Apo matare anonzvera mhaka dzakasununguka, anopinda mumuitiro wakaoma unodzikamisa rusununguko rwomunhu nefariro dzehurumende. Iyi gadziriro yokuita chisarudzo yakava nenduramo kwamakumi amakore yedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, kuvamba mubatanidzwa womutemo wakaoma unosarudza apo kutaura kunowana dziviriro uye apo hurumende ingaganhurira pamutemo kutaura. Kunzwisisa kuti matare anosarudza nyaya idzi kunoda sei kunzvera mipimo yapamutemo, zvimiro zvemitemo, uye nheyo dzemitemo dzinotungamirira kukuita kwechisarudzo chedare muFirst Amendment.

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokudzivirira Kutaura

First Amendment to the Constitution yeU.S. inodzivirira "rusununguko rwokutaura," asi dziviriro iyoyo haisati iri yakakwana. Free Speech Claus inodzivisa zvikurukuru murairo wehurumende wokutaura kwomunhu oga. Iyi dziviriro huru inobatira sorutivi rukuru rwehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu, ichigonesa vagari vemo kutaura mirangariro, kutsoropodza zviito zvehurumende, uye kutora rutivi muhurukuro yavose pasina kutya kutsiva kwehurumende.

Miganhu yokutaura inoiswa nemasangano evanhu, uye miganhu yehurumende pakutaura kwayo, kazhinji kazhinji haiiti kuti pave neFirst Amendment.Musiyano uyu wakakomba: Kuchinja kwokutanga kunodzivirira vanhu pakuongororwa nehurumende, kwete pamigumisiro inoiswa nevashandirwi vehurumende, zviteshi zvenzanga, kana kuti vamwe vatambi vasiri vehurumende.

Mitemo yeFirst Amendment yazvino uno inowana pamakore anopfuura 80 omutemo wemhosva wakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, nemazana ezvisarudzo zvinoumba pfungwa, kusiyana, uye nzvero dzapamutemo izvo matare anoshanda mudenho dzorusununguko rwokutaura nhasi.

Basa Rokuronga: Kuziva Kuti Ndeipi Mipimo Yemitemo Inoedzwa

Hapana muedzo mumwe wakaenzana wokusarudza kana mirau yekutaura ichiwirirana neFirst Amendment. Panzvimbo pezvo, matare anofanira kushanda nemibvunzo yakarongwa kuti aone kuti mupimoi wepamutemo unoshanda kunhau yakati. Kana mutengi achimutsa zvinotaura First Amendment kana kuti dziviriro mudare, kuongorora kwakawanda kwokutaura kwakasununguka kunotungamirirwa pakusarudza mipimo yapamutemo yakakodzera kushandisa kumutemo unodenhwa kana kuti chiito chehurumende. Kuongorora ikoko kunowanzoshanda pamibvunzo inozivikanwa navose, kubatanidza zvinotevera: Ko Hurumende ndiyo murairo wokutaura kana kuti mufambiro usiri wezvokudzvinyirira here? Kutaura kunodzivirirwa here? Commercial? kana kuti kusabatanidzwa?

Mhinduro kumibvunzo iyi dzinosarudza kuti mweroi wokunzvera kwokutonga unoshanda, uyo unowanzosarudzawo muuyo wenhau yacho. Kusarudzwa kwenzvero kunopfuurira zvikuru uye kazhinji kazhinji kunosarudza muuyo wenhau. Ikoku kunoita kuti kuiswa kwamashoko kwokutanga uye kunyorwa kwomutemo wehurumende kuve kunokosha zvikuru kurondedzerwa.

Kudzivirirwa Nokusadzivirirwa Pakutaura

Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rakadudzira Claus kuva anodzikamisa zvikuru mutemo wehurumende we "dvivised" womutauro (kubatanidza zvimiro zvakati zvomufambiro unoratidzirwa) nepo richipa hurumende rusununguko rukuru rwokudzora mapoka mashoma akaganhurirwa ayo Dare rakarangarira zvikurukuru kuva "risiviriro. Iyi nzira inoshanda inoita kuti matare atange: anofanira kutanga kusarudza kana kutaura kuri panhau kuri muboka rinozivikanwa rekutaura kusina kudzivirirwa.

Dare rinowanzozivisa izvi zvikamu sezvinonyangadza, kuzvidza, kunyengera, kunyandura, mashoko okurwa, tyisidziro dzechokwadi, kutaura kukuru kumufambiro woutsotsi, uye zvinonyadzisira zvevana.

Mutoo wazvino weDare Gurusa wekusununguka kutaura hauna kujeka chose chose. Imhaka yokuti mutemo unodzivirira kutaura hakurevi kuti mutemo unongoerekana waputsa Free Speak. Nenzira yakafanana, Kugadziridza kwokutanga kungagovera zvikonzero zvokudenha kudzora kutaura kusina kudzivirirwa. Uku kujeka kunoreva kuti kunyange apo kutaura kunowira muboka risina kudzivirirwa, matare angangonzvera kuti hurumende inodzora sei kutaura ikoko.

Zvakavakirwa Pazvakagutswa Neganhuriro Dzokusatora Rutivi

Chimwe chezvinokosha zvikuru mukunzvera kutaura kwakasununguka chinobatanidza kana mutemo uchidzora kutaura kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti nomutoo wokusatora rutivi. Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakaziva kuti mitemo inoganhurira kana kuti kutaura kunogombedzera kwakavakirwa pazviri mukati ine bviro yokudzinga pfungwa dzakati kana kuti mirangariro mukurukurirano yavose. Dare rinowanzorangarira mitemo yakadaro yakavakirwa panyuko yakavakirwa paidzo" se "mitemo isingagamuchiriki youtere."

Chirambidzo chakavakirwa pazviri mutemo kana kuti murairo uyo unonangidzira mashoko akati kana kuti zvitendero, panzvimbo pomutoo wekurukurirano. Namamwe mashoko, inobata marudzi akasiana ekutaura kana kuti kutaura, kuchitsamira pashoko rayo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unorambidza kutsoropodzwa kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende nepo uchibvumira rumbidzo yaizotsigirwa nemhaka yokuti inosianisa pakati pemashoko akasiana - siana akavakirwa panhau yavo.

Kusarura mutemo kwakavakirwa pamurangariro apo kunodzora kutaura kwakavakirwa papfungwa dzakati kana kuti mirangariro yakataurwa kana kuti kufarira rumwe rutivi rwekurukurirano pamusoro peimwe, kuchipesana nokudzora kutaura pamusoro penhau yavose kana kuti musoro. Kusarura murangariro kunomirira chimiro chikurusa chinodenha chemitemo yakavakirwa pachinhu. Mitemo yakavakirwa pamurangariro ine ngozi chaiyo yokudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende kwepfungwa dzisingafarirwi. Nokudaro, Dare pane dzimwe nguva rakazivisa mitemo yakadaro kuva isingachinjiki pasina kunzvera kuoma.

Mativi Okunzvera Kutonga Munhau Dzakasununguka

Chikamu chazvino uno cheFirst Amendment chakakweverwa kukushandiswa kwemitsetse yokunzvera kwokutonga kunovambira pahwaro hune mufungo (mupimo muduku webumbiro remitemo) kusvikira kunzvero yorumano (mupimo wakaoma kuti hurumende igutsirwe). aya mazita okunzvera anomirira mwero yakasiana - siana yepanikiro dzedare kukuita chiito chehurumende, nokunzvera kukuru kunoda ruramiso dzakasimba zvikuru dzehurumende.

Kunzvera Kwakakomba: Mupimo Wapamusoro Zvikurusa Wehwirudzuro

Nzvero yakakomba zvikurusa chimiro chakakwirira zvikurusa chenzvero icho matare anoshandisa kuyera kuva kwebumbiro remitemo. Mutemo unoganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti rudzidziso unofanira kuwana fariro inogombedzera yehurumende munzira shomanene inobvira. Uyu mupimo unoraira unoshanda zvikurukuru kuganhuriro dzinotsamira pakutaura.

Kusarudza kana mutemo wakavakirwa pabumbiro remitemo uchipfuudza kuunganidzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, matare kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa mupimo wapamutemo unonzi nzvero yorumano, umo hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo mutoo unoganhurira we "chipfuva" wokufambira mberi purofiti yehurumende. Zvose zviri zviviri zveiyi muedzo zvinofanira kugutswa: hurumende inofanira kuziva fariro inogombedzerwa, uye mutemo unofanira kuva unogadzirirwa zvishoma kuwana fariro iyoyo ichishandisa nzira duku dzinoganhurirwa dzinowanika.

Hurumende haitongoshande nenzvero yakakomba. Zvirokwazvo, purofesa wemutemo Gerald Gunther akaidana nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "Nhevedzo, ine ngozi chaizvoizvo." Uku kuratidzira idi rokuti mitemo mizhinjisa inonzverwa zvakasimba inodzorwa seisina murairo. MuFirst Amendment, Dare rapamusoro rakataura kuti kamwe bedzi kuti mutemo watangwa asi wakakwana muChiteshi chapamutemo chavanhu (2010), umo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira mutemo wehurumende unozvidziridza nokuziva kutsigira zvinhu kusangano remagandanga. Kamwe chete — munhau yose yeDare Gurusalver — rakava nechirambidzo chakakonzwa pamusoro pebvunzo chakajeka chakakwana: Makore mapfumbamwe pashure pe9/11, kudzivirira kumwe kudenha kwemagandanga.

Chinodikanwa chakamanikana chokugadzira munzvero yakakomba chinoraira ururami mukunyora mitemo. Kugutsa nzvero yorumano, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo unowana fariro inogombedzera yehurumende uye kuti murairo uri kuitwa uchishandisa mitoo miduku inoganhurira. Zvisinei, kugadziridza kunoda vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuisa mitemo isina kunyanyofara, asi haidi kuti mitemo ive yakakwana. Chirambidzo chinofanira kusanogadzirirwa, asi "hachina kugadzirirwa zvakakwana."

Kuongorora Kwepakati: Nzvimbo Yapakati

Kune nhevedzo yapakati, nzvero yapakati, apo chiito chehurumende chinofanira kuva chine chokuita zvikuru nedonzo rinokosha rehurumende. Iyi mupimo haudi kunyanyonzvera kworumano asi wakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kuhwirudzura kune hwaro hune mufungo. Nzvero dzeintermediate dzinoshanda zvikurukuru kumiraudzo isina kubatanidzwa yekutaura uye kumapoka akati okutaura kwakadzivirirwa asi kunodzikiswa, zvakadai sokushambadzira.

Kazhinji, mitemo inodzora kutaura kunobva pazviri (i.e., nhau yakwo, musoro, kana kuti murangariro) inonzverwa zvikuru, kunze kwemirau yekutaura kwezvokutengeserana (muchirevo, kushambadzira kwezvigadzirwa), uko kunowanzowana nzvero yapakati. Kutaura kwezvokutengeserana, nepo kuchidzivirirwa neFirst Amendment, kunowana mwero wakaderera wedziviriro nemhaka yokuti kunokarakadza zvikurukuru kutengeserana kwezvemari panzvimbo pokubatanidzwa kuhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mumisika yepfungwa.

Kutaura kwezvokutengeserana kunoreva kuti kunenge kuri kukarakadza kutengeserana, kana kuti kurondedzera kuti "zvikuru kufariro dzemari dzomukurukuri navateereri vake". Nemhaka yeiri basa rakaganhurirwa zvikuru, matare anoshandisa mupimo usina kuganhurirwa pakuyera ganhuriro pakushambadzira kwezvokutengeserana namashoko akafanana.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokuva Nepembedzo: Mupimo Usina Kururama Zvikurusa

Panzvimbo yakaderera zvikurusa yenzvero panogara nzvero ine mufungo, inoda bedzi kuti mutemo uve une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Apo kune kuputswa kwamaruramiro makuru anopikirwa nebumbiro remitemo, kana kuti kusarura muboka duku rinoshaiwa renhau, matare anonyumwira zvikuru hurumende uye anoda kuti isvike icho chinonzi nzvero yorumano. Ikoku kuraira kuti hurumende ibvumikise kuti chiito chayo chiri madikanwa kuita donzo rinogombedzera. Nemhaka yokupesana, kuhwirudzura kuno mufungo kucherekedzwa zvikuru kuchiito chehurumende uye hakuwanzoshandiswa kuganhuriro huru dzokutaura.

Marudzi Okutaura Kusingadzivirirwi

Kunzwisisa mapoka ekutaura kusina kudzivirirwa kunokosha pakuongorora kuti matare anosarudza sei nyaya dzokutaura.

Kunyandurira Chiito Chisina Kutsaurwa Chomutemo

MuBrandenburg v. Ohio, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kushandiswa kwesimba kana kuti kuputsa mutemo "kunze uko kudzora kwakadaro kunonangidzirwa kunyandura kana kuti kuparira chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye kunganyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro." Uyu mupimo, unozivikanwa senzvero yeBrandenburg, unomirira dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwekutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika uye kudzora.

Mupimo weBrandenburg unoda zvinhu zvitatu: kutaura kunofanira kunangidzirwa pakunyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo, kunofanira kuva sezvingabvira kuparira chiito chakadaro, uye chiito chinofanira kuva chapedyo. Kudzongonyedza masimba masimba kana kuti kuputsa mutemo, pasina vavariro uye bviro yokuita mufambiro usiri wapamutemo wapakarepo, kunoramba kuri kutaura kwakadzivirirwa. Iyi bhawa rakakwirira rinovimbisa kuti kusabvumirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nenyongano inomutsa rwisano inopesana zvinowana dziviriro zvakasimba yebumbiro remitemo.

Tyisidziro Dzechokwadi

tyisidziro dzechokwadi dzamasimba masimba dzinonangidzirwa kumunhu kana kuti boka ravanhu vane vavariro yokuisa chipfuro mungozi yekuvadziko yomuviri kana kuti rufu kazhinji kazhinji hadzina kudzivirirwa. Zvisinei, kune kusiiwa kunoverengeka. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti tyisidziro dzingasarangwa kana munhu ane mufungo akadzinzwisisa sechirevo chiri pachena. dzidziso yechokwadi inobvumira hurumende kurambidza kutaura kunotyisidzira chaizvoizvo apo inodzivirira rupfavara runetso rusingapinyi nekutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuongorora kukuru kunonyanya kutaura kana munhu ane mufungo angatsanangura kutaura kwacho sokuratidza kwakakomba kwevavariro yokuita masimba masimba, achirangarira mashoko akapoteredza nemamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza kurukurirano yacho.

Mashoko Anorwisa

MuChaplinsky v. New Hampshire (42), Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kutaura hakuna kudzivirirwa kana kuchiumba “mashoko anorwisana." Kurwa, sezvinorondedzerwa neDare, kutaura kwokuti "ku] kunyandura kuputsika kwomwoyo wose kworugare" kupfurikidza nokunyandura kurwa, chero bedzi kuri ku "tuka kwomunhu oga [shoko] iro, apo rinotaurwa kuvagariwo zvavo, riri, senhau yezivo, sezvingabvira kunyandura kuita kwamasimba masimba."

Mashoko anorwisa ndiwo ayo, kupfurikidza nechiito chimene chokutaura, anonyandura munhu kwaanotaurirwa kuti apindure nechisimba uye kuita kudaro nokukurumidza, pasina nguva yokufunga zvinhu. Chikamu chamashoko chokurwa imhaka yakaganhurirwa zvikuru yekutaura, inobatanidza kurukurirano bedzi yechiso nechimiro icho sezvinooneka chinganyandura kuita kwapakarepo nemasimba masimba kumuteereriwo zvake. Muitiro, boka iri rave richiganhurirwa zvikuru mumakumi amakore uye risingawanzokumbirwi nenzira inobudirira kururamisa ganhuriro dzokutaura.

Uori

Mumuedzo weMiller, kutaura hakuna kudzivirirwa kana "munhuwo zvake, anoshandisa mipimo yenzanga yepanguva imwe cheteyo, aizowana kuti [mutungamiriri kana kuti basa riri kukurukurwa], arangarirwa seakazara, anokurudzira fariro yakatanhamara", "basa racho rinoratidzira kana kuti rinorondedzera, nenzira yakananga, mufambiro wevatano kana kuti mabasa anorondedzerwa zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende unoshanda" uye "basa, rinotorwa sebhuku rose, risina mabhuku anokosha, unyanzvi, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti ukoshi hwesayenzi."

Miller anoramba ose matatu ebvunzo anofanira kugutswa kuti mashoko anzi anonyadzisa zviri pamutemo. Ikoku kunoparira danda rakakwirira rinodzivirira mashoko anojeka zvikurusa muvatano, zvikurukuru kana rine ukoshi hupi nohupi hwakakomba hwebhuku, hwounyanzvi, hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti hwesayenzi. Mipimo yenzanga inoreva kuti chinoumba ushati hunogona kusiana nechiremera, kunyange zvazvo ukoshi hwakakomba hunorangarirwa nomunhu ane mufungo worudzi.

Kupandukira

Kuzvidzwa kutaura kwenhema kweidi kwokuti (1) kunotaurirwa kurutivi rwechitatu; (2) kunoitwa nechimiro chinodikanwa chekuva nemhaka chendangariro; uye (3) kunokuvadza mukurumbira womunhu. Kuva anozvidza, kutaura kunofanira kuva kutaura kweidi (panzvimbo pomurangarirowo zvawo kana kuti rupfaviso rusingadaviswi) uye kunokwanisa kubvumikiswa kuva wenhema.

Pamusoro penhau yendangariro, kana munhu anotaurwa kuti anozvidzwa munhu wenhema, iye anofanira kubvumikisa kuti "ane utsinye hwechiito" — ndiko kuti, mukurukuri akaita kutaura kwacho nezivo younhema kana kuti zvimwe nokusakendenga kwokusangwarira zvokwadi. Munhu asiri wehurumende anoda bedzi kubvumikisa kuti mukurukuri akanga achiregeredza mukutaura kwenhema. Uku kusiyana, kwakagadzwa muNew York Times v. Sullivan, kunogovera nzvimbo yokufema nokuda kwekurukurirano yakasimba pamusoro pemiendwa yavose apo achiri kudzivirira vanhu pakuvadziko yemukurumbira inoparirwa nokutaura kwenhema.

Zvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Kubata Vana Zvisina Kufanira Muvatano

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa muNew York v. Ferber rakaziva "vana vanonyadzisira" zvino rinonongedzera kwariri se "zvinhu zvokushatisa zvevatano zvemwana" kana kuti "CSAM" seboka rekutaura kusina kudzivirirwa kwakaparadzana nezvinonyadzisa. Dare rakarangarira kuti kushambadzira nokutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakadaro kunokosha kumufambiro weutsotsi mukuru wokugadzirwa kwavo. Sezvinorondedzerwa muFerber, iri boka rokutaura kunodzoreka rinobatanidza zvinhu zvino "zviito zvevatano zvevana pasi pezera rakati."

Pasina rondedzero yomwana chaiyeiye, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinganzi zvakadzivirirwa (pasina kusvibiswa pamutemo). Kusiyana uku kunokosha: kufarira kukuru kwehurumende kudzivirira vana pakushandiswa zvisina kufanira muvatano kunotenderwa kurambidza zvinhu zvinoratidzira vaduku chaivo, asi mifananidzo yekombiyuta yakanyorwa kana kuti yengano chete ingadzivirirwa kutoti vasangana nemuedzo wakaparadzana wokushatisa.

Kubiridzira

Dare rakataura kuti kutaura kwenhema kunogona kuumba hwaro hwezvimwe zvikanganiso zvinozivikanwa napamutemo zvakadai sekuzvidza kana kuti kunyengera. "chiito chakagadzirwa zvakanaka" chingada chibvumikiso che "mufananidzo wenhema weidi rezvinhu," zivo "kuti mufananidzo wacho wakanga uri wenhema," "kutsunga kutsausa muteereri," uye kuvimba nomuteereri kana kuti kukuvara. Kutaura kwokunyengera hakuwani dziviriro yokutanga nemhaka yokuti kunobatanidza kunyengera kwamaune nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga panzvimbo pokubetsera kuhurukuro yavose.

Kufunga Kunokosha: Zvinhu Zvakapoteredza Nemamiriro Ezvinhu

Kupfuura kusarudza rudzi rwekutaura uye mwero unoshanda wokunzvera, matare anofanira kusanonzvera mashoko akapoteredza nemigariro zvakapoteredza kutaura kwacho panhau. pashure pokusarudza kuti mhaka inobatanidza kutaura kwakadzivirirwa, nhano inotevera mukunzvera kwokutanga Idformation kazhinji kazhinji ndeyokusarudza mwero wenzvero kana kuti mupimo wapamutemo. Mhinduro kumubvunzo iwoyo inogona kutsamira parudzi rwekutaura kwakadzivirirwa uye zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai sepanoitika kutaura kwacho uye nzira iyo mutemo unoshanda nayo.

Dzidziso Yavose

Nzvimbo umo kutaura kunoitika inotapura zvikuru mwero wedziviriro yakunogamuchira. Dzidziso yavose inoisa nzvimbo yehurumende mumarudzi akasiyana- siyana emibato, imwe neimwe ine mitemo yakasiana inodzora ganhuriro dzokutaura. Nzvimbo dzavose dzegamuchidzanwa, dzakadai semigwagwa, nzira dzomumugwagwa, uye nzvimbo dzinochengeterwa, dzakashandiswa kare nokuda kwegungano ravose nekurukurirano uye dzinogamuchira mwero wakakwirira wedziviriro. Mitemo yezvinamende yakavakirwa panzvimbo dzavose inosanoongororwa zvikuru.

Nzvimbo dzinosarudzwa dzenzvimbo dzinoitirwa mitambo ihurumende yakazarura namaune nokuda kwemibato inonzwika, zvakadai sedzimba dzemisangano muzvivako zvavose kana kuti zvivako zveyunivhesiti zvinoitirwa mapoka avadzidzi. Idzi nharaunda dzinogamuchira dziviriro yakafanana kuvoruzhinji vegamuchidzanwa apo dzinoramba dzakazaruka nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu vose. Mahoro akaganhurirwa anozarurwa nokuda kwemarudzi chaiwo okutaura kana kuti vakurukuri chaivo, uye hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo dzine chokuita nedonzo recum.

Matura asingaiti zvehurumende anobatanidza zvinhu zvehurumende zvisingabvumirwi mugamuchidzanwa kana kuti zvisati zvazarurwa namaune nokuda kwokuratidzirwa kwavose, zvakadai sedzimba dzehondo, majeri, kana kuti mahofisi omukati ehurumende. Musina hofisi dzapuko, hurumende ine rusununguko rukuru zvikuru rwokuganhurira kutaura, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro dzichifanira kuva dzine mufungo nedzine mufungo nedzisingatori rutivi.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Kunyange munzanga dzegamuchidzanwa, hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye tsika pakutaura. Iyi mirau inoiswa murutivi rusina kuganhurirwa inofanira kugadzirirwa kubatira fariro inokosha yehurumende uye inofanira kusiya mikoto yakazaruka yekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso, guta ringada mvumo huru dzokutarisira migwagwa nekotsekano yavose, kana kuti ingarambidza kushandiswa kwamagudzanzwi usiku mumanharaunda anogara vanhu.

Chinokosha kuganhuriro dzenguva dzakafanira, nzvimbo, uye mutoo ndechokuti vanofanira kuva vanogutswa zvirokwazvo - vasingatsivi,() ivo havagoni kusundwa nokusabvumirana neshoko romukurukuri kana kuti kuda mirangariro yakati pamusoro pavamwe. Matare anonzvera mitemo yakadaro nokungwarira kuva nechokwadi chokuti havasati vari kuedza kutangira rugwaro kudzvinyirira kutaura kusina kutenderwa.

Hurumende Semushandirwi, Mudzidzisi, Kana Kuti Mutungamiriri

Nzvero yakananga mutemo, chokwadika, bedzi kana ganhuriro dzichiiswa nehurumende ichishanda sachiremera, uye kwete, somuenzaniso, sowaishandira, muridzi weimba, kana kuti mudzidzisi wechikoro chapamusoro kana kuti chesekondari, uko kune uchenjeri hukuru. Apo hurumende inoita muukuru husiri hwamambo, mitemo yakasiana - siana ingashanda.

Somuenzaniso, hurumende semushandirwi ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo pakutaura kwevashandi kune chokuita namabasa ehurumende kana kuti kudzongonyedza mabasa ebasa, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro dzakafanana pavagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji dzingaputsa First Amendment.zvikoro zvavose zvingadzora kutaura kwavadzidzi nenzira dzisati dzaizova dzinogamuchirika kana dzikashandiswa kuvanhu vakuru munzvimbo dzavose, zvikurukuru apo kutaura kunenge kune tsvina, kuchisimudzira kushandiswa kwemirimo kusiri kwapamutemo, kana kuti zvikurukuru kuchidzongonyedza mhoteredzo yedzidzo.

Dzidziso Dzinofungwa Munhau Dzokutaura

Kupfuura mipimo miduku, dzidziso dzinoverengeka dzinoumba nzira iyo matare anoyera nayo zvinetso zvokutaura zvakasununguka.

Dzidziso Yokunyanyisa

Kusona kwakaganhurirwa kwakabatanidzwa nedzidziso yakanyanyisa, iyo Dare rinokumbira apo mutemo unoshatisa zvakafara zvikuru uye unodzivisa kudzivirirwa, pamwe chete nokusadzivirirwa, kutaura. Mudzidziso yakawandisa, munhu ane kutaura amene kungadzorwa nemitemo kunogona kudenha mutemo kana kuchidzivisa chitsama chikuru chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa navamwe. Uku kusiiwa kumitemo yenguva dzose inobvuma kuti mitemo inotonhora inodzivirira kupfurikidza nokuita kusaziva pamusoro pekutaura kunobvumirwa.

Kuti mutemo uputswe sewakawandisa, chipfuva chinofanira kuva chakasimba maererano nokutsvairwa kwomutemo kwapamutemo. Matare haasati achizoshaisa simba mutemo nokuda kwokunyanyova nomucheto asi achaita apo chikamu chinokosha chezvikumbiro zvomutemo chingaputsa First Amendment.

Dzidziso Yokusawirirana

Mutemo unorangarirwa kuva usina kujeka kana ukanyorwa nenzira inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuvanhu kuziva kana zviito zvavo — muchinoitika chino, kushandiswa kwerusununguko rwavo rwokutanga rweFirst Amendment — kuchiputsa mutemo. Mitemo yePugeni inowanzoguma nokuzvidzivisa kupinda munhamo uye kazhinji kazhinji inoparira bviro yokuita kuti kuve kutevedzerwa kusina kuenzana. Dzidziso isina kujeka inoda kuti mitemo inoganhurira kutaura igove ziziviso dzakajeka dzechinorambidzwa uye inogadza mipimo inodzivisa kutevedzerwa kwoudzvinyiriro.

Kana mutemo ukakundikana kutsanangura kutaura kwakarambidzwa nokujeka kwakakwana, kunganzi hakuna kujeka.

Mitemo Iri Pamberi

Zviratidzo zviri pamberi-paduku - rega Hurumende isati yadzivisa kutaura kusati kwaitika, inoisa panzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende ingaranga kutaura kwakati kana kwaitika, ichidzivisa kutaura pachine nguva mberi kuchimutsa zvinetso chaizvo zveFirst Amendment. Mirairo yedare inorambidza kubudiswa, zvirongwa zvinoda kufanotenderwa kutaura, uye mirayiro inorwisana nokutaura kwomunguva yemberi zvose zvinoumba zvidzivisiso zvose zvinotangira kuongororwa zvikuru.

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva migariro miduku bedzi apo zvirambidzo zvakatangira zvingaruramiswa, zvakadai sokudzivisa kubudiswa kwamasangano echiuto mukati menguva yehondo kana kuti kurambidza kutaura uko kungaputsa murayiro wedare wapamutemo.

Nyaya Dzinokosha Nedzinoitikazve

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu uye nzanga zvinochinja, matare anoramba achirwisana nokushanda kunoita nheyo dzetsika dzeFirst Amendment mumamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

Kutaura Kwokufananidzira Nomufambiro Wokuratidzira

Kupisa mafurafu, kupfeka zvibako zvemaoko, nezvimwewo zvinhu zvisiri zvemabharabhu zvingadzivirirwa kana zvichiitirwa kuti zvitaure shoko rakati uye kuti mashoko acho anzwisiswe nevaya vanoriona.

Apo hurumende inodzora mufambiro une zvose zviri zviviri zvinhu zvinoratidzira nezvisingadzvinyiriri, matare anoshandisa mupimo wakasiana kupfuura ganhuriro dzakachena dzokutaura. Mutemo unofanira kuva mukati mesimba rebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, unofanira kupfuuridzira fariro inokosha yehurumende, fariro inofanira kuva ine chokuita nokudzvinyirirwa kwekutaura, uye ganhuriro ipi neipi yenhambo nenhambo pakutaura haifaniri kuva huru zvikuru kupfuura iri madikanwa kupfuuridzira fariro iyoyo.

Kushandisa Mashoko Pakombiyuta uye Kugadzira Mapepa

Matare anofanira kusarudza kuti tsika dzinoshanda sei pamashoko ari paIndaneti, kuti inoshanda sei panzvimbo dzinogarwa nevanhu, uye mitemo yehurumende yokutaura nekombiyuta. Mibvunzo pamusoro penyaya dzechikuva, kudzikamisa mitemo, uye miganhu yehurumende inodzora zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvine mwero inoramba ichibudisa kukurukurirana uye kukurukurirana kwenyanzvi.

Nepo nheyo dzeChibvumirano Chokutanga dzenheyo dzemitemo dzichiramba dziri dzenguva dzose, kushandiswa kwadzo kukurukurirano yemichina kunoda kunzverwa kwokungwarira pamusoro pokuti kutaura kwepaIndaneti kunosiana sei nezvinobudisa nhau zvamagamuchidzanwa nekurukurirano yechiso nechapameso. Matare anofanira kudzikamisa fariro dzakasununguka panhau dzenhema, kunetsa, uye mativi akasiana ekurukurirano yeInternet.

Kutaura Kwokukurudzira

Zvinodiwa nehurumende kuti vanhu kana kuti masangano ataure mashoko akati kana kuti audze mamwe mashoko angaputsa First Amendment.

Somuenzaniso, zvinodiwa kuti vanhu vazivise mashoko ezvokutengeserana zvingava zvinoda kuongororwa zvakatonyanya kumanikidzwa, kunyange zvazvo kuongorora kwacho kungasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akapoteredza.

Kudzikamisa Zvinhu Kunoitwa

Kunyange apo hurumende inenge ichidzora kutaura kwomunhu oga, dare rinohwirudzura denho yeFirst Amendment ringasarudza kuti murairo wacho unowirirana neFirst Amendment kana uchitsigirwa nefariro yakakwana yehurumende uye mutoo wakakodzera.

Kuedza kudzikamisa muganhu kunoyera kufarira kwomunhu kutaura kwakasununguka mukurwisana nefariro yehurumende. Zvisinei, uku hakusi kuyera kukwikwidzana. First Amendment inoumba pfungwa yakasimba mukutsigira kutaura kwakasununguka, uye hurumende inotakura mutoro wokururamisa ganhuriro. Mwero wokunzvera unoshandiswa unoratidza kuti mutoro iwoyo unorema sei uye kuti matare achanzvera sei ruramisiro yehurumende.

Mukushandisa nzvero dzorumano, matare anoraira kuti hurumende iratidzire fariro inogombedzera(imwe yenhevedzano yakakwirira zvikurusa), kwete hayo zvishuvo kana kuti betsero. Hurumende inofanirawo kuratidza kuti ganhuriro yacho yakasanorongwa, kureva kuti inoshandisa mitoo miduku inoganhurira inowanika kuwana fariro inomanikidzira. Kana zvimwe zvinoganhurira zvishoma zviripo izvo zvingabatira zvakakwana donzo rehurumende, ganhuriro inokundikana nzvero yorumano.

Mune nzvero yapakati, mutoro wehurumende wakareruka asi wakakura. Fariro inoda bedzi kuva inokosha panzvimbo pokugombedzera, uye makwara ari pakati pemitoo nemigumo anoda bedzi kuva akasimba panzvimbo pechinoganhurira zvishoma. Kunyanguvezvo, nzvero yapakati inoda hwirudzuro ine revo uye ganhuriro dzinoramba idzo dzinowirirana zvisina kufanira namadonzo adzo akataurwa.

Mirangariro Inozivikanwa Navose Pamusoro Pokutaura Kwakasununguka

Kunzwisisa zvinoitwa neFirst Amendment uye hakudziviriri kuisa pfungwa pachinhu chimwe chete kunobatsira kuti matare aone kuti nyaya idzi dzinotongwa sei.

Venga Kutaura uye Kutaura Kunogumbura

Mukupesana nedzidziso dzisinganzwisisiki, "kuvenga kutaura" kunowanzodzivirirwa neFirst Amendment. Iwaya akatangwa mutemo kwamakore anopfuura zana. Ruvengo harusi dziviriro inopesana neFirst Amendment. Nepo kutaura kworuvengo kungava kune mhaka mutsika uye kunokuvadza munzanga, kunowanzowana dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo kutoti kwapinda muboka duku rekutaura kusina kudzivirirwa, zvakadai setyisidziro dzechokwadi kana kuti kunyandurira kuchiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo.

First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kunogumbura, kunovhiringidza, uye kunyange kunokuvadza zvikuru nemhaka yokuti hurumende haigoni kuvimbwa kuti isarudze kuti ipfungwa dzipi dzinogamuchirika nedzipi dzisingabvumirwi.

Miganhu Yokutaura Yepachivande

First Amendment inorambidza chiito chehurumende bedzi, kwete mufambiro womunhu oga. zvikamu zvemasangano ezvemasangano ezvemagariro, vashandirwi vehurumende, uye mamwe masangano asiri ehurumende zvingaganhurira kutaura pasina kuputsa First Amendment. apo kambani yomunhu oga inobvisa zviri mukati mayo pachikuva, inobvisa mushandi nokuda kwekutaura kwayo, kana kuti inoramba kubudisa mirangariro yakati, izvi zviito hazvimanikidzi Penduru Yokutanga nemhaka yokuti haisi zviito zvehurumende.

Kunyange zvazvo kurambidzwa kutaura kwemunhu oga kungamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pesimba rekambani, kudzora, uye kutengeswa kwepfungwa, havatauri nezvokuputswa kwemitemo kutoti mutambi wepachivande ari kuita somutambi wehurumende kana kuti achimanikidzwa nehurumende.

Migumisiro Nokuzvidavirira

Kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment kunoreva kuti hurumende haigoni kuranga kutaura, asi haidziviriri vakurukuri pamigumisiro yose. Kutsoropodza pachivande, kusadavirwa kwenzanga, kurasikirwa nomukurumbira, uye dzimwe mhinduro dzisiri dzehurumende kukutaura hazviputsi Kugadziriswa Kwokutanga. Kutaura kunodzivirirwa kungangoguma nokuguma nokubviswa kwebasa nevashandirwi vavanhu, zvirambidzo zvemagariro, kana kuti kusawirirana kwevoruzhinji kunoumba kuputsa Kutanga kweFirst Amendment.

Nenzira yakafanana, First Amendment haidziviriri kuvadziko yehurumende nokuda kwokutaura uko kunoparira kuvadziko inozivikanwa pamutemo, yakadai sokuzvidza, kunyengera, kana kuti kuparira dzvinyiriro yemirangariro, apo mativi ezviito zvacho anogutswa.

Zvidzidzo Zvinoshanda Zvavaimbi Nevaiti Vemitemo

Kunzwisisa kuti matare anosarudza sei nyaya dzokutaura zvine zvazvinoreva kune zvazvinobatsira kune vose vanorambidzwa kutaura uye vaya vanoadzivirira.

Nokuda kweganhuriro idzodzo dzinodenha dzokutaura, chinokosha kusimbisa kuti zvipfuro zvakaganhurirwa zvokutaura zvakadzivirirwa uye kuratidzira chikonzero nei zvichikundikana mwero unoshanda wokunzvera. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kuratidza kuti fariro yehurumende yakasimbiswa haisati ichigombedzera zvakakwana kana kuti inokosha, kuti ganhuriro yacho haisati ichinatswa nenzira yakaganhurirwa kana kuti ine chokuita zvikuru nefariro iyoyo, kana kuti kuti zvimwe zvinoganhurirwa zvishomanene zviripo.

Nokuda kwavakwirirwi vehurumende, budiriro inoda kuziva fariro huru yehurumende uye kuratidzira kuti ganhuriro yacho inorunganirwa nenzira yakafanira kubatira fariro iyoyo.Ikoku kungabatanidza kupa ufakazi pamusoro pekuvadziko dzekero dzinoganhurirwa, kutsanangura chikonzero nei kumwe kurapa kungava kusina kukwana, uye kuratidza kuti ganhuriro yacho haisati iri huru kupfuura iri madikanwa.

Vagadziri vemitemo vanonyora mitemo yokutaura vanofanira kurangarira ganhuriro dzokutanga dzeFirst Amendment. Vaiti vemitemo vangarangarira pamavambo ekurukurirano dzemitemo kana kuti pepa rokunyora kana murairo wakarongwa ungava wakavakirwa pazviri uye nokudaro uchisanonzverwa. Kunyora nokungwarira kunogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirau inosabatanidzwa kana ichibvira, inosanogadzirirwa fariro dzinokosha, uye inotsigirwa neruramiso dzakakwana.

Basa Remipimo Yakatanga Kuchinja

Kuongorora kwacho kunoda kubudisa pachena mipimo yapamutemo yakafanira inobva kumuenzaniso weDare Rapamusorosoro uye kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kushandisa mipimo iyoyo kumashoko matsva uye masvikiro.

Rusununguko rwokutaura rweDare rePamusorosoro rwachinja zvikuru nokufamba kwenguva. Marudzi okutaura airangarirwa kuva asina kudzivirirwa akaganhurirwa kana kuti kubviswa, nepo zvinetso zvitsva zvakabuda izvo zvinoda matare kuti atambanudze nheyo dziripo kumigariro mitsva. Iyi mhindumupindu inoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri mipimo inochinja yenzanga uye kunatsiridzwa kunopfuurira kwedzidziso yeFirst Amendment.

Dare rakaderera rinofanira kutevera muenzaniso nepo richishandisawo chisarudzo pamusoro penzira yokushandisa nayo nheyo dzavose kumigariro chaiyoiyo.Ikoku kunoparira mubatanidzwa une simba womutemo unovapo kupfurikidza nokuunganidzwa kwezvisarudzo zvine chokuita namashoko akapoteredza akati nemitoo yeidi. Vatakuri navatongi vanofanira kuramba varipo nezvinoitika zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi apo vanonzwisisawo rondedzero yenhau yedzidziso yakasununguka.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Nenzira Dzaanoenzana Nadzo

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezvematauriro anoita matare eUnited States panyaya dzokutaura akasununguka pasi peFirst Amendment, zvinokosha kuziva kuti dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokutaura pachena dzichipesana nezvinodiwa nevanokwikwidzana.

Iyi mifungo yokuenzanisa inosimbisa kuti mutoo wokutaura wakasununguka weU.S. unomirira zvisarudzo chaizvo pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo rusununguko nezvimwe zvinhu zvenzanga. Musengwa weAmerica wokusimbisa dziviriro nokuda kweku kunyange kwokutaura kunogumbura uye kunomutsa nharo unoratidza zvinoitika zvenhau zvakananga uye mipimo yebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvisarudzo kunobetsera kuisa mamiriro ezvinhu egadziriro yedare reU.S. uchishandisa uye rutongeso rwemitemo yakaiswa mudzidziso yakasununguka yokutaura.

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunzvera mutemo wamarudzi ose wekodzero dzavanhu nedziviriro dzakasununguka mukuenzanisa, zvinhu zvakadai se Article 19 ne Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu [ rinogovera mashoko anokosha pamusoro penzira iyo mamwe masangano emitemo anosvika nayo rusununguko rwokutaura.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Avo vanotsvaka kukudza nzwisiso yavo yenzira iyo matare anosarudza nayo nhau dzokutaura norusununguko anogona kubvunza zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvine chiremera. Freedom Forum inogovera zvinhu zvedzidzo pamusoro pekodzero dzeFirst Amendment nenhau dzerusununguko rwokutaura zvazvino. Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzemunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kutaura (FLT) [[FLT] inogovera zvinhu zvakawanda pakutaura kwakasununguka mumiganhu yedzidzo uye kuseri. [[FLT: 4.] Confective Encyclopedia yeFimendice yeFilseji yeFirence University] inogovera matego akakwana padzidziso dzakasununguka, zviitiko, uye mifungo.

Nokuda kwamanyuko makuru, mirangariro yeDare rapamusoro zvikurusa inowanika kupfurikidza ne website yeDare yapamutemo namapepa apamutemo. Congregational Research Service Mission inopa kunzvera kwakakwana kwenhau dzeFirst Amendment nokuda kwavanoronga mitemo navose. Magazini eAcademic nenzvero dzomutemo zvinobudisa kunzvera kwavadzidzi vedzidzo yedzidziso yakasununguka yekutaura nenhau dzinobuda.

mhedziso

Masarudzo anoitwa matare edare anobatanidza kutsanangura kwakasiyana - siyana kwakatanga kwemakumi emakore kwemanyorerwo emitemo. Matare anofanira kusarudza kana kutaura kwakadzivirirwa kana kuti kusina kudzivirirwa, kana ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazviri mukati kana kuti zviri mukati-mubatanidzwa, mwero wokunzvera unoshanda, uye kana hurumende yakagutsa mutoro wayo wokururamisa. Izvi zvinoda kunyatsongwarira kumienzaniso, mashoko akapoteredza, uye mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo enhau imwe neimwe.

Dare regadziriro rinoshandiswa rinoratidza misengwa inokosha kurusununguko rwomunhu oga, kuzvitonga kwehurumende yeruzhinji, uye kutengeswa kwepfungwa. Nokushandisa kuongorora zvakawedzerwa kuganhuriro dzakavakirwa pazviri mukati, kudzivirira kunyange kutaura kunogumbura uye kunomutsa nharo, uye kurayira hurumende kururamisa ganhuriro pakutaura, matare anodzivirira gakava rakasimba rinokosha kunzanga yakasununguka.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuzivikanwa kwemapoka maduku okusataura kwakakwana uye kukwanisa kuisa nguva ine mufungo, nzvimbo, uye tsika zvinobvuma kuti kodzero dzokutaura norusununguko hadzina kuzara.

Kunzwisisa izvi kunobatsira vagari vemo, magweta, vaiti vemitemo, uye vatongi kuti vashandise nyaya dzokutaura vakasununguka uye vanzwisise kudzivirira uye miganhu yeFirst Amendment.

Kunyange zvazvo kukumbira kunoitwa zvinhu kuchigona kuchinja, kuzvipira kukuru kwokudzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka pakanga pakavhiringidzwa nehurumende hakuchinji. Nokunzwisisa kuti matare anosarudza sei nyaya dzokutaura norusununguko, tinowana nzwisiso mune chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvinodzivirira mutemo wemitemo yeAmerica uye basa rinoramba riripo rokudzikamisa rusununguko nezvimwe zvinokosha munzanga inosarudzwa nevanhu.