Raje Sabba, inozivikanwa pamutemo seDare reUnited States, iimba yapamusoro yeIndiya’s Biadaral Parmel. Inobatira sesangano rinokosha nokuda kwokumirira nyika nenzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa pamwero wenyika, kuvimbisa kuti fariro dzenharaunda dzinorangarirwa mumutemo wehurumende. Kusafanana neLok Sabbaha, ine mitezo inosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, Raja Sabba inosarudzwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wechisarudzo chisina kunanga unotsamira pavagari venyika imwe neimwe negadziriro dzapamutemo. Iyi gadziriro inorongedzerwa kugovera kupfuurira mugadziriro yomutemo, sei Rapya Sabbaha isati iri mutengi inodzoswa, nemitezo yemitezo yayo inorega makore maviri ose. Kunzwisisa Savya inosarudzwa sei mumitengo yakasiana yakasiana yakasiana mumitezo, inodivirira mumitezo mukuru wemitemo, mumugariro wakatanhamara wemitemo, seyabhineti guru rehurumende.

Kugadzirwa Kwebumbiro reMitemo Nokuda KwaRaje Sabha

Kusarudzwa kwemitezo yeRaje Sabba kwakavakirwa mu Article 80 yeBumbiro reMitemo reIndia, iro rinoratidzira kuumbwa kweDare reStates. Simba rose reRajiya Sabhaha rakanangidzirwa pamitezo 250, ine 238 yavamiririri venyika nenzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa, uye 12 vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi nokuda kwounyanzvi hwavo muminda yakadai semabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, uye basa renzanga. Simba razvino inhengo dzinoshanda zvakanaka dzinoda kusvika ku250 nemhaka yokurega mabasa negadziriso.

Kuparadzirwa kwezvigaro pakati penyika kunosarudzwa ne Shedynal yeBumbiro reMitemo, iyo inoisa zvigaro pavagari vemo vehurumende imwe neimwe sepanoverengwa vanhu kwazvino uno. Iyi goverano haisati iri yakarerekera panhambo nenhambo; inodzokororwa kuti iratidzire chinjo dzevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, idzo dzine vanhu vakawanda saUttar Pradeshssh inobata zvigaro 31, nepo nyika duku dzakafanana naSikkim dzine chigaro chimwe chete. Sarudzo imene inodzorwa pasi peFom Act, 1951, uye inotarisirwa neEcom Com yeIndia.

Muchina Wokufambisa Zvinhu: Muchina mumwe Woga Unofambiswa

Rajiya Sabra anoshandisa vhoti inotanhamuka imwe gadziriro (STV) yemireza inowirirana. Iyi gadziriro inovimbisa kuti kuumbwa kweRajiya Sabhaha kunoratidzira simba rine mwero ramasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika mugungano rehurumende. Heyi nzira yainoshanda nayo mukuita:

Marongerwo Anoita Michina Yawo

Mutezo mumwe nomumwe wesangano remitemo (MLA) rehurumende une maruramiro okuvhota muSabata. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti iyi igadziriro inowirirana, MMLS haasati achingoda kukwikwidza mumwe. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanoronga vanoda kupinda munhevedzano: 1, 2, 3, zvichingodaro. Bolot inobatanidza vose vanokwikwikwidza, uye muvhoti anofanira kuratidzira chinodikanwa chokutanga, chechipiri, uye zvichingodaro. Kana pasina muvhoti anosvika padaro rokutanga, muvhotisi mukurusa anobviswa, uye mavhoti avo anoendeswa kuzvakaidzwa pachido chimwe nechimwe. Izvi zvino zvinopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazadzwa.

Kuverenga Mutambo Wacho

Chikamu chacho nhamba yevavhoti vanoda kusarudzwa. Chinoverengwa achishandisa nzira yacho:

Quota = (Nhamba yezvigaro + 1) +

Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ine 403 MMS uye iri kuvhota 10 Raje Sabha mitezo, mubatanidzwa waizova (403 / 11) + 1 = 37.6, yakaunganidzwa kana kuri madikanwa. Muitiro upi noupi anopfuura chiverengero pazvisarudzo zvokutanga unoziviswa nokukurumidza. Rusarira rwamavhoti (mapepa ari kupfuura mwero) kubva kuvadai vanoiswa kuzvimwe zvisarudzo pamapepa ebhuroti.

Nhau Dzechivande Nedzechipfeko

Nepo Sabra Sabra sarudzo dzichiitwa nevota yapachivande, mutemo unorwisana nedanho haushandi kuidzi sarudzo nenzira imwe cheteyo sedzisina kutenderwa. Zvisinei, mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anowanzobudisa zvibatso zvomukati kuvimbisa MMLS Sav vhotis atenderwa. Cross-votion parupatal. (apo muvhoti inorwisana nebato) inotungamirira kuchiito chokuranga, kubatanidza kudzingwa kwebato, kunyange zvazvo isingasati ichikwanidziri kusakwaniswa nomutemo weMLA mudare remitemo yapamutemo pasi porudzi rwakananga rwevhoti. Ikoku kwave kuri pfundo rekurukurirano, zvikurukuru mumakwikwikwi.

Chiteshi Chinotakura Vanhu Kubva Kunzvimbo Dziri Mhiri kweNyika uye Kubatanidzwa

Chigaro cheRajiya Sabba chinowana nyika imwe neimwe chakaenzana zvakananga nevagari vayo, asi kuparadzirwa chaiko kunoitwa neChidhina Chirimo cheTower uye chakagadziridzwa panhambo nenhambo. Nepo kuverengwa kwavanhu kwa1971 kuri kushandiswa pakudzorwa, chitsama chezvigaro cheRajiya Sabha hachina kudzokororwa kubvira pakurongwazve kwenyika. Hedzino nzira iyo nyika dzakasiyana nenzvimbo dzinomiririrwa nayo:

Mitemo ine mufananidzo wakakwirira zvikurusa

Nyika dzine vagari vemo vakawanda dzinodzora Raje Sabha maererano nezviverengero zvezvigaro:

  • Uttar Pradesh: 31 zvigaro (zvikurusa), zvichiratidzira chiverengero chayo chikuru chavagari vemo vanopfuura mamirioni 200.
  • Maharashtra: zvigaro 19, zvinomirira uremu hwazvo hwemari nehwechiverengero chavagari vemo.
  • [ Bihar: zvigaro 16, kunyange zvazvo chiverengero chavagari vemo chikuru kupfuura dzimwe nyika dzine nhamba dzakafanana, mugove wacho wakagadzwa pamberi pokuverengwa kwavanhu kwa 2011.
  • [[FULT:0] West Bengal: zvigaro 16, zvakare zvakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo.
  • Tamil Nadu: zvigaro 18, zvichiratidzira chiverengero chavagari vayo chinokosha.
  • [ Madhya Pradesh: zvigaro 11, kunyange zvazvo chiverengero chavagari varo chakura, mugove hausati wachinjwa.
  • RAjastan: zvigaro 10, zvine chiverengero chikuru chavagari vemo asi chakati tsvina.

Mune izvi zvirongwa, sarudzo inhengo dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, apo Uttar Pradesh anovhota mitezo yake 31, muitiro wose unogona kubatanidza kutarisirwa kwevhoti kwakaoma kunzwisisa pakati pemapoka, sezvo zvibvumirano zvingada kutsinhiranisa zvido kuti uwane zvigaro zvakawanda.

Nyika ine meatt imwe kana kuti shomanene

Nyika duku nenzvimbo dzemibatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzine zvigaro zviduku, kazhinji kazhinji chimwe chete. Ikoku kunopa inzwi rimwe muDare reStates, asi muitiro wesarudzo unoramba uri mumwe chetewo --kumirira kwetengi kupfurikidza neSTV. Zvisinei, nechigaro chimwe bedzi padanda, tsika inova yakafanana nokuvhota kwokutanga kwapakare-pakare, sezvo chitsama chinoenzana nevhoti zhinjisa.

  • SIKkim: chigaro 1 ne 32 MMA, muganhu ndi (32 / 2) + 1 = 17 vhoti. Mutengi anochengetedza zvizhinjisa zvezvinodikanwa zvokutanga anokunda, asi zvido zvinotovapo kana pasina munhu akasvika padanho pakutanga.
  • Goa: chigaro 1. Ne 40 MMA, muganhu wacho i 21.
  • Uttankand: zvigaro zvitatu. Kunyange nezvigaro zvitatu, tsika inoshanda nedanho rakaderera, kupa nzvimbo duku mukana.
  • [[[FURO:0] SHIMAL Pradesh: zvigaro zvitatu.
  • MEghalaya: chigaro 1. Munyika dzokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, nhamba duku yeML inoita kuti kuvhota kuri kwose kuve kunokosha.
  • Manipur, Tritura, Nagaland, Mizoram, Runachal Pradesh: Chigaro chimwe nechimwe chine chigaro chimwe, kunze kwaManipur ine 1 pamwe chete. Hurumende idzi kazhinji kazhinji dzinoona kupesvedzera kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika mukati meSabya Sabhaha nemhaka yemicheto mitete.

Minda Yemasangano

Pakati penzvimbo dzinobatanidzwa, Delhi ane zvigaro zvitatu bedzi, uye Pudukereri ane chigaro 1. nharaunda (Chanigarh, Andaman naNicobar Islands, Farra na Nagar Haver neDagal, Ladakh, Lashave, naJamir naKamir) hadzina vamiririri muRajaya. Panzvimbo pezvo, fariro dzavo dzinomiririrwa ne 12 naNagar Haver naDak Dau, Laskith, Lashadve, naKamir (zvino zvino)

Mibato Yehurumende

Kunyange zvazvo STV iri yunifomu, mibato yacho inosiyana - siyana nemhaka yesimba repachikwata, zvematongerwo enyika, uye nhamba yezvigaro zviri panjodzi.

Makomoni Ane Mitengo Mizhinji Munyika Huru

Munhau dzakadai seUttar Pradesh, boka rinotonga kazhinji kazhinji rine MMAS yokuwina zvigaro zvakawanda pasina chitambudzo chikuru. Somuenzaniso, kana boka rine 300 MMS se muimba ine 403 uye richida kusarudza mitezo 31, rinogona kusvitsa zviri nyore mupimo wavadaviri varo. Zvisinei, dare remongi rinogona kutungamirira kukudarika, sezvinoonekwa muSarudzo yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yeRaja Sabha umo vamwe vaMarm Nz vanovhota nokuda kwevashori pasinei zvapo netyavapu dzebato. Maparies anowanzova vatsvaki vatsvaki vemikoro vanogona kuvimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvose zvishandiswe nenzira inobudirira.

Makombitimendi Enguva Imwe Chete muMiduku

Munhau nechigaro chimwe bedzi cheRaja Sabba, kusarudza kunova kuedza kwesimba rebato mumusangano wewigiod. Sezvo chikamu chacho chiri ruzhinji rwevoti, mubato unoraira voruzhinji pakati peML sezvinenge zvichingokunda nguva dzose. Zvisinei, kana pasina mubatanidzwa une voruzhinji, mubatanidzwa unoumba, uye kutsiva kweSTEV kwegadziriro yezvisarudzo kunogona kutungamirira kumigumisiro inoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, muhurumende yakafanana seSikkim, umo muboka rinotonga rine voruzhinji zvikuru, Rajiya Sabha itsika. Asi mumashoko akafanana naManipur, nehurumende dzemibatanidzwa, MML angatungamirira mufambiro wezvokutengeserana mumitsetse, kuita muuyo usina chokwadi.

Mitezo Yakakwanwa yeRaje Sabha

Pasi pa Article 80 (3), Purezidhendi weIndia anoisa mitezo 12 kuRaje Sabhaha. Iyoyi haisarurwi nemitezo ipi neipi yehurumende asi inosarudzwa nokuda kwemipiro yavo yakatanhamara muminda yakajeka: mabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, uye basa renzanga. Iyi gadziriro inonyandurwa neBritish House of Lords uye kuronga kupinza manzwi naasiri vatendiva. Iyi inosasarudzwa nemitezo yomutemo. Inobatanidza nyanzvi yemari yemari yemari. Manjoh (pamberi iye asati ava Mutungamiriri wehurumende), mutambo weMalmani, uye kutamba kwaparuvara kwapachena Hurumende yeRukmini. Chisarutsiro chakaitwa pamazita eMasai makurusai ePustricine. Hakutenzi anotenzikan, asingatengwi naMan, mitezo mitanhatu inoteveri inobvumirwa kuvhoti, haabvumiri mamiriro av.

Basa Remapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokupindira

Raje Sabba Sabra anowanzotaura zvikuru pamusoro penzira dzezvamatongerwe enyika sezvaanoita pamusoro pomuitiro wapamutemo. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika munyika anoyera simba ravo MML sa uye kazhinji kazhinji chiverengero chavada kuenzana nechiverengero chezvigaro zvavanogona kuwina pakavakirwa panzvimbo. Muhurumende dzakabatanidzwa, gadziriro dzechigaro dzinodzorwa dzinoitwa pamberi pekusarudzwa. Cross-votion. "/apo kuvhota mumirino nemuno nemutsetse webato(inhau inopfuudzira. nepo system iripo, mutemo unorwisana nedefefera unogona kushandisa zvakajeka kuRyya Shabba nemhaka yokuti mutemo unogadzirirwa kudzivisa kubviswa pabato pauriri hweimba yeimba. Mutengi mukuru wedare wakatsigira kuti ASMLNha arege kushakidzwa nokuda kwokusarukira chisaruso chisarudzo muSy, kunyange zvazvo zvichigona kubudisa zviito zviito zvinoverengeka zvokudzosera kupfurikidza kudzo.

Miitiro Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nokutsoropodza

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mutoo wokusarudza wakanangana netsoropodzo dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, kumirira vanhu kwakaenzana inhau yakakomba. Nemhaka yokuti goverano yechigaro yakavakirwa pakuverengwa kwavanhu kwa1971, inotaura kuti yakura nokukurumidza (seBahar naUtar Pradesh) yave pasi, apo dzimwe nyika duku dzine zvigaro zvakawanda pamunhu mumwe. Iyi inoputsa nheyo yokuratidza mupimo. Chechipiri, [[FLT:] flue yesimba remari [[[FLT]] murusaru, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nomuchinjikwa, yakatungamirira kutsoropo bhira bhira. pepanhau reMedia rinopanhau dzinopanwa kuva pamutemo nokuda kwokuvhotera.

Chechitatu, kune kushaiwa kumirira kwakananga nokuda kwavagari vemo. Kubvira sezvo MMS savya Sabba muvhoti avhareji anoratidzira kuti anodzivirira nharaunda ndokupa avhareji nzvero mukuva anogara muimba yapamusoro. Vamwe vatsinhiri vezvamatongerwe enyika vakataurirana nokuda kwesarudzo yakananga kuRajya Sabba, yakafanana neUS CONS, kukudza kuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vetsika yezvino uno vanonongedzera kuti inodzivirira fariro dzenyika ndokupa nzvero pamatanho epotutsi. Pakupedzisira, [[FLT:]] mitezo yakashorwa nokuda kwokuva varongedzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pokuva nyanzvi dzechiPumhoshopu. Reformations dzakakarakadzwa, sezvo vanhu vasina kurumbidzwa, asi zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamiswa kweRaje Sabha

Kusarudzwa kwaRajiya Sabba munyika dzakasiana- siyana dzeIndia idi remitemo yakaoma kugovera mutemo webumbiro remitemo, gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mamiriro okugara. Gadziriro imwe inotamiswa inovimbisa kuti imba yapamusoro inoratidzira simba rakafanana ramapati ezvamatongerwe enyika mugungano rimwe nerimwe reruwa, nepo kugoverwa kwezvigaro zvakavakirwa pavagari vemo kunopa mitemo inzwi gurusa. Zvisinei, kuganhurana panzvimbo dzinogarwa kubvira muna 1971, uye denho dzemuchinjikwa wakaita kuti zviitwe. Sajisha inoramba iri gadziriro huru yemiteveri renyika yemitenzi, uye kunzwisisa kuti mitezo yayo inosarudzwa sei kunokosha zvikuru nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofarira hurumende inosarudzwa yeIndia. Nokuda kwoudza mashoko anokosha, kunonongedzera ku [FLT:[1]