Nzira Yokudzivirira Nayo Kodzero Dzenyika: Kudzivirira Kuduku Kunosarudzwa

Bill of Rights (Zvekugadziridzwa kwegumi zvokutanga kuBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.(Zvekare) yakanyorerwa pakuvamba kuvhara hurumende yehurumende bedzi. United States yakanga yakasununguka kufuratira zvipikirwa izvozvo kutoti mabumbiro avo emitemo akagovera dziviriro dzakafanana. Mukaha uyu wakapa tyisidziro yakakomba kumapoka maduku, ayo aiwanzotarisana nerusaruro paruwa nenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo. Muzana ramakore rapfuura, Dare Rapamusoro rakavhara mukaha iwoyo nomudzidziso yapamutemo inonzi kusarudza kubatanidzwa kwechipo [, ichiita kuti Bill of Rights regority kuruwa kupfurikidza neGratimendment. Chirongwa ichi chazova chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa nokuda kwokudzivirira maruramiro mashomanene muAmerica, kuvimbisa kuti rusununguko rusati rune chokuita nehurumende chomunzvimbomo chomunzvimbomo.

Kusarudza hachisi chinoitika chimwe asi muitiro wenhau nekaseti. Dare rinobvunza kana maruramiro akati ari “mupfungwa yerusununguko rwakarairwa” kana kuti“ kurangarira gadziriro yedare reAmerica yeruramisiro.” Kana kuri, kodzero inobatanidzwa ndokusunga nyika. Kusafanana nehwerengedzo inotemwa nekamwe chete. Chisarudzo chakasarudzwa chinobvumira Dare kuyera ukoshi hwerudyi. Kushandisa uku kwamaune kwakawedzera uriri hwedziviriro nokuda kwevaduku munyika yose, kubva pakutaura kwakasununguka negungano kuenda kumasangano emapurisa nedziviriro yeutsotsi.

Kubva paBarron Kusvika PaGitlow: Genesi Womubatanidzwa Wokusarudza

Nhau yacho inovamba ne Barron v. Baltimore (168), umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akadavira kuti Bill of Rights yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Kwamakumi amakore pashure, hurumende ingagona kutaura kuvhozhokera, kana kuti kuramba matare edare redare asingaputsi mutemo wehurumende. Pashure peHondo yeChivil, Genetic Amendment (168) yakasuma Mutengi weClassie [[[FLT:] Bat Procession Claus [: “Hapana Hurumende ipi neipi ichanyima munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro womutemo." Makore, Dare gurusaidzo rakadzivisa kushandisa iyi kodzero dzaMaganhu eGene inotyira, yaizosha.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya mu Gitlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow, musocialist, akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo weutsotsi weNew York wokuparadzira kapepa kanonzi Leall Wing Happle Misdow[[FLT]]]. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kupwirira kwake asi, nomutoo wakakomba, rakazivisa kuti “panguva ino tingafunga kuti rusununguko rwokutaura nerwokudhinda rinodzivirirwa nePereji inotangira paChibvumirano cheFirst Reformation kubva kuBridmentmentament neRecordmentations Reacers, dzinongodzorwa bedzi neRevicers, dzinova dzinoteswa nedzikwa nedziri dzeGwaro.

Kusarudza Kunoita Michina Yokushandisa: Kuedza Rusununguko Kwakarongerwa

Dare rashandisa nzvero huru mbiri kusarudza kana maruramiro anofanira kuiswa murutivi. Yokutanga, yakajekeswa mu Palko v.Connecticut (1937], inobvunza kana maruramiro ari “mumurangariro werusununguko rwakarongwa” zvokuti“ gadziriro yeruramisiro yakajeka nejekeswa ingava isingabviri pasina iyo. Mupimo uyu, Dare raibatanidza kutaura kweFirst Amendment, dhinda, uye gungano, dziviriro yeDramende yeChina pakunzvera kusina mufungo, uye chibvumirano cheFind frate complete chinokungedzerwa. Chirangiro chetso chetso chetsono chetsoro. Chechipiri, mupimo chikuru chakabuda [FFOLD] v.[5] Louisiana: [1968]

Kusarudza kunosarudza kunosarudzwa nenzira chaiyo nemhaka yokuti kunobvumira Dare kurangarira ukoshi hwekodzero kurusununguko rwomunhu nedziviriro duku. Somuenzaniso, kodzero yeFindremendment kumhosva huru yedare rinobetsera vatongi pamberi pokutonga yakarangarirwa kuva isina kutenderwa uye isingatongopinzwa. Panguva ino, kodzero inorwisana yoga yoga] [ yakabatanidzwa mu [[FLT:] Malmy v. [FLT] [12] [1964]]), nhau iyo inotapura zvakananga dzinza ravanhu vanomanikidzwa kuzivisa namapurisa ehurumende. Muitiro wacho ndiwo ruramisiro: chitarisiko mumuitiro wenhau, mipimo yenguva inotevedzero, uye ngozi chaiwo.

Kudzivirira Manzwi Maduku: Kuchinja Kunoita Kuchinja

Magungano Akasununguka

First Amendment ibwero redacism. Pashure pa Gitlow[, Dare rakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma, dare rinopinza kutaura, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Mu Denge v. Oregon [1937] [1937], Dare rakarova pamutemo wehurumende inopinza mudare reKomonisi utsotsi pamusangano weKomonisiti, richiita kuti kodzero yegungano rine rugare “sokuzivikanwa senzira yedu youpenyu sekodzero yokutaura kwakasununguka." Uku kudzivirira uku kwakabvumira mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika maduku kuti aronge pasina kutya kurangwa kwehurumende. [FLT] [FLD] ACP] v [FFF 55], [195], kudzivirira Dare redare reNaCM, kudzivirira matare, kudzoseranwa , kugona kudzorwa pamutemo.

Kushandisa Rudzidziso Kwakasununguka

Marudzidziso mashoma akabetserwawo. Mu Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), Dare rakabatanidza Free Express Claus, richibvumira Zvapupu zvaJehovha kuparadzira mabhuku orudzidziso pasinei zvapo nomutemo wehurumende. [[FLT:]] Shertbert v. Verner[FLT] [63] [1963]), Dare rakashandisa muedzo wapachena wokushanda kuSouth Carolina, kurambwa kwourovhaka kwamabasa kwapamubayiro wezuva reSandendi uyo anoramba kushanda paChitanhatu. Nepo zviitiko zvapashure zvakafanana . Smith [FLT] [FFFFF:] (1990]), rakavandika muedzo wechitendero, rinovimbisa kuti kuwanikwa nevoruzhinji muudzo dzechitendero chisariranwa.

Kudzivirira Vadziviriri Vaduku: Kusarurama Kwematsotsi

Kubatanidzwa kwokusarudza kwave kuchinyanyokomba nokuda kwezvishomanene zvedzinza nezvemari mugadziriro youtsotsi. Warren Court (1953 -1969) yakavandudza muitiro woutsotsi, ichibatanidza miuyo mizhinji yokudzivisa miitiro yehurumende yokubata zvisina kufanira.

Mutemo weExclussionary: Mapp v. Ohio (1861)

Mu [[FLT: 0]] Wolf v. Colorado (1949), Dare rakanga rataura kuti dziviriro yeFrene Amendment yedare reChinei yaishandiswa kuhurumende dzisina mufungo [ iri munheyo[, asi yakaramba kuda hurumende kubvisa ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo. Yakaita gadziriro yeruramisiro yembiri: vashomanene mudare rehurumende vakatora mutemo wetsika, asi avo vaiva mudare rehurumende havana. Ohio mapurisa Dollree Map’s, anotsvaka kuvhozvurwa, uye kuwanikwa zvinhu zvinonyadzisa. Iye akawawakwa pane ufakazi ihwohwo. Dare gurusairu, rinoshandura mutemo unodzorwa mu [FFFoctal].[5]

Kururama kuzano: Gideon v. Wainwright[ (1963)

Clarence Earl Gideon, murume murombo ane dzidzo yechishanu, akapomerwa kupinza muimba yedziva muFlorida. Akakumbira gweta; hurumende yakaramba nemhaka yokuti Florida bedzi inopiwa zano rakagadzwa nokuda kwemhosva dzerufu. Iye akazvidzivirira amene ndokuwanwa mhaka. Dare gurusa rakataura kuti kodzero yeSikisith Amendment yaikosha uye yakabatanidzwa mudare re 145 . “Lawyers mumatare outsotsi ndiro rinodikanwa, kwete zvoumbozha, . Mutongi Black akanyora. [[FLT:] Gideon] migumisiro yakavandudzwa zvikuru nokuda kwemaga yomugariro muduku akatarisana nokusungwa; pasina kusungwa.

Dziviriro paUmene-Kuzviparadzanisa: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Manda nyevero dzinoti “Iwe une maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara” (Iwe une Dare rinongodikanwa bedzi nemhaka yokuti Dare rakabatanidza maruramiro eFindreFmentment mu [[FLT:]]] Malloy v. Hogan[[FLT]][FLT]3]] [644]) uye ipapo rakashandiswa kubata mutemo weprophycycratic mu [[FLT: 4.] Maranda. Ernesto Mira, murombo weMexico-Melika, akabvunzurudzwa kwamaawa pasina kuudzwa kuti arambe akanyarara kana kuti aende kuranga. Rakashairwa kuti rishandiswe kusungwa. Dare gurusa zvino rinoshandisa kuzivisa Dare rinotonga, rinoumba muganhu womunzvimbomo, rinona nzanga mapurisa, rinona mapurisa anona nhevedzano.

Chirango chine utsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose: Robinson v. California (1962) uye Kupfuura

Dare reCalifornia umo rakaputsa mutemo weCalifornia uyo wakaita kuti kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka kuve mhaka youtsotsi. “Hakungavi neHurumende ipi neipi panguva ino munhau ingaedza kuita kuti munhu ave noutsotsi hwendangariro,” Chiratidzo Stewart chakanyorwa. Uku kubatana kwakabvumira mapoka mashoma kudenha faindi yakanyanyisa (kubatanidza kweMitemo yeMirimo yeIndasimu mu ] Timbs. Indianation v[FLT3]] (2011) uye mitsetse yejeri yemirimo inotapura ganda. [RFOV]

Kudzivirira Kuenzana Kupfurikidza Negadziriro Yakafanira: Kusarurana Kwazvino Uno Namaruramiro Maduku

Chinongedzero haiganhurirwi kumutemo woutsotsi. Dare rabatanidza kutora kweFindrokudzosa kwaD5 Amendment kutora kwaClaus (Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railrand v. Chicago[] [1897]), ichivimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kutora zvinhu pasina muripo chete. dziviriro inokosha kuvaridzi vevhu vashomanene venhau mutsika dzakadzingwa nokushandiswa zvisina kufanira nomutemo. Ruoko rweChicago rten zvarwa rweChicagoscm rwakabatanidzwa mu [FLT:] [M2] [5] [5].Dolot yeChicago:3] (20) mhaka yakaunzwa nomugari wemo weChicago uyo aida kuzviisa ruoko ruoko rwake pamusoro penyika yepamusoro.

Zvichida kushandiswa kwazvino uno kukurusa kwokubatanidza kwazvino uno kodzero shomanene kwakauya munhau dzeroorano. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti vakwanyina veMitemo ye 145 Demendment yeClaus inovimbisa kodzero imwe cheteyo yokuroora. Nepo Dare risina kutsamira padition /* [ichoi] rakashandisawo muitiro wakaderera wedzidziso yeChiripo: kodzero yokuroora isingabvumirwi kuti ive rusununguko rwokutanga. Pasina kubatanidzwa, mashoko angagona kupfuurira kuramba kodzero dzeroorano kuvakwanyina, kuita munzve kunzvera , kunzvera mativi ose eUnited States.

Kodzero Dzakanga Dzisina Kubatanidzwa Netapuro Yadzo Paduku

Gadziriro yeFindreFmend haisati yamboshandiswa kunyika idzi. Chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFindreFmmersion chinopa mhosva hachisati chabatanidzwa, zvinoreva kuti zvinogona kutongwa nemashoko kana kuti kunyunyuta — muitiro unogona kurambidza vakwirirwi vashomanana vangabatsirwa nokuongorora kwedare guru redare rinotonga. Chibvumirano cheSeventer Amendment chinokanganisa kodzero dzedare revagari vemo, nokudaro hurumende dzinogona kuganhurira kutongwa nedare redare rinobetsera risingabvumirwi munhau dzevagari vemo, izvo zvingakanganisa kupfuurwa kwevatongi vashomanene vanounza masututi okusarura.

Maitiro akasarudzwa anogona kureva Dare kuongororazve kodzero dzisina kubatanidzwa mukuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yebhegi rakanyanyisa reSerth Amendment haina kubatanidzwa nenzira yepamutemo mumurangariro unodzora, asi matare maduku pane dzimwe nguva akaishandisa kupfurikidza nomuitiro wakafanira. Kana hurumende yaizogamuchira gadziriro yebhegi iyo inodzivisa vapomerwi vashomanene zvikuru vasati vatongwa, Dare ringasarudza kubatanidza mupimo werudzi unopesana weConstance Bail Claus kuti rigogovera mupimo wetsika imwe cheteyo.

Mugumisiro: Chidzitiro Chipenyu Chekodzero Duku

Kusarudza hachisi chisaririra chapakarepo che 20 chegumi rezana rezana. Chinoramba chiri dzidziso mhenyu inochinjira kutyisidziro itsva pakodzero dzevoruzhinji. Apo hurumende inopfuura vapanduki vomutemo vanosimudzira ruramisiro yedzinza, First Amendment inopa denho yebumbiro remitemo yapakarepo. Apo mapurisa ehurumende anopinda mukubatanidza dzinza, Imendement yeChina inopa vapomendi chishandiso chokudzvinyirira ufakazi. Apo hurumende inoisa mutongo wechidhindivara paruvara rwedzinza duku, muganhu weSangano reSande ungagovera nyaradzo.

Unyanzvi hwokusarudza hunobva mukupfava kwayo, Dare rinogona kuwedzera dziviriro sezvo nzanga inochinja. Rakavimbisa kuti vaAmerica muhurumende iri yose vanofarikanya urongwa huduku hwerusununguko, pasinei zvapo nefungira mano yakaipa yomunzvimbomo kana kuti majana ezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokuda kwamapoka mashoma, uriri uhwo hwwwu hwave huri musiyano pakati pokuva anonyaradzwa nokunzwiwa, pakati pokurangwa pasina zano uye kudzivirirwa, pakati pokunzverwa pasina chisakiso uye kusununguka pada kupindirana kusinganzwisisiki. Sezvo nyika ino inorwisana nenharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pechibvumirano chehurumende, kuchinja kwamapurisa, uye kuva nohumwe upfumi, uhusaru, icharamba iri bhiri inotakura Bill wekodzero kupinda muhurumende inopinda mumashoko.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pazvinoitika zvikuru uye kukura kwenhau kwokusarudza, shanyira project Oyez [ nokuda kwemirangariro yakazara, Cornell Legin Information Institute[ nokuda kwokupetwa kwedzidziso, uye SCOTYBOLY[ nokuda kwokunzvera kwapanguva ino kwebatano mumashoko eDare Gurusa.