Kunzwisisa Kushatisa: Chishandiso Chokudzora

Nzvero dzokunzvera dzamabudiro dzinomirira imwe yemitoo inonyengera zvikurusa uye inopanikirika mutsika mukutsigira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusafanana nenzvero dzapamutemo dzinotsvaka kuyera murangariro wavose, kumanikidza nzvero dzakarongedzerwa kudzora vapindwi kupfurikidza nokuvapa mashoko ane revo kana kuti enhema munyengedzero. Muitiro wapakati wakananga: mukumbidzi anobvunza nhevedzano yemibvunzo inoiswa panzvimbo yapanyuko yamanomanomano kana kuti inosunda nomutoo wakakomba kupindura murangariro wakafanotaurwa navose. Iyi runhare haisi nzvero; idzo dzamabhiza anofukidzwa sechikamuromenderwa. Shoko rokuti "push" rimene rakavamba muma 1990, asi muitiro unowirirana zvikuru, e-kare, unotaura nenzira inowirirana nefoni nefoni inokwendedzero yorunhare uye inokwendeka.

Pamwoyo yavo, kunzvera kunosunda kunoshandisa nheyo huru yendangariro: tapurowo zvayo yokufumura. Apo munhu anonzwa kutaura kwakaipa kunodzokororwa mumashoko akapoteredza e "Doro," kutaura kwacho kunowana kuva kwekuvimbwa nemhaka bedzi yokuti kuri kubvunzwa pamusoro pako. Ikoku kunoparira daro rine ngozi mundangariro yomuvhoti, kutsigisa mashoko enhema kana kuti akakatutsirwa sechimwe chinhu chokurangarira. Muvhoti haasati achiitira hanya izvo mhinduro dzinopindura; vavariro ndeyokudyara mbeu dzepanikiro, hasha, kana kuti kutya kuchatapura zvisarudzo zvomuvhoti womunguva yemberi.

Kuoma Kwomubvunzo Wokufurira

Kuvhota kwamagamuchidzanwa kunoshandisa kusatora rutivi, kutaura kwakadzikama. Somuenzaniso: [[FLT: 0]] Ungawana sei kuti mubati wemari yehurumende? Zvakanaka zvikuru, zvakanaka, zvakanaka, varombo?. Kuvhota kwokumanikidzira, zvisinei, kuchabvunza: " Awapright kana kuti kashoma zvikuru kuvhotera Senator Smith kana uchiziva kuti anovhotera kukwidza mitero pamhuri nhatu dzepakati? .

Unyanzvi hunowanzoshandiswa hunosanganisira:

  • Mutauro wakagadzirwa: Mashoko akafanana "akashata," "amota," kana kuti "nengozi" anopinzwa mumibvunzo kumhinduro yemirangariro yemirangariro.
  • Nzvimbo dzenhema: Mibvunzo inoreva maidi asingabvumidzwi, zvakadai se: [[FT:2]]" Unofunga kuti kubata kwaX kwouipi hwemari kwakanga kusina kururama here? apo pasina utsotsi.
  • Kurega kuita chinhu: mavara akashata bedzi omushori anodudzwa, apo zviitwa zvavo zvinofuratirwa.
  • [[FT:0] Kutaurwa kwedenho: mibvunzo mizhinji inosimbisa musoro mumwe chetewo wakaipa kubva kumativi akasiyana, kufadza anogamuchira neshoko.

Mienzaniso Yezvakaitika Kare uye Yechokwadi

Nzvero dzevhozhokero dzemabudire hadzisi chinhu chitsva. Nepo chimiro chazvo chazvino uno chakapararira muma 1990 nokukwira kwamarobhoti namareki, shanduro dzapakuvamba dzakaoneka munhepfenyuro nokudhindwa. Somuenzaniso, mukati mema1930, nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakashandisa "nzvero dzemabhurokero etsika" idzo dzakashatisa namaune kubudisa misoro yenhau yakanaka. Zvisinei, mashoko okuti "nzvero yechipurushi" yakakurumbira mukati me 1996 Republicarian Prifirimicm, apo nhinhiration yakashandisa kunzvera kuparadzira ruzha pamusoro poupenyu hwomunhu oga.

Imwe yenhau dzakakurumbira zvikurusa dzakaitika mukati me 2000 South Carolina Republican yokutanga, umo George W. Bush akapomerwa kushandisa nzvero kuti akarakadze kuti John McCaine akanga abereka mwana asina pamutemo (kutaura kwenhema). Gare gare, muna 2004, nhimbe yeU.S. Mutungamiriri Tom Daschle akaitirwa basa rokumukwidziridza nhema kumapoka echitsotsi. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, mukati me 2020 U.S., vhoti yakashuma kuti yakagamuchira runhare rwakabvunzwa: [[FLT: 0]" kudai waiziva Joe Biden aipomerwa uori nedare redare, waizomuvhotera? kunyange zvazvo pasina pomero yakadaro yakaitwa nedare ripi nero.

Kunze kweUnited States, nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa dzakacherekedzwa muUnited Kingdom, Canada, Australia, uye India. Muna 2019, sarudzo yehurumende yeCanada yakaona zvikamu zvakanyepedzera kuva zvinobva kuEcostations Canada asi zvomenemene zvaiva nokutaura kwakaipa pamusoro pechinyorwa chemhoteredzo yomunzvero. Rutanda rumwe ndirwo runosunda nzvero dzinoshanda zvikurusa mumijaho yapedyo kana kuti mhoteredzo dzakaderera, umo chikamu chiduku muzana chavavhoti chinogona kudzorwa namashoko mamwe asina kunaka.

Tsvene yepakunyudza: nokuda kwokunyudza zvikuru mu 2000 South Carolina kusunda gakava renzvero, ona Shashington Post ya 2000 [.

Nzvimbo Dzavachena Nedzepamutemo

Nzvero dzevhota dzinovapo munzvimbo yamajenya. muUnited States, hadzisi pamutemo pagore, nokuti First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza nzira dzokunyengera, chero bedzi dzisingachinji mukurumbira kana kuti kunyengera. Zvisinei, hurumende dzakawanda dzine mitemo inoda kuzivikanwa kana kuti kuziviswa kuti danidzo ndeyehondo. Federal Commissions (FCC) inodzivisa kuridza mhetezo dzemotokari kuruwa kutoti mugamuchiri akabvumira, asi runhare rwemasero yezvamatongerwe enyika runoganhurirwawo pasi peSangano reChemhemhem. Asi inosunda vashanyi kuti foni dzePrefywos commeter shations kana kuti "lives ref res remords remotemmist inters, inoita kumanikidza kuendesa kuronzevera.

Nenzira inopesana, nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa dzinoshurikidzwa namasangano ezvokunzvera enyanzvi. The American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) inoshora zvakajeka nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa, ichidudza kuti idzo hadzisati dziri nzvero" uye "dzinofanira kushumwa kuzviremera zvakarurama". Vanamazano vazhinji vezvamatongerwe enyika vanodzidzivisawo, vachitya kana vakafumurwa. Asi mukushanda, rudzi rusingazivikanwi rwerunhare nechinetso chokudzinyora kudzokera kumuvambi unobvumira nhimbe dzokuvata kubatira kuvhotera nokuzvidavirira kuduku.

Michina Inokonzera Kushatisa Kwepfungwa

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nzvero dzokumanikidzira dzichibudirira, munhu anofanira kunzvera mirangariro yendangariro. muuyo wezvokwadi ine simba zvikuru: kuratidzirwa kunodzokororwa kukutaura – kunyange kwenhema - kunowedzera bviro yokuti munhu achakudavira. Kunzvera kunoshanda ikoku kupfurikidza nokupa "chibvumirano" (kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji) mumubvunzo, ipapo kubvumira mhinduro kukuita. Gare gare, kunyange kana vachiramba kunzvera, yeuko ye "fact" inosara. Icho chikonzero nei kupesvedzera kuchishanda zvikuru pakusima mashoko akaipa pasina kuraira chaangada kuidzira.

Imwe nzira ndi shatiso yemitero. Vanhu vanopa ngwariro huru kumashoko akaipa kupfuura mashoko akanaka kana kuti asina kubatana. Kunzvera kunosunda kunobvunza, " Ungagona kutsigira gadziriro yaX yokusimudza mitero?? – kunyange kana chirongwa chisipo - zvinoisa sangano rakaipa mundangariro yovota. Kungodudzwa kwokukwidza mitero kunova chikanganiso chakabatanidzwa kumuvhoti.

Mukuwedzera, nzvero dzinomanikidzira kushandiswa kuderedza utsotsi. Mubvunzo wokutanga munhevedzano unogona kuisa chibatiso chinopesvedzera mhinduro dzose dzinotevera. Kana nzvero yokusunda ikatanga ne, " Unobvuma here kuti chinyorwa chokuvhotera chaY hachina kusimba nenzira ine ngozi? , muvhoti zvino akanamatira kumugariro wakaipa. Kunyange kana mibvunzo yakazovapo gare gare isiri youteveri, chibatiso chevhotera chapauro.

Tsvakaro: Muuyo wendangariro wokudzokorora pachitendero unosanozivikanwa. Ona peji yeWripedia pamiuyo yezvokwadi yenhema[ nokuda kwepfupiso yefundo huru.

Kudzivisa Kufunga Nezvenhema Kunokonzerwa Nenyaya Dzinonetsa

Nyaya yapakuvamba inotsinhira nenzira yakarurama kuti nzvero dzokumanikidzira dzinoshandiswa kutsausa, asi urwu rutivi runofanirwa newedzero huru. Mukurukurirano ine mufungo, "Kunyima kumira mberi" chishandiso chenhau chakakurumbira. Apo muda kukumbira anoda kudzivisa kukurukura vhoti, muitiro, kana kuti mhaka yakaipa, vanogona kushandisa nzvero inosunda kumanikidza vanobudisa nhau uye chishoro kuti vasarudze kupomedze pomero yenhema kana kuti nhau inoitwa. Ichi chimiro che [ chisungo chezvamatongerwe enyika : mushori anonzwa achigombedzerwa kuramba kutaura kwenhema, uko kunochengeta kutaura kwenhema munhetembo yenhau.

Somuenzaniso, mukati mekurukurirano pamusoro pechinjo yezvoutano, nhimbe ingasunda kunzvera kubvunza mibvunzo yakadai: " Waiziva here kuti gadziriro yeSanisi rezvoutano raJones yaizocheka betsero nokuda kwavakuru? (kumonya kana kuti nhema chaidzoidzo). Nhimbe yaSenator inofanira ipapo kupedza nguva nepfuma kubvisa nhema, nepo nhau yapakuvamba yerecurecuty ichadzikira padariro. Vatori venhau, vanoda zvikuru nokuda kwerwisano, kufukidza mutevedzero shure nepo nepomero. Muuyo: zvinosara pamusoro pezvidikaro chaizvoizvo zvoutano.

Iyi nzira yevaraidzo inoshanda nemhaka yebasa re rekugadzira zvinobudisa nhau. Vanhu vanowanzofunga pamusoro pezvinobudisa nhau. Kana kupesvedzera kuparira gakava, gakava iroro rinova nhau. Nhimbe youchenjeri inogona nokudaro kuvhozhokera nhevedzano yenhau kupfurikidza nokupinza nhema dzinonyandura mumhoteredzo.

Kuongorora Vara: Kuchinja Kunoita Zvemari

Muna 2010, mukati mesarudzo dzenguva yeU.S., vanoda kutora nokuda kwechiito cheDemocratic vakawanda vakatarisana nenzvero dzakabvunzwa: " Ungadai wave nomukana wakatonyanya kuvhota nokuda kwoMumiririri X kana waunoziva kuti avhotera pasuru yepachinonyandura iyo yakapambadza mabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora omutero? Chikamu chinonyandura (American Revorence and Reinstmentment Act) chakapfuudzwa muna 2009 kurwisa Great Recession. Nepo nyanzvi dzezvemari yezvokushambadza kuidza kwaishayisa basa setsviridzo yakachena. Chinetso chaifanira kuva mugariro chaiwoiwo kuva mamiriro ezvinhu ezvemari nechisiko. Panzvimbo pezvo, kurukurirano yakaitwa ku "kupedza kupedza kutsarasika mirangariro". Miteshi yemite yezve yemiteo yezve yemari yakasvika, GDP)

Nenzira yakafanana, nzvero dzokumanikidzira dzave dzichishandiswa kutsausa ngwariro pakutarisira utano. Nhimbe inoda kudzivisa kurukurirano pamusoro pemigariro isati yavapo ingashandisa nzvero yokusunda kunangidzira ngwariro pangano ye "rufu" yakaitwa, seyakaitika muhondo yokuchinja kwoutano ya2009-2010. Shoko rokuti "rufu" rakaumbwa uye rakaparadzirwa kupfurikidza nokusunda nzira dzokunzvera, kuchinjira kuti vatsigiri vokuvandudza vadzivirire nhema, nepo nhau chaiyoiyo – kufutunura - yaidzokororwa.

Kunetseka Nezvakatipoteredza Kunopera

Nhau dzemhoteredzo dzinotapurwa zvikurukuru kusunda nzvero nemhaka yokuti kazhinji kazhinji dzinobatanidza kushambadza kwesayenzi nekwezvemari. Nhimbe inopesana nokuvhota karbon ingatsigira nzvero inobvunzirwa: " Ungagona kutsigira mutero wecarbon uyo ungakwidza mabhiri ako esimba pagore? Chitsama chacho chinowanzokwidzwa kana kuti chakavakirwa pazvinoitika zvakashata. Murangariro wacho unotara somutengo wakananga, uchifuratira betsero dzenguva refu dzokuderedza kubudisa zvinhu. Munguvayo, kurukurirano inodzokororwa pamusoro pechipameso checarbon, maketi, uye miitiro yemisikasagadzirwa haitongoitwi.

Iyi inharo yakaisvonaka: kuchinja ngwariro kubva patyisidziro iripo yemhengamiro yenzvimbo ndokufunganyo yemari yenguva pfupi. Nzvero inosunda inopa funganyo, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinofukidza "bvudzi" pamusoro pezvikwereti zvakakwirira, kwete chinodikanwa chemhoteredzo.

Kuziva Nokurwisa Kushatisa Kwebasa

Kuvanhu vanovhota, vadzidzisi, uye vatori venhau, kuziva kuongorora kwokumanikidza inhano yokutanga mukuisa simba rakwo murutivi.

  • Mibvunzo haisati iri isina husaro. Ine zvitsama zvisaririra zvakadai se “kuoma,”“ kusinganzverwi,” “chifananidzo,” kana kuti “chinyakare.
  • [ Mibvunzo inogovera mashoko asina kukumbirwa. Kuvhota kwapamutemo hakukuudzi izvo mutengi akaita; kunobvunza murangariro wako pakutanga.
  • Nzvero yacho ipfupi zvikuru (inowanzova 2-4 mibvunzo). Nzvero dzepfungwa chaidzoidzo kazhinji kazhinji dzine mibvunzo 10-15 yokuunganidza mashoko ane revo.
  • Muridzi werunhare haazivi kuti vanomiririrei. Vavhotamisi veLegitmate vachazivisa femu yavo kana kuti mutengi (umh., “pamutsivi weUniversity of X”). Vanzveri vanokwevera mari kazhinji kazhinji vanotaura kuva vanobva ku“kambani yenzvero” kana kuti vanorembedza apo vanomanikidzirwa.
  • [ Kuridza runhare kwacho hakuzivikanwi kana kuti hakudziyiwi. Hapana nhamba yokudzokerwa kudzoka kunogoverwa, kana kuti nhamba yacho yakavharwa.

Kana ukagamuchira danidzo yakadaro, usapinda. Usangopindura mibvunzo, nemhaka yokuti kunyange kunyarara kwako kunogona kushandiswa semashoko navamwe vashandisi vasina tsika. Muudze danidzo kuFederal Commission (FCC) muU.S., kana kuti mudzori werudzi rwako akafanana. Kuwedzera, cherekedza nguva noudzame hupi nohupi hunozivikanwa.

Nhimbe dzokurava nokunyora dzinobudiswa dzinogona kudzidzisa vanhu pamusoro pomusiyano pakati pokuvhota kwapamutemo nokusunda nzvero. Zvikoro, masangano ehurumende, uye mabudiro enhau zvinofanira kubatanidza uyu musoro muzvinhu zvawo zvokuvhotera. Vavhoti vakawanda pavanonzwisisa mutambo wacho, kuoma kwacho kunobva kwavawo.

Basa Remasangano Anoongorora Zvinhu

Vacherekedzi veidi vazvimiriri, vakadai sePolitiFact.C.C.org, uye Snopes, kazhinji kazhinji vanofumura zviri mukati zvokusundira. Apo nzvero yokusunda inosuma kutaura kwenhema, maidi anogona kukudzima, uye nhimbe dzinogona kushandisa mabudi iwayo kuvhota. Somuenzaniso, kana kunzvera kukurudzira “X coverdate kuti acheke betsero dzavarwi,” nhimbe inogona kubudisa nenzira inobudirira kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kupfuudza denho, kuchiita kuti muvhozhekeri wenhema aderedzere kuendesa shoko rokuvhotera. Ikoku kunonzi [[FLT:] rondedzerocroocwo [[FLT]]

Tsvene: Nokuda kwemienzaniso yezvikarakadzo zvenzvero zveidi zvinocherekedzwa, ona FactC.org's 2020 pamusoro peBiden inonzvera.

Kubatsira Kunoita Hurukuro Yehurumende

Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwenzvero dzinomanikidzira kunoderedza chivimbo muzvose zviri zviviri masangano okunzvera nezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo ruzhinji runogamuchira runhare runonyepedzera kuva nzvero asi runotaura mashoko enhema, ivo vanova vanotsoropodza pamusoro penzvero dzose. Ikoku kunotungamirira kukuderera kwemhinduro nokuda kwenzvero dzapamutemo, idzo dzinoderedzawo kururama kwemashoko avose. Democracy inotambura apo vaiti vemiteopuko havagoni kunzwisisa icho muvhoti anoda zvirokwazvo.

Nzvero dzinovhota dzinoshatisawo musika wepfungwa. Panzvimbo pokukwikwidzana pamipimo inofanirwa, nhimbe dzinokwikwidzana pamano okusima nhema. Ikoku kunoparira nhangemutange kusvikira kumusoro: nhimbe imwe inoshandisa nzvero, murwi anonzwa achimanikidzirwa kutsiva, uye nhambo yose yesarudzo inova mutambo wenhema. Voters anova mutambo wokusarudza. Vanoona zvematongerwe enyika semushonga wenhema. Turnout ingaderera, uye kunaka kwokuderera kwehurumende.

Uyezve, kuvhota kwokumanikidzira kunotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vavhoti vane bviro shomanene yokunzvera idi kana kuti kudzivisa zvikumbiro zvemirangariro. Ikoku kunopa betsero isina kururama kunhimbe dzinozvishandisa, zvikurukuru mumadzinza akasimba umo mativi mashomanene ezvikamu anogona kusarudza muuyo. Mutoo wacho nokudaro unosekesa nheyo yomunhu mumwe, vhoti, kupfurikidza nokupinza vhoti pamwero womunhu mumwe.

Kuedza Kutungamirira uye Kutungamirira Kwenguva Yemberi

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaita nhano dzokumisa kunzvera. Mitemo yeSarudzo yeCanada inoda kuziviswa kwesangano seri kweshanyo dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye CRTC (Canadia Radia Radio-tec ne Tetration Commission) yakashusha makambani nokuda kwenhetembo dzinonyengera. Australia ine mitemo yakafanana pasi peSpam Act neTeTRUGNE Act. MuU.S., hurumende yehurumende haina kudzvinyirira zvakananga kumanikidza kuvhotera kwapa, asi Supreme Court’s 2021 yeIs inodzipa, asi inoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kusuapukira nemhaka yezvapamba. Dzimwe nguva dzinodaidza kuti mitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika iparadzirwe, asi idzo dzinodzo dzamatongerwe nokuda kwe [FLTLTC v. LLC.[FLTC.1]

Ruzivo rwemichina runogovera zvose zviri zviviri zvigadzikiso nedenho. Kuridza magetsi maturusi anogona kuronda nhamba dzakati, uye maapps akadai seRobo Killer naNomorobo blick blicks. Zvisinei, vanzveri vari kuchinjika kupfurikidza nokushandisa inzwi-pamusoro-IP (VoIP) uye runhare rwenguva pfupi rwusinganzverwi. Mutambo wekati-na-mouse unopfuurira.

Vatori venhau vanofanira kuongorora uye kushuma nezvokumanikidza kuongorora, vachipa mazita anenge aita basa panenge zvichibvira. Vapi zano vezvematongerwe enyika vanofanira kumanikidzwa kuomerera kutsika, sedziya dzakarongwa neAmerican Association of Political Concators (AAAPC). VaVoter vanofanira kudzidziswa kuramba vasina chokwadi uye kushuma shanyo dzinonyumwirwa.

Hudururwa

Nzvero dzechimbichimbi ichishandiswa chekurukurirano chinonyepedzera kuva chinounganidza mirangariro asi chaizvoizvo chinoparadzira mashoko ane revo kana kuti enhema. Basa razvo guru, kazhinji kazhinji, nderokutsausa ngwariro yavose kubva panhau duku dzinoparira kukwikwidzana kunoitwa. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa mirangariro yemirangariro yakafanana nemuuyo wezvokwadi yenhema nechero yezvakashata, zvinogona kuumba mifungo inovhota pasina ukoshi uye isingazivikanwi. Mienzaniso yenhau inobva kuU. S. Sarudzo, zvamatongerwe enyika zveCanada, uye dzimwe hurumende dzinoratidzira kuti unyanzvi inopfuurira uye hunokuvadza. Nepo mirariro yemitemo nemitemo ichiripo, mutoro unoramba uripo. Vavhotera, vadzidzi, uye zvinobudisa mashoko kuti zvizivise kunzvera nokusimudzira pesvedzero yavo. Zvigaro zvokuda kuona nokusimudzira kufunga kwadzokororo.