Kugadzirwa Kwemitemo yeIndia Yakagadzirwa Nechikwata

Paramende yeIndia, yakatangwa pasi peChikamu 79 cheBumbiro reMitemo, isangano rebidaral rinoumbwa neLok Sabhaha (Imba yaVanhu) neRaje Sabhaha (Council of States). Iyi imba yedzimba mbiri yakagadzirwa noune neConstitute Constitution kuti idzikamise kumira kwakakurumbira nefariro dzehurumende. Nepo dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzichitora rutivi mumuitiro wemitemo, dzine mabasa akasiana emitemo, masimba, uye ganhuriro izvo mitemo inogadzirwa, kukurukurirana, uye kuiswa. Kunzwisisa kutamba pakati pedzimba mbiri idzi kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti hurumende yehurumende yechiHindu inoshandura sei utongi hwehurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika ichava mutemo wemitemo.

Chibhadaramu muIndia chakanga chisiri chisarudzo chakazvimirira. Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakafunda gadziriro muUnited Kingdom, United States, uye Australia vasati vagara pamuenzaniso waizovimbisa zvose zviri zviviri kutonga kworuzhinji nemufananidzo wenharaunda. Lok Sabha anomirira kuda kwokukurumidza kwavanhu, nepo Rajiya Sabhaha inoita senzvimbo inodzorwa yenzvimbo inopa pfungwa yechipiri. Iyi gadziriro inodzivisa mutemo wokukurumidzira uye inovimbisa kuti ine inzwi munhau dzenyika. Ukama pakati pedzimba mbiri hunodzorwa neProgiramu yeChibvumirano che1022, iyo ino udzame hweChibvumirano chemitemo, nzvimbo yemari, uye gadziriro yokutonga mafi.

Kuumba uye Kudzikamisa: Nheyo Dzeimba Imwe Neimwe

Lok Sabha: Kushanda Kwoutongi Hworuzhinji

Lok Sabha, ine simba gurusa remitezo 552 (530 kubva kunyika, 20 kubva kundima dzokubatana, uye 2 yakabviswa munzanga yeAnglo - Indian), ndiyo nzvimbo yemifanikiso yakakurumbira yakakurumbira. Mitezo inosarudzwa kupfurikidza neshoko renyika yose ravakuru mumitezo yemitezo mishanu inoshandisa gadziriro yokutanga-kare-hedheni. Mifungo inoitiswa neEcostation Communist of India makore mashanu ari ose, kutoti imba yacho yaparadzwa pakuvamba. Lok Sabbaha inonambwa shoko ramakore mashanu rinonangidzirwa, asi Purezidhendi anogona kuriisa pazano remukuru mukuru wehurumende, kutungamirira kukuvhotarudzo itsva.

Lok Sabha ine chiremera munzvimbo dzakawanda dzinonetsa. Council of Ministers, inotungamirirwa naMutungamiriri weHurumende, yose zvayo ine mutoro kuLok Sabba. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kufarikanya chivimbo cheLok Sabhaha kuti irambe iri muhofisi. Vhoti yechivimbo, kana ikaitwa navazhinji, inogona kuderedza hurumende. Ikoku kunoita kuti Lok Sabba nhandare yepakati nokuda kwokuzvidavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kutungamirira. Mutauri weLok Sabha, akasarudzwa pakati pemitezo yayo, anotungamirira pamusoro pezviito uye ane chiremera chikuru mukududzira mitemo yeparamendemu uye kuchengeta nhevedzano.

Raje Sabra: Dare Rehurumende

Raje Sabra, ine simba guru remitezo 250 yakasarudzwa namagungano ehurumende uye 12 akasarudzwa naPurezidhendi nokuda kwounyanzvi hwavo mumabhuku, sayenzi, unyanzvi, kana kuti basa renzanga), inomirira vatevedzeri veIndian Union. Mitezo inobatira inoshamisa yamashoko amakore matanhatu, nechinhu chimwe chetatu chakarega makore maviri ari ose. Uku kupfuurira kunoreva Rajiya Sabha iimba yechigarire isingagoni kuparadzwa. Mutungamiriri weIndia anobatira saaupo - uteshio - Taiman weRajiya Sabbaha, nepo Seaderman anosarudzwa pakati pemitezo yayo.

Sarudzo isina kunanga yeRaje Sabba mumagungano ehurumende inovimbisa kuti nyika ine inzwi mumutemo wenyika inowirirana nevagari vemo. Mitezo yakadzorwa inounza zivo chaiyo kunharo dzeparamende. Rajiya Sabra inopa ndangariro yesangano nedzikamo, inodzivisa kudzorwa kwakakwana kweunyanzvi hwemitemo hunoitika muLok Sabba pashure pechisarudzo chose chose. Zvisinei, nemhaka yokuti Raja Sabha haatsi haatori rutivi mumiitiro yechivimbo, ine ndangariro huru yokuvara uye muvara shomanene muzvinhu zvakati.

Gadziriro Yomutemo: Muganhu Wokuita Mitemo

Sumo Nokurava Kwokutanga

Chibvumirano chepepa chinogona kutangwa muimba ipi neipi yeParamende, kunze kwemabhiri emari uye zvimwe zvikwereti zvemari, zvinofanira kutangwa muLok Sabha. Chikamu chekutanga, chinozivikanwa sokuverenga kwokutanga, chinobatanidza mutezo unotsvaka mvumo yokurisuma. Musoro wepepa unoraviwa, uye musi uno unogadzwa nokuda kwechinyorwa charo muGazette yeIndia. Pachikamu chino, hapana gakavaradziro pamusoro pezvakanakira pamutemo. Sumo yacho pachayo inogona kurwisana nevavariro yokuti pamutemo unova kunze kwechibvumirano chemitemo cheimba.

Kurava Kwechipiri: Kukura Kwokunzvera

Kurava kwechipiri idanho rinosarira zvikurusa regadziriro yemitemo. Mutemo unonzverwa kupfurikidza nechikamu chemitemo, uye mitezo inogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa. Chikamu ichi chinowanzobatanidza nhano nhatu: chokutanga, kurukurirano yavose panheyo dzemari; yechipiri, bhiriti rinonongedzerwa kudare rakasarudzwa, dare rinobatanidzwa redzimba dzose dziri mbiri, kana kuti rinoparadzirwa nokuda kwemurangariro wavose; uye chechitatu, dare rinorangarirwa kuva reginion. Chikamu chinokosha zvikuru, sezvo chinobvumira nokuda kwenzverwa kwakakwana nemitezo ine zivo chaiyo. Mishumo yeDare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inotungamirira kukuvandudza kukura uko kunokosha kwomutemo.

Kurava Kwechitatu Nokuchinja

Pashure pokurava kwechipiri, mutengo unopfuurira kumuravi wechitatu, apo kugadziridzwa kwemitemo kana kuti kwamashoko bedzi kunobvumirwa. Kukakavadzana kunoganhurirwa kukuti mutezo wacho unofanira kupfuudzwa kana kuti kurambwa. Kana voruzhinji vemitezo varipo uye vanovhota vachitsigira mutengi, unorangarirwa kuva wapfuudzwa neimba iyoyo. Mari inopfuudzwa kune imwe imba nokuda kwokurangarirazve. Rurimi runopfuudzwa naPrezidhendi nokuda kwedzimba dzose nokuda kwokubvumirwa pasi peChitegiso 111. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kubvumira, kudzosa, kudzosa, kana kudzorera chibvumirano chokurangarirazve (Pamberi nokuda kwemari). Kana dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzikarangarira ndokupfuudzazve bhiridzo, Purezidhendi anofanira kupa sokutumira.

Mitemo Yemari Nemitemo Yemari: Lok Sabhata Inodzorwa Nemari

Mutemo wezvemari unozivisa ukama hwesimba pakati pedzimba mbiri. Chikamu 110 chinorondedzera mari serinobata nemitero, kukwereta kwehurumende, Stockhood Fund yeIndia, kana kuti kudzorwa kwemari kubva kuRajiya Sabba. Mutauri weLok Sabha ane chiremera chokupedzisira chokudzora kana mari iri mari. Mari inogona kungotangwa bedzi muLok Sabba. Pashure pokunge Lok Sabha yapfuudza, mutengo unopfuudzwa kuRajiya Sabha, iyo inofanira kuidzosera mumazuva 14 kana kuti pasina zvikarakadzo. Lobha ingagamuchira kana kuti kuramba ipi neipi yeSabsha. Kana sha yakundikana kudzosesa pamutemo, mari yacho inopfuuyiswa mukati maguta acho ose ari maviri.

Iri basa rakaganhurirwa reRaje Sabra munhau dzemari rinoratidzira nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuti mutero nendyiko zvinofanira kudzorwa nenzvimbo yakasarudzwa zvakananga. Mari yegore negore, inobatanidza Bill yeMari neAppropriation Bill, inotevera uyu muitiro. Rajiya Sabha haagoni kupedza zvikwereti zvemari, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kukurukura ndokuita rumbidzo dzisingatsigiri. Iyi itvo dzinovimbisa kuti zvikarakadzo zvemari zvehurumende hazvigoni kuvharwa kana kuti kuchinjwa zvikuru nekamuri rapamutemo.

Nokuda kwezvikwereti zvemari zvisati zviri zvikwereti zvemari, zvakadai sezviya zvinobata nendyiko yeConoddy Fund isingafukidzwi neChikamu 110, Rajiya Sabha ine masimba akaenzana. iyi mitero inotevera muitiro wemitemo wavose, uye Rajiya Sabhaha inogona kuramba kana kuti kuzvipedza. Zvisinei, mukushanda, mutemo wemari wakawanda unoumbwa sezvikwereti zvemari kuti uvandudze kufamba nenzira inotsvedzerera nomuLokwasha.

Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro reMitemo: Basa Rinokosha Nokuda kweRaje Sabra

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo pasi peChikamu 368 kunoda mativi makuru chaiwo uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, kuvaka kunoitwa nevanogadza mitemo. Pano, Raja Sabha anofarikanya masimba akaenzana neLok Sabha. Chibvumirano chebumbiro remitemo chinogona kuiswa muimba ipi neipi uye chinofanira kupfuudzwa neyakawanda yemitezo yose yeimba imwe neimwe uye nevoruzhinji vemitezo inenge mitatu mbiri iripo nevhota. Kana Raja Sabba akaramba mutemo wemitemo, haigoni kuva mutemo, kunyange kana Lok Sab Sab ichizvipfuudza zvakare. Ikoku kunopa Rajiya Sabba sha ine simba pamusoro pechinjo yebumbiro remitemo.

Iri basa rakaenzana rinoratidzira vavariro yavavambi yokuti kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo kunofanira kuda bvumirano huru kudarika mutemo wakawanda. Raje Sabha, netsika dzayo dzehurumende nemitezo inozununguka, inogovera dzikamo uye kudzivisa mativi makuru ezvematongerwe enyika kuti asachinja gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo. Kugadziridza kunoda hurumende kugadziriswa (kwakadai seiya inotapura kuparadzirwa kwamasimba pakati peUnion nehurumende), inenge hafu yemitezo yehurumende inofanira kubvumirana kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo. Iyi nzira yakawanda inodzorwa inovimbisa kuti chinjo yebumbiro remitemo ive youne uye iratidzire tsinhirano yehurumende.

Kusabvumirana: Kushandisa Michina Inobatanidzwa

Kana dzimba mbiri dzikapesana pamutemo unozivikanwa, Chikamu 108 chinopa kuti pave nokugara pamwe chete kwedzimba dzose kuti vagadzirise ganda. Purezidhendi anogona kukumbira kuti pave nechikamu kana mutongo unenge wapfuudzwa neimwe imba, kana kuti kana dzimba dzacho dzisingabvumirani pakugadziriswa, kana kuti kana paine mwedzi mitanhatu inopfuura pasina mutemo unopfuudzwa nemba inogamuchirwa. Saunder of Lok Sabba, uye zvisarudzo zvinotorwa nevakawanda venhengo dzose dzedzimba dzinovapo uye dzinovhota.

Chichirangarirwa kuva chikuru zvikuru nechiverengero cheLok Sabha (543 mitezo inobatanidza 2 inoiswa muMaindia eAnglo - Inca, nemitezo 245 yeRajiya Sabhaha), Lok Sabhaha inowanzoshanda mumarusando akabatana. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa katatu bedzi munhau yeparamende yeIndia: nokuda kweTshingidzo yeDowry Probition Act (1961), Bank Service Repeal Bill (1988), uye Kudzivirira Urty Act (2002). Kupesana kwamarusaitirwo kwamativi ose kunoratidza kuti kusabvumirana kunoitwa kupfurikidza nokukurukura uye kubvumirana padanho iyi. Chityisidziro chedare chinowanzokurudzira dare RAmbwa kuti chisvikire pane kubvumirana pane kubvumirana pane kupesana.

Mabhiri eNhengo Dzavoga: Mukana Wokugoverana

Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinogovera mikana nokuda kwemitezo yavanhu voga (mitezo isiri vafundisi) kuti itange mutemo. Awa yokupedzisira yezuva rimwe nerimwe inochengeterwa bhizimisi remitezo yapachivande. Nepo zvikwereti zvizhinjisa zvemitezo yapachivande zvisati zvichiva mutemo, zvinobatira basa rinokosha kupfurikidza nokukwevera ngwariro kunhau idzo hurumende ingava iri kuregeredza. Kutoda musi, zvikwereti 14 bedzi zvemitezo yavanhu zvakaiswa mumutemo, chichangobva kuva Dare gurusa (Kukura kweCHONDOV) APRIMETE Juristicion) Act (1970). Pasinei zvapo neiyi mwero wokubudirira, muitiro unobvumira mitezo mimwe nemimwe kutora rutivi zvakananga mukuita mutemo uye kumutsa nhau dzeitiro dzavose.

Raje Sabba yakaona nhambo huru inoshingaira munhau mumutemo wemitezo yavanhu nemhaka yokuti mitezo yayo, isinganangi dzvinyiriro yevhoti, inogona kunangidzira ngwariro panhau dzenguva refu dzemiitiro. Kukatyamadzwa kwemitezo yaRaje Sabba kunorevawo kuti inogona kuronda nhano dzemitemo mumarusando akawanda pasina kudzokororwa kwesarudzo. Zvikwereti zvakatanhamara zvemitezo yomunhu oga izvo zvakawana ngwariro huru zvinobatanidza izvo zviri padziviriro yerusununguko rwavagari vemo, mirauriro yemhoteredzo, uye ruramisiro yenzanga.

Basa Rematare eParamende

Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinovimba zvikuru namatare eparamende kunzvera mutemo, kunzvera mabhajeti, uye kutungamirira chiito chavakuru vakuru. matare akamira, anosarudza matare, uye matare ebatanidzwa anoita basa rinokosha mumuitiro wemitemo. Department-Recommental Staliary Statiment Matare (DRSCs), akagadzwa muna 1993, anofukidza mibato yose uye anonzvera zvikwereti zvinonongedzerwa kwazviri. Matare aya chaizvoizvo anoumbwa nemitezo inobva mudzimba dzose, nomufananidzo wesimba rebato.

Matare anogovera nzvimbo yenzvero ine udzame iyo isingabviri pauriri hweimba. Anogona kudana zvapupu, zvinyorwa zvokukumbira, uye kunzwa chipupuriro. Gadziriro yedare yakawedzera zvikuru kunaka kwomutemo weIndia kupfurikidza nokubvumira nokuda kwenzvero yenyanzvi. Chibvumirano chinonongedzerwa kudare chinowana nzvero huru kupfuura imwe inokurukurwa pauriri bedzi. Matare anogona kukarakadza kugadziriswa kukuru, uye kurumbidzwa kwavo kunorema, kunyange zvazvo vasingasungirwi pahurumende. Gadziriro yedare inobetserawo kudzora basa remitemo, sezvo zvikwereti zvakawanda zvinogona kuongororwa panguva imwe chete.

Mitemowo Zvayo Yoga Inorwisana Nemabhiri Emari: Musiyano Unotambudza

Kurongwa kwezvikwereti semabhiri kwave kuri manyuko egakava rebumbiro remitemo. Kuwedzera kwehurumende kuvimba nenzira yemari yokufambisa mutemo wemitemo inokosha kwakadenhwa mumatare. Zvineiwo, Aadhaar Act (2016) uye mamwe mabasa emari ayo akagadziridza mitemo inopfuura mitero akapfuudzwa semari, achiganhurira Rajya Sabba's. Dare Rapamusoro rakanzvera kana kunyorwa kwepepa reSaper sericable, uye Dare rakaratidzira kuti cvractious kunogona kugadziriswa nokuda kwokuvakwa kwemitemo.

Chinyorwa chinosimbisa kusawirirana pakati pechishuvo chehurumende chokuita mitemo inobudirira nenzvimbo yebumbiro remitemo raRaje Sabha sekamuri rinodzosera. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kushandisa nzira yemari yokupfuudza nayo kuti ipfuure mutemo wemitemo inodzorwa nebutiro remitemo kunosekesa kunzvera kwemitemo. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pemitengo yemari kunopfuurira kuvapo, nerevo nokuda kwedzikamo yesimba pakati pedzimba mbiri.

Ordinances: Kupfuura Mitemo Yetsika

Chikamu 123 chinopa Purezidhendi simba rokuita mitemo paanenge asina kurongwa kana mamiriro ezvinhu achida chiito chokukurumidza. Mutemo une simba rimwe chetero neChiratidzo cheParamende asi unofanira kutenderwa nedzimba dzose dziri mbiri mukati mevhiki nhanhatu dzekudzorwa kweParamende. Kana imba ipi neipi ikaramba mutemo wacho, haishandi. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira mukuru mukuru kuisa mitemo pamamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, asi inogona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kufuratira kuongorora paramende.

Basa raRaje Sabra mukuhwirudzura mitemo rinokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti rinogovera nzvero pachiito chavakuru vakuru chinoitwa mukati menhambo yeparamende. Rajiya Sabba anogona kuramba mutemo, achimanikidzira hurumende kuusiya kana kuti kuusuma semutemo wenguva dzose. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nzira yemitemo yakashandiswa kazhinji kazhinji, ichimutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuderera kwoutarisiri hwemitemo. Rajiya Sabba'i kugadzika kunoreva kuti inogona kuhwirudzura mitemo kunyange apo Lok Sabhaha yaparadzwa, ichigovera kupfuurira muutariri hwemitemo.

Zvinhu Zvinoshanda: Kushandira Pamwe uye Kusawirirana

Mubasa, ukama hwokushanda pakati peLok Sabha neRaja Sabha hunoumbwa nezvinhu zvamatongerwe enyika. Apo boka rimwe chetero kana kuti mubatanidzwa unodzora dzimba dzose dziri mbiri, bhizimisi remitemo rinopfuurira zvakanaka. Zvisinei, apo mapoka akasiana - siana anodzora dzimba mbiri, Rajiya Sabhaha inowanzova nzvimbo inopesana nemitemo yehurumende. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukudzorwa kwemitemo, kunonozeka, uye pomero dzechidzoreso. Mano ehurumende okuronga marusaitirwo emitemo nemasimba echikwata cheRejaya Sabbaha anova anokosha mumigariro yakadaro.

Basa reRaje Sabra sekamuri rokugadziridza rinoshanda zvikurusa apo rinopa gadziridzo dzinovaka panzvimbo pechishoro chakakura. Mumakore apfuura, Rajiya Sabhaha yakaita betsero dzinokosha kumutemo pakudzivirira mhoteredzo, maruramiro avanhu, uye nhau dzehurumende. Gadziriro yedare rakaita mishumo yakaumbwa kudarika zvisarudzo zvomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Kuchinja kwakakomba kweRapya Sabhaha kunoreva kuti kuumbwa kweimba kugadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, kugovera dzikateko uye kudzivirira nhevedzano yakamwe kamwe musimba remitemo.

Mugumisiro: Ukoshi Husingaperi Hwokusada Kutsigira Zvenyika

Kubatana pakati peLok Sabba neRajiya Sabha ichinhu chakasanogadzirirwa chegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yeIndia. Lok Sabha inogovera maruramiro edemokrase kupfurikidza nesarudzo yakananga uye inodzora mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza namavhoti echivimbo. Rajiya Sabba inogovera kuratidzirwa kwehurumende, kupfuurira kwesangano, uye chikuva chedare nokuda kwokunzvera kwomutemo kwakakwana. Pamwe chete, vanovimbisa kuti mitemo inoitwa nezvose zviri zviviri tsigiro yakakurumbira uye kurangarira kwokungwarira.

Kushanda kwetsika ino kunotsamira padzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinosimbisa mabasa adzo ebumbiro remitemo padzinoremekedza miganhu yakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo. Ukuru hweLok Sabha munhau dzemari nechivimbo hunodzikamiswa nebasa rakaenzana mugadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo nemabasa aro. Sangano rinopa vazhena yokudzivirira kupedza mavhinga asingakanganisi mavhudzi pamutemo. Sezvo democracy yeIndia inokura, ukama pakati pedzimba dzayo mbiri dzeparamende ichapfuurira kushanduka, kuumbwa namasvosvosvosve, kushandura kwama kwezvematongerwe enyika, uye zvinodikanwa zvenzanga yakaoma kunzwisisa.

  • Drect vs. Kusarudza kwakananga: Lok Sabha akasarudzwa zvakananga navanhu, nepo Rajiya Sabhaha inosarudzwa nemitemo yehurumende, ichigovera zvimiro zvakasiyana zvoutongi hwehurumende.
  • [ Masimba ezvemari: mari yechikwereti inobva bedzi muLok Sabhaha, uye Rajiya Sabha ane nguva yakaganhurirwa (mazuva 14) kuita rumbidzo dzisingasungi.
  • Hurumende: dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzine masimba akaenzana, anoda zvivako zvikuru chaizvo muimba imwe neimwe, kuchipa Rajiya Sabra chipfuro pamusoro pechinjo yebumbiro remitemo.
  • Chisarudzo chaMany reProm: marusando eMitemo pasi peChikamu 108 anopedza kusabvumirana pamutemo wenguva dzose, Lok Sabba yakapararira zvikurukuru nemhaka youkuru hwenhamba.
  • Permanence: Rajiya Sabha iimba yechigarire ine sarudzo dzinozunguzirwa, dzinovimbisa kupfuurira, nepo Lok Sabha anokwanisa kuparadzwa makore mashanu ari ose.
  • Kuzvidavirira kunorevererwa: Lok Sabha bedzi haigoni kupfuura miitiro yokuzvivimba ndokuita kuti hurumende izvidavirire nokuda kwokupukunyuka kwayo.
  • System yeCommittee:[[FL:1] matare eparamende akabatana ane mitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri anogovera cherechedzo ine udzame yemitemo nomuitiro.
  • Ordinance Review: Dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinofanira kutendera mirairo mukati mamavhiki matanhatu okudzorwazve; mamiriro ezvinhu enguva dzose eRajiya Sabhaha anoibvumira kuhwirudzura mitemo kunyange mukati menhambo yeLoka Sabhaha.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pegadziriro yebungaralism muIndia, nzvera repartement , Constitution yeIndia[, uye nzvera ne [[FLT:] PRS]GISIS REFLITIVEC [[ pamiitiro yeparamende.