Kusarudza Kunoita Nyika Dzinopa Mari Kunonyanya Kukosha Kubatsira

yamuro yokumwe chishandiso chikuru chekubudirira kwenyika dzakawanda, kupinza zvinhu kubva kunyika dzakapfuma kuenda kunyika dzinoshaiwa. Bva muitiro uyo nyika dzinopa dzinosarudza kuti kupi, sei, uye kuti ibetseroi yokugovera haitongorina kuzvisarudzira. Inobatanidza kubatanidzwa kwakaoma kwevavariro dzomutsa, fungidziro dzakafanira, betsero dzemari, uye dzvinyiriro dzehurumende dzomumba. Kunzwisisa iyi gadziriro yokuita chisarudzo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda ukama hwamarudzi ose, kubudirira kwezvemari, kana kuti muitiro wenyika yose.

Kuchinja Kwakaitika Kare Kwokuyamura Kwokunze Kwenyika

Gadziriro yeyamuro yazvino uno yokumwe yakatanga pashure peHondo yeNyika II, yakaumbwa neMarshall Plan uye kuumbwa kwamasangano akawanda akadai seWorld Bank neInternational Monetary Fund. Mukati meHondo yeDekutaundi yakagoverwa zvikuru, neUnited States neSoviet Union ichishandisa betsero kuvaka mubatanidzwa nepesvedzero dzinopesana. Pashure peHondo yeDekutaudzo, donzo rakasimukira kuderera kwourombo, Hurumende dzakanaka, uye Mireniyumu Developuko. Nhasi, nyika dzinopa kutenderera nyika idzo dzinobatanidza mari yezvomugariro wokunze, mhinduro yePromendero dzinowirirana, uye iyi yenhau inoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinokosha hazvitongovi zvinowirirana.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvinoyamura Kugara

Kugoverwa kweyamuro yepanguva ino kunoumbwa nomuvhenganiswa wevavariro dzisina udyire nedzinozvifadza. Zvinhu zvinotevera zvinozivikanwa nguva dzose mumabhuku edzidzo uye magwaro emitemo enyika inopa.

Kushayiwa Kwevanhu uye Misiyano Yokufambira Mberi

Vapi vazhinjisa vanotaura kuti vanoisa nhevedzano yakakwirira zvikurusa yenyika dzine mwero yeurombo, rwisano, uye kusava noushamwari. Zviratidzo zvakadai seGDP pamunhu mumwe, mwero inofa vacheche, uye Human Development Index zvinowanzoshandiswa kuyera zvinodikanwa. CD Development Application Committee[ inoita kuti kuyamura kuendere kunyika dziri kusimukira, uye vapi vazhinji vanoisa zvisakiso nokuda kwechikamu chakati chemari inowanwa yamarudzi anosarira. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeUnited Kingdom Development Apply inosimbisa magariro asina kuoma uye rwisano nemhaka yezvinodikanwa zvikuru zvavanhu imomo.

Fariro Dzakanaka Nedzezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nyika dzinopa mari kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshandisa yamuro kufambisira mberi zvinangwa zvadzo zvemiitiro yokunze. Aid inganangidzirwa kunyika dzine zvombo zvemusikirwo, dzine pfuma yomusikirwo, kana kuti dziri dzinokosha kudzikamo yenharaunda. United States, somuenzaniso, inofambisa yamuro huru kuMiddle East neSouth Asia sorutivi rwekubatira pamwe kwechengeteko nenhamburiko dzechitsotsi. Belt ne RoadInitivet zvinobatanidza mari yepfuma kuti zviite pesvedzero yezvemari nezvamatongerwe enyika. Makwikwi okuna anoona pakati peU.S. uye China muAfrica, kazhinji kazhinji inoendesa yamuro kumaruwa angagamuchira ngwariro shoma.

Kufunga Nezvemari Nezvokutengeserana

Nyika dzinoda mari dzinoitawo basa. Dzinopa mari dzingabatanidza kuyamura kutengwa kwezvinhu namabasa kubva kumafemu avo vamene (yamuro), kana kuti vangashandisa yamuro kuvhura misika mitsva yokutengesa nokuisa mari kudzimwe nyika. Somuenzaniso, yamuro yokumwe yeJapan yakabatanidzwa mumarongedzero ezvivako izvo zvinobetsera makambani eJapan. Kunyange yamuro inosunungura inogona kuparira bvumirano dzinopfavisa kutengeserana. Mukuwedzera, vapi vanganangidzira yamuro kunyika dzine bviro huru, vachikarira kuti kubudirira kuchatungamirira pakupedzisira kuhudzano yezve yemari.

Biteral v. Multilaters

Vapi vemibato vanosarudza kuti ndedzipi nyika dzinogamuchira yamuro bedzi asiwo kuti idzipi nzira. Yamuro yeBinatera inopiwa zvakananga kubva kunyika imwe kuenda kune imwe, ichipa udzori hukuru zvikuru pamusoro pevavariro dzinorongwa. Yamuro zhinji dzinodzorwa kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana neWorld Bank, masangano eSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose, uye mabhangi ebudiriro yeruwa. Yamuro yemizhinji inowanzoonekwa seyosingatori rutivi zvikuru uye inosundwa zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika, asi inogona kuva yakaoma zvikuru kuva yavapi kukupa chikwereti nokuda kwemiuyo. Dzikanyo pakati pezvirongwa zvemitengoyo nedzero huru ichisarudzo chomupi mutengiriro yomupi mumasangano enyika yose nechishuvo chayo chokuoneka.

Kuumba Zvirongwa Nezvibvumirano

Kugoverwa kweyamuro dzokumwe hakusarudzwi nomutambi mumwe; kunobatanidza masangano ehurumende akawanda, masangano emitemo, uye vabhengi vasiri vehurumende.

Vatungamiriri Nezvemasangano Nezvemari

Munyika zhinjisa, yamuro inoitwa nesangano rekubudirira rakatsaurirwa kana kuti ushumiri. USAID (United States Agency for International Development) inobatira pamwe neU.S. rubatsiro rwokumwe, asi runofanira kuwirirana nezvinokosha zvakarongwa neState Department neWhite House. , Commonwealth Office [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [20], zvakaumbwa neInternational Development ne Office, zvinoratidzira komba komba kukuyamuraniswa negadziriro yokumwe. [FLD] .[5]

Pesvedzero Yomutemo

Paramende namasangano kazhinji kazhinji zvine udzori hukuru pamusoro pemari yokubetsera. MuUnited States, Congress inobvumira uye inopa betsero yakafanira yokumwe gore negore, uye inogona kuratidzira mari nokuda kwenyika dzakati kana kuti zvikamu. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kugovera migove yezvamatongerwe enyika inoratidzira fariro dzehurumende dzehurumende panzvimbo pemipimo yokubudirira kwevavariro. Somuenzaniso, yamuro yeU.S. kuIsrael neEgipita yakatsigirwa netsigiro yesangano, kunyange apo zviratidzo zvokubudirira zvingakarakadza zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha.

Mapoka Enzanga Yavagari Vemo Neboka Roudzori

Masangano asiri ehurumende, masangano ezvokufunga, uye mapoka okubetsera anoumbawo zvokutanga zveyamuro. Masangano akafanana neUNE, Oxfam, uye Center for Global Development nokuda kweyamuro yakawedzerwa uye nokuda kwezvirongwa zvakavakirwa pakushaiwa nokubudirira. Anobudisa mishumo navakuru avo vanomanikidzira kuvandudza. Murangariro wavose unoitawo basa: munyika dzinopa betsero, vagari vemo vanowanzoratidzira tsigiro nokuda kweyamuro yeyamuro, iyo inogona kukurudzira hurumende kuchengeta kana kuti kuwedzera betsero kunharaunda dzenjodzi.

Mitoo Nemichina Yokuparadzira Yamuro

Nyika dzinopa zvinhu dzinoshandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana kuti dzibatsire, chimwe nechimwe chichireva kuti zvinoiswa pakutanga zvinoshandiswa uye zvinoongororwa sei.

Grants v.

MaGrant ndiwo rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa rweyamuro yezviwiro, zvikurukuru kunyika dzinowana mari yakaderera. Haadi kubhadharwa, kuderedza mutoro wechikwereti kuvagamuchiri. Zvikwereti zvechikwereti, zvinopiwa pamwero wezvikwereti zviri pasi pechitsama, zvinowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwegadziriro dzedzidzo munyika dzinowanika. Vapi, kufanana neChina, vanopa mavhoriyamu makuru ezvikwereti, izvo zvakasimudzira itiro hanya pamusoro pekuchengetwa kwechikwereti. Chisarudzo pakati pezvikwereti nezvikwereti chinoratidzira kwezvakanwa zvesimba romugamuchiri rokuripirwa nokuripira chisiko.

Kubatsira Vari Kurumwa

yamuro yakatemwa inoda kuti zvinhu namabasa zvitengwe munyika inopa. Nepo ikoku kuchigona kubetsera mafemu omumba, kazhinji kazhinji kunoderedza ukoshi hweyamuro ne 15-30% nemhaka yokuti vagamuchiri havagoni kusarudza migove mizhinjisa inoparira mutengo. OECD yakasundidzira nokuda kweyamuro yasunungurwa, uye vapi vazhinji vakaderedza kusungwa. Zvisinei, yamuro yakabatanidzwa inoramba iri yavose mumakambani akafanana negadziriro yemari nebetsero yemichina, umo unyanzvi hwemipi hwemipi neyosero inotengeswa zvakanyanyowandisa.

Rubatsiro Rwomunhu runopesana. Aid yeProject

yamuro inopfupisa inowanzopiwa mumhinduro kungwavaira dzomusikirwo, rwisano, kana kuti mirakatira. Inowanzogoverwa nenhamba shoma yenzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka yokuti kudikanwa kwechinjo ndekwekurumidziro. Betsero yeenderero mberi, mukupesana, inguva refu uye yakanangidzirwa pakuvandudza kwemigadziridzo sedzidzo, gadziriro dzoutano, uye kukura kwemari. Vadi voruzhinji vanofanira kudzikamisa aya mapoka maviri; somuenzaniso, mupi angawedzera yamuro yeyamuro kunharaunda yehondo nepo achideredza mapurogiramu okuvandudza nguva refu munyika dzakatsigarira asi dzine urombo.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza Mukubatsira Kutama

Pasinei zvapo nevavariro dzakanaka, kugoverwa kweyamuro kunotarisana nezvinetso zvinoramba zvichiramba zvichipinganidza kubudirira kwakwo.

Uori uye Kutonga Zvisina Simba

Munyika dzinogamuchira mwero yakakwirira youshati, yamuro inogona kushatiswa kana kuti kukundikana kusvika vanodikanirwa kuva vanobatira. Vapi navapi vakapindura kupfurikidza nokuchinja kunowirirana necherochero(davidza kudzora kwemawirirano, matanho okudzivisa uori, kana kuti chinjo chaidzo dzemiitiro. Zvisinei, kutsamira pachinhu kunomutsa nharo: kunogona kuisa migariro isina kukodzera mutsika kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunokundikana kuwana chinjo inogara. Vamwe vanzveri vanotaura kuti goverano inofanira kuisa nyika dzine masangano akatosimba panzvimbo pokuedza kuivaka kubva pakushatirwa.

Kuparadzaniswa Nokuwedzera

Nyika zhinji dzichiri kubudirira dzinogamuchira yamuro kubva kuvazhinji vanopiwa, imwe neimwe ine zvokutanga zvayo imene, miitiro, uye kushuma zvinodikanwa. Uku kuparadza kunoisa mutoro mukuru wokutarisira pahurumende dzinogamuchira uye kunoderedza kushanda kweyamuro. Nhamburiko dzakadai seParis Declaration on Effectiveiveiveiveive (2005) uye Busan Partneription Application (201) yakasimudzira kutsinhiraniswa uye kuva kwayo nyika, asi fambiro mberi inoramba isingawirirani.

Kushandiswa Kweyamuro Mutsika

Yamuro inogona kushandiswa sechishandiso chemiitiro yokumwe, pane dzimwe nguva pamiuyo yokukura. Somuenzaniso, mupi angaderedza yamuro yokudzvinyirira hurumende pamusoro pekodzero dzavanhu kana kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunyange kana kuita saizvozvo kukuvadza vanhu vasina dziviriro. Nenzira inopesana, yamuro ingawedzerwa kunyika inokosha nenzira yakarongwa pasinei zvapo nokukura kwayo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuderera kwakadaro kwenharidzano dzomutsa nebudiriro izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuva zvinobatira.

Kuneta Nokuderera Kwemabhajeti

Munyika dzakawanda dzinopa, tsigiro yavose yeyamuro yokumwe inogona kuderera mukati mekuderera kwemari kana kuti apo zvinodikanwa zvemhuri zvinorangarirwa kuva zvinonyanyokomba zvikuru. United Kingdom, somuenzaniso, yakaderedza bhajeti yayo yeyamuro kubva pa 0.7% kusvikira ku 0.7% yeGNI muna 2021, ichidudza dzvinyiriro dzemari kubva kudenda reCOVID19. Iyi “kuneta kukuru” kunotyisidzira mapurogiramu enguva refu okubudirira uye inokuita kuti zvikuomerere zvikuru kuti nyika dzinogamuchira dzirongedze kupfuurira.

Miitiro Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Inochinja Zvinoiswa Panzvimbo Yebetsero

Nhau dzinoverengeka dzepanguva iyoyo dziri kuongorora kuti nyika dzinopa dzinopa sei yamuro.

Mari Yemamiriro Okunze

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kwazova muchairi mukuru weyamuro. Vashandi vebhizimisi vakazvipira kuunganidza $100 mabhiriyoni emadhora pagore panosvika 2025 kuti vabatsire nyika dzichiri kusimukira kuderedza kubudiswa kwemhepo uye kuchinjira kumamiriro okunze. Uku kubuda kwemari kutsva kunokwikwidzana neyamuro yetsika dzekare uye kwakatungamirira kunharo pamusoro pokuti mari yezvemamiriro okunze inofanira kunzi inobatsira here kana kuti irambe yakaparadzana. Green Climate Fund, yakatanga pasi peUNFCCC, michina inokosha, asi kuparadzirwa kunoramba kuri kusina kuenzana, nenyika duku uye nyika dziri pasi pezviwi zviri kuchengetedzwa.

Kugadzirira Kunoita Fandemic uye Utano Hwepasi Rose

COVOID-19 yakasimbisa ukoshi hwegadziriro dzeutano munyika dzinowana mari shoma. Vashandisi vakawedzera mari yokutsigira chengeteko youtano hwenyika yose, kuparadzirwa kwenhomba (kuna COVAX), uye nzvero dzehosha. World Health Organization neGlobal Fund yokurwisa AIDS, TB neMalariya zvakaona zvipikirwa zvitsva. Iyi kombamiro ingapfuurira, sezvo zvirwere zvisingaremekedzi miganhu, zvichiita kuti utano huve nhau yokuzvibetsera.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Utano Nesimba Revakadzi

Vapi vakawanda zvino vanoisa pachena kuenzana kwevarume nevakadzi, vachiisa chikamu cheyamuro kupurogiramu dzinotsigira vakadzi nevasikana. Feminist International Alternative Policy yeCanada, yakatanga muna 2017, muenzaniso wakatanhamara. World Bank naVakadzi vanonangidzirawo mari inoiswa mumipimo yevatano. Iyi kurukurirano inoratidzira kuzivikanwa kukuru kuti kupa vakadzi simba hakusati kuri kodzero dzavanhu dzinodikanwa bedzi asiwo kufambiswa kwebudiriro nedzikamo yenzanga.

Kubatanidzwa Kwesekete Kwavoga

Vashandi vemipiro vari kuwedzera kubatana nemakambani ehurumende nemari, kuisa mari, uye kubatana kwevoruzhinji. Izvi zvinovavarira kupfuudza dzimbahwe riri roga nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokubudirira, zvikurukuru mugadziriro dzepfuma uye simba rinomutsidzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo vachishandisa nzira itsva, vanomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuzvidavirira, vavariro dzemhindu, uye ngozi yokubvisa yamuro kubva kuvanhu varombo zvikuru.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: United States, Germany, uye Japan

Kuenzanisa mitoo yavapi vatatu vakuru kunoratidzira mhatsa yokurangarira kwakarongwa.

United States

Ruyamuro rwayo runopesvedzerwa zvikuru nefariro dzegadziriro nedzechengeteko, nemigove inokosha kuAfghanistan, Iraq, Israel, uye Egypt munhau. U.S. inoisawo nhevedzano youtano hwenyika yose (muchirevo, PEPFAR nokuda kweHIV / AIDS) uye chengeteko yezvokudya (Dzivisa Nguva Yemberi). Congregational reCongregations nepesvedzero yeHurumende Department zvinoreva kuti kukura kazhinji kazhinji kunotora nzvimbo yepamusoro penharidzano dzehurumende.

Germany

Germany ndiyo mupi mukuru wechipiri uye inogovera yamuro yakavakirwa pamuvhenganiswa wezvinodikanwa nefariro dzemari. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) inoshanda pedyo nenzvimbo iri yoga. Yamuro yeGermany inowanzotsigira gadziriro dzesimba dzinomutsidzirwa, rovedzo yebasa, uye chinjo dzokutonga. Germany inorongawo mwero mukuru nomuEuropean Union, inoratidzira kuzvipira kwayo kumibatanidzwa yakawanda.

Japan

Yamuro yeJapan yakanangidzirwa zvikuru papfuma muAsia, yakabatanidza zvirongwa zvayo zvemari neODA. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JAHA) inoshandisa zvirongwa zvakadai semabhiriji, zviteshi zvengarava, uye njanji zvinobetsera kushambadzira nharaunda. Japan inosimbisawo betsero yemichina nedzinoderedza njodzi. Yamuro haina kuiswa ngwariro pakuderera kwourombo pane kuderera kwepfuma nedzikamo yenharaunda.

Kubudirira Nokuchinja Zvinhu

Vapi vemitemo yavo vanoshandisa nenzira inowedzera gadziriro dzakavakirwa paufakazi kuyera kushanda kweyamuro. Mutendi weGlobal Development unobudisa kuzvipira kwayo kuDevelopment Index, vapi vakatanhamara pamusoro pokuti miitiro yavo inotsigira sei zvakanaka kukura. Kunzvera kwevezera ravo kunzvera kushanda kwomupi. Mitemo inobatanidza goverano yeyamuro inoenda kunyika dzakasimukira, mwero weyamuro inopfuudzwa, uye kusanoita zvakanaka kwokugovera. Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvishandiso, dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji dzinodzora basa romupi.

mhedziso

Kugoverwa kweyamuro kune dzimwe nyika muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzikamisa murairo wetsika unokosha kubetsera nyika nefariro dzinoshanda zvikuru dzavapi. Nepo kudikanwa kuchiri kwokutanga kwakataurwa, kuronga, betsero dzemari, uye zvamatongerwe enyika zvomumba kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira zviwanikwa. Kukomba kumari yezvemamiriro okunze, chengeteko youtano, uye kuva akaenzana kwechikadzi, zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinokosha zvinogadziridza, asi zvinetso zvekare. "uori, uye kudimburwa kwezvikamu). Nokuda kwavadzidzi navana, kunzwisisa uku kuoma kunzwisisa kunzvera kukurama kwenyika yose uye kutsigira gadziriro dzinobetsera dzinobudirira zvikuru.