana kunzvera kworumano. Chisarutsiridza kurukurirano pamusoro pedzimwe nzira dzokuita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu echikanhambano kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-mbimbi. Vamwe vatsinhidzangu kuti kudzosa kudzosa mamiriro ezvinhu etsika avanhu vashomanene pamasangano anosarudzwa, nepokapoka anodzosera mamwe madzo.

Kupa Kodzero

Voter Id mitemo, gerrymanster, uye ganhuriro paposi muvhota zvose zvakadenhwa pasi peMutengo Unodzora Claus. Chikamu chinorambidza mitemo iyo inozvidza namaune chiremera kumapoka mashoma edzinza mukuvhota kana kuti iya yakaremedza kodzero huru yokuvhota. Mu[FL:0] Shelby County v. Homer (2013), Dare rakaputsa kufukidzwa kwemitemo inodzivirira yakaenzana, nokuwana kuti yaichine mutoro unorema wa 1965, uyo wakanga wada mativi akati nenhau enhau yokusarura kugadziridza kuvhotera. Ipapo, sezvo, mashoko akawanda akaronga mitemo inovhotera nokudzivirira kwapa mepuruso. mepu dzinoda kukwira mepurusaidzo dzinodzorwawo.

Kuzivikanwa Kwechirume Nekodzero Dzechienzi

Mamiriro emitemo evatengesi vezvinhu ava kukurumidza kuvhura. Mitemo inoverengeka yakaisa mitemo inorambidza vasikana vanotengesa vasikana kuti vatambe mumitambo yechikoro, inoganhurira kusvika kukutarisira vana vaduku, kana kuti kuraira vadzidzi vechikoro kuti vashandise zvisavataro zvinowirirana nevatano yavo yakarongwa pakuberekwa. Iyi mitemo iri kudenhwa pasi peMutezo waVakadzi unodzivirira Claus, navasingabvumidzwi kuti vanotsaura pahwaro hwevatano uye kuti vane nzvimbo yakasiyana yevarume nevakadzi. [[FLT: 0] MuCounty [Clahton ,, Dare rapamusoro rakarangarira kuti rusaruro pavashandi vanopa 15,7], kurangarira kuti mitemo yakafanana ingava inopa dziviriro yakakomba. Dare rapa muganhu wapasi pano.

Kusaenzana Kwemari uye Rusaruro Rune Pfuma

Kudzivirira Kukaenzana hakuna kudzivirira rusaruro rwepfuma munzira imwe cheteyo kwainodzivirira nayo dzinza kana kuti rusaruro rwechirume. Mitemo inobata vanhu nenzira yakasiana yakavakirwa pamugariro wavo wemari inohwirudzurwa pasi pehwaro hune mufungo, kureva kuti vanodokuva vanotsigirwa. Zvisinei, apo rusaruro rwepfuma runobatana namaruramiro makuru. Kufanana nekodzero yokuvhota, kodzero yokupinda mumatare eroorano, kana kuti kodzero yokuroora. Dare pane dzimwe nguva rakashandisa kuongororazve zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolustrations (1966) [FLT] [12]], Dare rakarova mitero inodzo inodzorwa seri inopesana nemhaka yokuvhotera. Nenzira yakafanana Dare rakadaiwo rakada kupa zano mumitoro yemhosva dzeutsotsi. Zvisarudzo idzo dzinongoitwa kuti dzive dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinosimbisa njodzi.

Zvaunoreva Kudzivirira Claus Kwakaenzana

Haufaniri kuva gweta kuti unzwisise kuti Applime Protection Claus inodzivirira sei upenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva. Apo sangano rehurumende (8a chikoro chavose, mapurisa, sangano rehurumende, dare reguta), rinokubvunza zvakasiana nomumwe munhuwo zvake akavakirwa pavara rakadzivirirwa sedzinza, vatano, kana kuti rudzidziso, chitsama chamashoko chingagovera mushonga. Kana uchifunga kuti wanyimwa dziviriro yakaenzana, heri nhano dzinoshanda dzokurangarira.

Ziva Kuverenga Nokukuvadza Kwacho

Kutanga, sarudza kana mutemo kana kuti muitiro unokurukurwa uchiisa mutsetse pakati pemapoka. Mutsetse iwoyo ungava wakajeka (zvikurukuru, vakadzi bedzi vangashandisa) kana kuti kutsaurwa (muchirevo, muitiro une simba guru pane imwe nhangemutange, kunyange zvazvo simba roga risina kukwana kubvumikisa kuputsa pasina chibvumikiso chedonzo rokusasarura). Hurumende inofanira kuva nechikonzero chapamutemo chokugadza.

Tsvaka Mazano Epamutemo

Kana ukafungidzira kuti uri nyajambwa wokubatwa kusina kuenzana, bvunza gweta rekodzero dzevanhu kana kuti sangano repamutemo. Nhau zhinji dzinovamba netsamba kana kuti kunyunyuta kusangano rehurumende rakakodzera. Nokuda kwokusarura mabasa, Euncial Accounting Option Commission (EOC) inhano yokutanga. Nokuda kwekusasarura kwedzidzo, Office yekodzero dzechivonic Revolcial in U.S. Department yeDhipatimendi yeDae reD. Imba kana kuti pokugara kwavose, Department of House and Urban Development (HUD) kana kuti Department of Justice ingabatanidzwa. Gweta rinogona kukurayira kana kutaura kwako kwakanakisisa kuchiitwa kupfurikidza nemikoto yokutarisira kana kuti mudare rehurumende yakananga pasi pe 42.C. 1983, mutemo unobvumira vanhu kuti vapandukire nokuda kwemitemo yemitemo.

Batanidzwa Mukunyengera

Kunzwisisa Kudzivirira Claus inhano yokutanga kukuidzivirira. Masangano akawanda anoshanda kudzivirira nokuwedzera maruramiro akaenzana. Nyika dzeAmericani Dzidzo dzavagari vemo Union marifasitesi makuru enhau dzedziviriro dzakaenzana. NAPLANS Legal Defect and Educational Fund[[FLT:] inotsigira ruramisiro yedzinza. [[FLT:] Mapoka] Mapoka aya [[FLT]]] Lambda Legal [[FLT]] anosimudzira LGTQQ. [FLT] [FLT]

Ramba Uchiziva Nezvekodzero Dzako

Mutemo weBumbiro reMitemo hauna kumira. Zvisarudzo zveDare rapamusoro zvinopfuurira kubudisazve chinoreva dziviriro yakaenzana. Somuenzaniso, Dare riri kurangarira zviitiko pamusoro pedzinza muzvibvumikiso zvekoreji, ganhuriro dzevhoti, uye maruramiro avanhu vanochinja mativi ose. Kutevera manyuko apamutemo enhau, zvakadai se Oyez (ipo inogovera nhau netsinhiro dzezvibvumikiso) uye Cornell Information forgial Institute [, inogona kukubetsera kunzwisisa kuti izvi chisarudzo chinokutapura sei.

mhedziso

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kweClaus haisati iri zvayo mitoo yapamutemo yapamutemo inochengeterwa matare. Chipikirwa chipenyu chebumbiro remitemo chokuti munhu ari wose (‘FLT: 0]] kukukunda [FLT]], kunobva mumugariro wakaenzana mumutemo. , kubva kunyarara pamusoro pouhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhu, kuzivikanwa nokuenzana kwavakadzi, kubva pakubviswa kweLBT [vanhu] kusvikira kuhurongedzero yeroorano. Chinosara chinoramba chiripo pamusoro perevo chazvo chazvo. [FLT]] Brown[FLT] [FLT]] [ka yakakushongedzerwa kunzwisisa nokusakarurama kwa [wakavapo] iwe umene unongogona kuzivikanwa bedzi nokusakwanisa vanhu vose.