Zvisarudzo Chii?

Tsarudzo muitiro wetsika umo vagari vemo vari mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vanosarudza vamiririri vavo ndokusarudza pamibvunzo mikuru. Nepo rondedzero yakapfava — muitiro wokuvhota nokuda kwavada kubhapatidzwa — yakajeka, uchokwadi hwakaoma zvikuru. Kusarudza imavambo ehurumende inomirira hurumende inomirira, inoshanda somukoto mukuru apo vanhu vachashandurirwa mubasa rehurumende. Zvinoitika pamitemo mizhinji yehurumende: (munharaunda, dare reguta, dare rechikoro), nyika (muteveri, mubatanidzwa wehurumende, dare rehurumende), uye nhevedzano yehurumende. Kudzoka, mugadziri, uye miraudzo inotonga zvinosiyana zvikuru mumitezo, asi pasi penheyo inoramba iripo: vhoterani ichagara simba ravo.

Kutendeseka kwehurumende ipi neipi yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuri paperero nokuoneka kwesarudzo yayo. Apo vagari vemo vanovimba nomuitiro wacho, sezvingabvira zvikuru vachagamuchira muuyo wacho, kunyange kana mudaviri wavo akakundikana. Nenzira inopesana, apo gadziriro inorangarirwa seyakashata kana kuti yakaiswa, kudzikamiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoshatisa. Kunzwisisa muitiro wesarudzo — zvikurukuru nhete dzenhambo dzakasiana kubva kuvhoti — vanopa vavhoti kuti vatsive nenzira ine revo ndokuita kuti tsika ive inozvidavirira.

Kutenderera Kwokusarudza: Kupfupikisa

Sarudzo hadziiti mukuparadzana. Dzinopedzisa nhambo inodeya kuzivikanwa napakati iyo inowanzoreba mwedzi inoverengeka kusvikira kuinopfuura gore rimwe nokuda kwehofisi huru. Kutenderera kwacho kunogona kuputswa kuva nhengedzero shanu dzepakati: primeters nekaucus (uko mapoka anosarudza vamirine), nhimbe huru yamakwikwikwi okushingaira (nhambo yamakwikwi okushingaira pakati pavanemine), sarudza rimene (panoita chisarudzo chokupedzisira), uye kusarudzwa kwepashure (kubatanidza kurangarira, crective, crective, uye simba). Rutivi rumwe norumwe rune mitemo yarwo, zvikoso zvinoyera, uye ngozi dzinobvira.

  • [[FULT:0] . . . makwikwi ebato romukati kusarudza muvhoti kuti amiririre musarudzo yavose.
  • Musangano Wezvisarudzo woruzhinji: Makwikwi emusoro kusvikira kumusoro nemusoro pakati peminese yebato rimwe nerimwe (zvinobvira vanoda kuzvimirira kana kuti chikamu chechitatu).
  • Rusarudzo Rwenguva dzose: Zuva rapamutemo apo vavhoti vakakanda matura avo okupedzisira nokuda kwehofisi nokuda kwesarudzo.
  • Pedziro-Sarudzo: Miitiro yokudzora neyapamutemo inosimbisa miuyo ndokushandisa kuchinja kwesimba.

Chimwe nechimwe cheizvi chinokosha. Chikanganiso chiri muchikamu chipi nechipi — chakadai sechikwikwi chikuru, kurwisana, kana kuti mugumisiro wokusarudzwa kwevose — chinogona kukanganisa basa rose rehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Mari: Mubati

Vasarudzo vokutanga vanoitwa namapati ezvamatongerwe enyika kusarudza kuti ndipi achava mutsigiri wavo womupimo murusarudzo rwavose. Ivo muedzo wokutanga chaiwoiwo wokushanda kwomubhadhari, kushandura munda wakatsvikinyidzana wevapfupidzi kuva nhevedzo imwe. Vaparadzi vanogona kuitiswa nehurumende pasi pomutemo wehurumende (sezvinenge munyika zhinjisa) kana kuti kutarisirwa nebato (sokuna mabhandefa). Nemhaka yokuti masangano ndiwo masangano akavanzika ane kodzero dzokusarudza vatungamiriri vokutanga, ane rusununguko runokosha mukugadza mitemo yokutora rutivi rukuru.

Gadziriro huru seiyo yatinoziva nhasi itsva yemazuva ano. Pasati pasvika zana ramakore rechi20, vapurezidhendi vakasarudzwa navakuru vebato mukokorodzano dzomukamuri rokuseri — muitiro unozivikanwa se “kamuri rakazadzwa noutsi.” Vachinji vanofambira mberi vakasundwa kuti vape nzvimbo yepamusoro nedare kuti inzwi rakananga. Chikamu chokutanga chapurezidhendi chakaitwa muWisconsin muna 1912. Mumakumi amakore akatevera, nyika hurusarudzo dzinogamuchirwa, kunyange zvazvo macaucres asara munyika shomanene dzakadai seIowa naNevada.

Marudzi Ezvikwereti

Mitemo inodzora inogona kuvhota inosiana zvikuru zvikuru nehurumende nebato. Rudzi rukuru runotapura kuumbwa kwepfungwa dzevhota uye, somuuyo, muuyo. Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anonzvera miuyo yesarudzo kana kuti kuronga nhimbe.

Zvikwereti Zvakazaruka

Mune mavambo, muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa angatora rutivi muchisarudzo chikuru chebato ripi neripi, pasinei zvapo nesonganirano yomuvhoti. Vavhoti vanofanira kusarudza bedzi muvhoti webato rimwe. Chinoparira shure kwezvigaro ndechekuti vanokurudzira kutora rutivi kwakafara uye vanobvumira vavhoti voga kana kuti vane mwero kuva neshoko mukusarudza. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanopikisana kuti vagone kushandiswa zvisina kufanira nevhoti yebato rinopikisana kuti vatsigire mutengi asina simba — unyanzvi hunozivikanwa se “rai. ” Somuenzaniso, muna 2000, Democrates muMichigan vakaya kuti vapinde muvhote muRepublican yaJohn McCouin, vachikarira kuderera George. Pasinei zvapo nezvinonetsa zvakadaro, maBrush, mabhinno anoshandiswa muhurumende dzakarectalgame, uye Texan.

Mari Dzakavharwa

Mune mavambo akavharwa, vavhoti bedzi vanonyoreswa nebato rakati vangavhota munzvimbo dzakadaro. Gadziriro inogadzirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti munminei anosarudzwa navatsigiri vebato vamene, kwete navokunze vangafarira zvakasiyana. Vavhoti vanowanzoparira pfungwa dzakawanda nemhaka yokuti muvhoti mukuru munyika dzakadaro kazhinji kazhinji anenge ari mutsigiri uye anoshingaira. Vanoderedzawo ngozi yokuvhozhokera. Nyika dzine primeries dzakavha dzinobatanidza Florida, New York, Nevada, neOregon. Chinjo inova inovhara zvikuru, apo vavhotera vasina kubatanidzwa vangasarudza kutora rutivi muchikamu chikuru, asi vakanyoreswa.

Midziyo iri pamusoro-paviri ne Pamusoro-Pamusoro

Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira gadziriro huru dzisati dziri dzeparatis dzinochinja zvikuru masvomhu. Mune mbiri dzemavambo makuru (dzinoshandiswa muCalifornia, Washington, uye Nebraska nokuda kwemahofisi enzvimbo dzehurumende), vanoda kubhapatidzwa vose vanooneka panzvimbo imwe cheteyo huru pasinei zvapo nepati, uye vapedzisi vaviri vanofambira mberi kurusarudzo rwavose, kunyange kana vari vapapati imwe cheteyo. Ikoku kunogona kuguma neDmocrates kana kuti maRepublican akanangana pana November, vachibvisa zvakanaka chisarudzo chavose chevoratoria nokuda kwechisina kubatana nepati iroro. Vachoridzi vana vakuru vakuru (va muAlaska) vanotumira vapedzikisi vana pamusoro pezvisorisorisori zvinongobva pakarepo vachishandisa kuvhotera. Idzidzidzo dzakasirwa nenzira inopesana senzira yokuderedza nokudzika kwechikamuka.

Basa Remakemikari

MaCaucuuse idivi rinopa rusununguko zvikuru uye rinotsiva nguva kunzvimbo yepachivande. Panzvimbo pokukandira muvhoti yakavanzika, vavhoti vanoungana mumisangano yomunzvimbomo kuti vakurukure uye ipapo vavhote neshoo yamaoko, vakamira mumapoka, kana kuti mimwe mitoo inooneka. Muitiro wacho unobatanidza nhano dzinoverengeka: kutanga, vatsigiri vomupindi mumwe nomumwe vanopa hurukuro; ipapo vatori vehurukuro vanozviita vamene navapindi vanobudirira; pakupedzisira, nhume dzinogoverwa pamwero kukokorodzano yoruwa.

Kaucuses dzakaderera mukukurumbira nemhaka yokuti dzinoda kuzvipira kwenguva inokosha — kazhinji kazhinji maawa maviri kana kuti anopfuura — izvo zvinoodza mwoyo. Muna 2020, Iowa bedzi, Nevada, North Dakota, uye Wyoming akabata Ddemocratic caucuuses nokuda kwenhangemutange yapurezidhendi, uye kutambudzika kwaIowa kunoshusha kushuma gadziriro (kukundikana kwemotokari) kunoderedzazve mitoo yacho. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti kuvimbisa kuvimbisana kukuru zvikuru uye nzanga. Iowa caucuses akaisa pesvedzero huru kwemakumi amakore nemhaka yokuti vanorasa mamiriro ezvinhu apurezidhendi enyika, asi masangano eDhemocracratic National Com akaderedza mugariro wavo. Nokuda kwenhambo pfupi yazvino uno 2024, boka racho rakakwidza kumusoro dharo rekaredhi, kuSouth Carolina yekare.

Mushandirapamwe Wekusarudza: Mwedzi Yokubatanidzwa Kwakawanda

Kana mwaka wokutanga wangopera, nhimbe yesarudzo inotanga yapachokwadi. Iyi inhambo — inowanzogara kubva kukokorodzano mukupera kwezhizha kusvikira kumavambo aNovember — apo vamirine vebato guru (uye kazhinji kazhinji vashomanene verutivi rwechitatu kana kuti vanosarudzwa vakazvimirira) vanokwikwikwidza nokuda kwamavhoti evondi yakafara. Nhimbe yacho ine zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvinopetwa: kutumira mashoko, kubhadharira mari, kubhadharira mari, kushandira manyuko, kuvhota, uye kugadzirira kurukurirano.

Kurwisa Nemazano

Nhimbe dzazvino uno imabasa anoshandiswa kuisa mashoko akasiana--chinja kuti vazivise uye vatendi vanotendiswa. Nzira huru ndeyokuvaka mubatanidzwa wavatsigiri vakakura zvakakwana kuwina ruzhinji rwevhoti (kana kuti koreji yevhoti, mumapanisla purezidhendi). Mishandirapano inoshandisa kuendesa mashoko maduku kumapoka akati ezviverengero zvechiverengero chavanhu akavakirwa pazera, dzinza, mari, geographic, uye nhau yokuvhota. Nhimbesasa ya2009 babama yakanyandura kushandiswa kwemirayiridzo mikuru nemichina, uye nhimberi inotevera yose yakatevera yakatevera yakatevera jatiro.

Kushambadza

Kushambadzira kweterevhizheni kunoramba kuri ndyiko hurusa mumanhindi makurusa, zvikurukuru mumisika yamakwikwi. Makambani enhau namapoka okunze (Super PACs, 501 (c) 501) masangano (4) anodira mabhiriyoni emadhora mukushambadzira nokushambadzira kwapatambo. Munhambo 20222, hwerengedzo yemari inopedzwa inopfuura mabhiriyoni $8. Zvisinei, kushambadzira kwemitengo — panzvimbo dzechiteshi, Googlegle, YouTube, uye mabasa anodirana — kwakura nokukurumidza. Kushambadza kwamarisa kunobvumira mabhiriyoni emarirwo enhau anopfupikisa.

Gakava

Gakava zviitiko zvinoda kudzorwa zvikuru zvinogona kubvisa kurukurirano yenhimbe. Vacherekedzi zvikurusa ikurukurirano dzapurezidhendi, asi Dare, gibernalial, uye kunyange kurukurirano dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona kukwezva ngwariro huru. Commission on Presidential Confection Conquets (CPD) yakatsigira kurukurirano dzechisarudzo chavose chiforesa kubvira muna 1987, kunyange zvazvo batira yayo yave ichipanikirwa pashure pokunge Purezidhendi Biden naast Trump vaipesveasei yaibvisa muna 2020 ne 2024. Vamanikidzi kuti vadzore kuratidzira nzvimbo dzavo dzemiitiro, ndokuratidzira kutera kwavo pasi pedzvinyiriro. Agat. Sezvo GeraldFFord’sworda’s anotaura kuti “havity yeEuropest [1] mu1976a anogona kusangana nenhindi yehondo, senguva inowirirana, Ronald Horverison, apo wakabvunza zviri nani kupfuura makore mana?

Makwara Anonyungudutsa

Pasinei zvapo nokudzorwa kwemibato yemari yakawanda neterevhizheni, kuronga kwouswa kunoramba kuchikosha, zvikurukuru musarudzo dzakava pedyo. Vazvipiri vanopinda mukushambadzira suo nembava, kubhangisa foni, kubhangisa mashoko, uye kubuda kunze kwemitengi yemameseji. Nzvero dzinoramba dzichiratidza kuti onano yomunhu oga — kurukurirano pasuo kana kuti runhare kubva kumuvakidzani — inoshanda zvikuru kupfuura kushambadza kunowedzera. 2022 pakati porusarudzo dzakaona wezvirongwa zveDhemocratic-leanding, izvo zvakagovera migumisiro iri nani nokuda kwebato. Mibatowo inoisa mari yakawanda mu “mumunda : mabasa omunzvimbomo, kuronga mahofisi, kupinza mavhiyi, uye kushandisa maappy.

Basa Remari Munhimbe

Mari iropa rinopa upenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika zveAmerica. Dare guru redare. Chibayiro chekukwikwidza mari nokuda kwokushambadzira, vashandi, kufamba, uye kuvhota. Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC) inodzora bhizimisi remari isingaganhurirwi nenzvimbo dzehurumende, asi kurongerwa kune mukurumbira wakaipa. Munhambo ye $20, mari inopedzerwa pamarudzi omubatanidzwa inopfuura mabhiriyoni $4, maererano nemari inotsigirwa nemari. Kutsamira pamari yemari yemari yakakwikwikwidza pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemari.

Chisarudzo Chavose: Chisarudzo Chokupedzisira

Sarudzo yavose ndichinoitika chinopedzisa nhambo yedenderedzwa, zuva apo vavhoti vanoita chisarudzo chavo chokupedzisira. MuUnited States, Zuva reKuvhota ndiro Chipiri pashure poMuvhuro wokutanga muna November, sekwakatangwa nomutemo muna 1845. Zvisinei, kuvhota hakusati kuchaganhurirwazve pazuva rimwe. Chiverengero chinowedzera chenyika dzinopa nhambo dzokuvhota dzokukurumidza kusvikira kumavhiki anoverengeka, uye inodokuva iri yose inobvumira rudzi rwakati rwetsamba kana kuti kuvhota. Chisarudzo cha 2020 chakaona kukwira kusingaenzaniswi muvhotera mumipoto, ne 40% yezvomborodzi dzinopfuurwa netsamba.

Mitoo Yokutara Nayo Nokuwana

Nzira nhatu dzokuvhota nadzo huru kuisa mubato muvhota paZuva roKuvhota, pakuvamba muvhota, uye kuvhota neposi. Imwe neimwe ine betsero nedzodzi dzinodzorwa. Muvhota yakakurumbira uye inogovera chinoitika chakachengeteka, chekare, asi inogona kutungamirira kumitsetse mirefu uye kumirira nguva mumativi marefu. Kuvhota kwapakuvamba kunoderedza kupfachuka uye kunopa kuchinjika, asi kunoda kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dziza dzizaiswe nokuda kwenhambo dzakarebeserwa. Kuvhotera kwamatsamba kwakakodzera uye kunogona kuwedzera kuchengeteka, asi njodzi — kunyange zvazvo fundo dzinowana kuti kuvhotera kusingawanzoitika. Kuvhotera kunoderedza mitemo inovhotera nokudontsa mabhokisi kwapa mabhokisi kwakawedzera chibviro chitsa chitsama2020, nyika dzinodzorwa dzinopfuvura nokuwedzera kuvhotera.

Kunyoresa kweVoter chinodikanwa nokuda kwemitoo yose yokuvhota. Nyika zhinjisa dzinoda kuti vanhu vanyorese kupfurikidza nenguva pamberi pesarudzo, kunyange zvazvo nhamba iri kuwedzera yakagamuchira kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, uko kunobvumira vavhoti kunyoresa nokuvhota pazuva rimwe chetero. National Voter Regionation Act (NVRA) ya1993 yakaita kuti kunyoreswa kuvepo pamahofisi emotokari, asi kuchiri kutsaurirwa kudzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navose. Mukuwirirana neU.S. Ecomstations Convice Commis, mumwe anofungidzirwa kuva muvana vaAmerica vakakodzera haanyoreswi.

Electoral College v.

Sarudzo yamapurezidhendi, kusarudzwa kwavose hakusarudziri zvakananga mukundi kupfurikidza nevhoti yakakurumbira yenyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, vavhoti vehurumende imwe neimwe vanosarudza mavhoti akasarudzwa kumunhu, uye vavhoti avo — vakapiwa pachivakirwa pamigumisiro yehurumende yakakurumbira yevhoti (Nebraska naMaine anoshandisa collegional collegional College) — vanotanga Electoral College. Muteverick anoda 270 kubva pa58 vvutani kuti vakunde. Muitiro uyu wakaita mapurezidhendi vashanu vakarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira, munguva pfupi yapfuura iyi muna 2016. Elctoral College iri kupesana zvikuru, navatsoropotesi vanopfuura varuwa, nyika duku. National Populante Inter Coant Constation, pakati penyika dzinosarudza kuvhotera mavhotera mavworo, mavhoti avo vatema vapfumi vapfumi vakakurumbira, 20256 vakawana vakakurumbira, asi havana kuvhotanwa.

Chisarudzo chePrefti

Pashure pokunge nzvero dzapera, sarudzo yacho ichiri kure nokupera. Chikamu chapashure pekusarudzwa chinobatanidza nhano dzinotevedzana dzekutungamirira, dzemitemo, uye dzetsika idzo pakupedzisira dzinoguma nokutsaurirwa kwavakundi. Iyi nhambo inguva inowanzova tsika, asi inogona kuva inokwikwidzana zvikuru, zvikurukuru mumadzinza apedyo.

Kuverenga Nokunyora Tsamba

Majekiseni anoverengwa panzvimbo yenzvimbo, anoverengwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende vasarudzo, uye ipapo anoshumwa kumunyori wehurumende kana kuti boka revhoti. Uyu muitiro unogona kutora mazuva kana kuti mavhiki, zvikurukuru mumashoko okuti kugamuchira zvinyorwa zvepositi zvakaiswa paIconstation Day. Kana migumisiro yehurumende yakwana, Gavhuna kana kuti boka rehurumende resarudzo rinopa mugumisiro. Chibvumirano chinongova basa rokushumira, asi muna 2020, vamwe vakuru vakuru vemo vemo vakaramba kuisa migumisiro yacho pachena, kuchitungamirira kuhondo dzepamutemo. Ellectoral Count Act ye 1887, yachinjwa muna 20222 neEl Count Reart Act, inojekesa kuti basa raPucel mukuverenga mavhotai vhoti uye kuti masangano anopupurudzoro anodzorwa anogamuchirwa.

Kukurukurirana uye Matambudziko Ari Mumutemo

Mukusarudza kwakakomba zvikuru, kurondedzera kunoitika kwoga kana kuti kubvunzwa nemutevedzeri kungaitika. Mitemo inosiana nehurumende — mimwe inoda kurondedzerwa kana mucheto uri pasi pe 0.5% yevhoti, nepo vamwe vachida kuti mubhadhari abhadhare nokuda kwekunge mativi emicheto akamanikana zvikuru. Zvitsauko zvinowanzochinja mugumisiro wenhangemutange; kuongorora kwa2001 kwakawana kuti nhamba shomanene bedzi yevanhu vanoratidza nyika yose yachinja mugumisiro. Zvisinei, 2000 Florida yakarondedzera gakava rakaratidza kuti kugona kuva kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kupfuramwara kwemitemo. Zvinetso zvapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji kacho zvinonangidzira kushata, kuvhotera, kana kuti kutarisirwa kusina kufanira kwezvirongwa zvokuvhotera. Sarudzo 2020 yakawana nhamba isingaenzaniswi zvematongero — 60 — asi inodongodokuva yose yakabviswa nokuda kwouchapupu hwezvipupu.

Kuchinja Simba

Nhambo iri pakati pesarudzo nokutsaurirwa. Kuchinja kunodzorwa nehofisi dzehurumende, kwakasiana nokuda kwehofisi dzoruwa nedzemunzvimbomo) kunotambudza nokuda kwokuchinja kunotsvedzerera. Mumakwikwi apurezidhendi, General Service Administration (GSA) inogovera nzvimbo yehofisi, chengeteko, uye mari kudzorwa kuudzori hwokutonga. Chinjo inodzorwa nePresidential Transiction Act. Kunonoka mukunzvera muwiri, sekwakaitika muna 2020 apo mutungamiriri weGSA haana kuziva nenzira yapamutemo Joe Biden kukunda kusvikira pakupera kwaNovember, inogona kudzivisa gadziriro dzokudzora. Chinjo inosano inova nechokwadi chokuti kudzorwa kudzorwa kugona kuva nesimba revhu riri pamuitiro mukuru wezvinhu zvapamusoro uye nhau dzamarudzi ose.

Chivimbo Nekuregeredza Kwoutongi

Chikamu chapashure pekusarudza chinotapurawo kunzwisisa pamutemo kwevoruzhinji. Apo vatsvaki navatsigiri vavo vanogamuchira miuyo nenzira inopfavidza, chivimbo mutsika chinosimbiswa. Apo vanoramba kubvuma uye panzvimbo pezvo vanotsigira kutaura kusina pakwakavakirwa kwokunyengera, sekwakaitika pashure pejambwa ra2020, kunobvisa chivimbo chavanhu uye kunogona kutungamirira kumasimba enyika. Kutamisirwa kworugare kwesimba chiratidzo chokudzora kwedemocracy, asi kunotsamira pakuda kwevose — vatori, vatori venhau, uye vavhoti — kuremekedza miuyo yechisarudzo chapachena chapachena chapachena uye chakarurama.

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kwokuvimbisana Kutamba

Rwendo rwokubva paprimice kuenda kuvhotawo zvadzo rurefu, rwakaoma, uye runowanzokakavadzana. Rutivi rumwe norumwe — kubva pakusarudza kwebato remombe dzevanemineuse, kupfurikidza nemwedzi yokuzviwanira nokushambadzira, kusvikira kuchiito chokupedzisira chokukanda bhosvo nerevo dzemigumisiro — runoita basa rinokosha mukusarudza kuti ndiani anodzora. Kuvagari vemo, kunzwisisa muitiro uyu hakusi kungovawo zvako kudzidza. Iko nheyo yokutora rutivi kwokuziva. Voter anonzwisisa mipimo yemarudzi makuru, nhimbe, mitoo yokuvhotera, uye mitoo yevhiyo, uye koreji yevhiyo inoshongedzerwa zviri nani kuita zvisarudzo zvinoratidzira mipimo yavo ne.

Mitemo yacho ingava isina kukwana; asi imwe nzira — pasina kusarudza, kana kuti kusarudza — yakaipisisa. Nokubatanidzwa negadziriro yesarudzo, kubvira pakutanga kusvikira kutsamba yokupedzisira, vagari vemo vanosimbisa jira rehurumende inodzivirira pakupedzisira kodzero dzavo nerusununguko.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pemiitiro yesarudzo nechinjo, bvunza Commission yeNhungano yeChisarudzo, Conference of State Legistrations[[FLT:] nokuda kwemirau yakatanhamara wehurumende, uye U.S. . COUTRONGED [ yemichina yokuvhotera uye nhungamiro dzekuwana.]