Gamuchidzanwa Risingaperi Renzvimbo Yapasi Pamambo

Kubva munyika yose, kubva kumarepublic achangobva kutangwa kusvikira kumazana amakore ehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatenderwa. Mhiko yapurezidhendi inomira seimwe yemiitiro inooneka zvikurusa neyakakomba yokutonga. Inopfuura zvikuru muitiro wetsika kana kuti kudzokororwa kwamashoko. Mhiko yacho inoratidzira nguva chaiyoiyo apo simba guru rinopfuura kubva kumutungamiriri mumwe kuenda kumutevedzeri, kubatanidza bvumirano yechinjo ine rugare, yapamutemo. Munzanga dzakatsungirira hondo yavagari vemo, kutonga kwechisimba, kana kuti rwisano yedzinza, mhiko inogona kubatira sechiratidzo chine simba cheyananiso nechimutsigiro chorudzi. Kupfurikidza pachena kutsigira mutemo unoumbwa nomutemo mutsva, mutungamiriri mutsva anoita zvinopfuura kugamuchira mutoro; zvinosimbisazve chibvumirano pakati pehurumende navagari vayo, zvinobatanidza kudzora mukati muganhu womutemo nomutemo wavose.

Ukoshi hweiyi gamuchidzanwa huri muchimiro charo chechiviri. Icho panguva imwe chete chipikirwa chomunhu oga, chinotaurwa nomunhu achatakura uremu hwebasa, uye chiratidzo chavose chinozivikanwa norudzi nenzanga yamarudzi ose. Mashoko emhiko yacho, anowanzonyorwa muzvinyorwa zvokuvamba zvenyika, kutaura kwakajeka kwemipimo yedemokrase: kutonga kwomutemo, kuparadzana kwamasimba, basa kupfuura kuzvimirira umene. Munhambo dzekuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti kuderera, chinoitika chokubatanidza chibvumirano chinogona kubatanidza nyika kana kuti, kana chakashatiswa, chakadzama. Kunzwisisa kuti mhiko yacho inoshanda sei sechiratidzo chechinjo yedemocracy divity kunoda kunzvera midziro yayo yemitemo, kuita kwayo munhambo yenhau, uye denho idzo dzinotyisidzira rerevo yayo.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo reMutungamiriri weHurumende

Apo rudzi rwuri rwose runoita shanduro yarwo rumene yemhiko, zvinhu zvikuru zvinowirirana zvinoshamisa: chipikirwa chokudzivirira bumbiro remitemo, kuita nokutendeka mabasa ehofisi, uye kubatira vanhu. Izvi zvinhu zvinowanzobatanidzwa mumutemo mukurusa wenyika, kuisa mhiko mujira rebumbiro remitemo. Chitsama chamashoko chine nhau.[1] Chitsama chimwe nechimwe chinoratidzira nhau yakasiana nezvinokosha zvenyika.

United States of America

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi weUnited States zvichida ndicho chakakurumbira zvikurusa, chakanyorerwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1, Classia 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo: “Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti simbisa) kuti ndichaparadza nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichashandisa zvakanakisisa zvesimba rangu, kudzivirira, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States.” Kupfaviswa kwomutauro wacho kunopesana nourefu hwawo. George Washington akawedzera kutaura kwokuti “Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari” mukati mokutsauriro yokutanga, tsika iyo vatsigiri vazhinjisa vakatevera asi isina kudikanwa nenzira yemitemo. U. S. Chipikiso chakatorwa munhambo huru yenjodzi yeUnited States. (Abraham) muna 1861 pahuro mukuru wehondo hondo youkuru yeZve, On Back Back, uye mukuderera kwehondo huru yemari muna 2009, dare rimwe nerimwe renyika inobatira pamutemo. Chipikiso chinodzo chikuru chinodzo chapamutemo chinoshanda mumugariro wapamutemo, chinopfupikisa chinoitwa nechino chapamutemo, chinopfupikisa chinoitwa muMumwe chinotichipo chikuru cheBhaibheri

South Africa: Sungano Yokuyanana

Kuchinja kweSouth Africa kubva kurusaruraganda kuenda kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muna 1994 ndeimwe yemienzaniso inorumbidzwa zvikurusa yenhau yesimba remhiko. Chikamu 87 cheBumbiro reMitemo rokupedzisira (Act 108 ye1996) chinogadza mhiko yebasa raPurezidhendi: “Ini, A.B., ndinopika/ndinosimbisa kuti ndichava ndakatendeka kuRepublic yeSouth Africa uye ndichateerera, chengeta, kutsigira nokuchengeta Bumbiro reMitemo nemumwe mutemo uri wose weRepublic; uye ndichazvipa ndimene kunzvimbo yeWearphalica yeRepublic nevose. Apo Nelson Mandela akaita iyi mhiko yemhiko inodzoresa yapasi pose inopa. Inoparirwa nenzira yapamutemo, inotongeswa nomutemo wapamutemo waMalasitomu mupasi pese.

Nigeria: Kusagadzikana Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Isingafari

Nigeria, nyika ine vanhu vazhinji zvikurusa yeAfrica, yakawana nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika isina kugadzikana, kubatanidza kubvumwa kwehondo nehondo yavagari vemo. Chifo chokudzokera kwayo kukutonga kwavanhu muna 1999, mhiko yapurezidhendi yave iri chitsigiso chakakomba nokuda kwokupfuurira kwedemokratiki. Bumbiro reNigeria (99, serakagadziriswa) rinoda Purezidhendi kupika kuti “kupedzisa mabasa angu nenzira yokutendeseka, uye kumativi ose akanakisisa esimba rangu, uye kuwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo reHurumende reFederal Republic yeNigeria nemutemo. Chipikiso chacho rutivi rwechirongwa chikuru icho chinobatanidza ruoko rwezvishandiso zvesimba. Chinjo isingatenderwi yakabatanidza ruoko rwa 2007 kubva kuOlgunjoan kuUrast Muauauaua, uye mutungamiriri wehondo anodzorwa pasina kudzorwa mubumbiro rose. Chipomende chehondo chakapikirwa kupfurikidza naano chenyika yose isati kupfurikidza naanotichidzodzodzore. Chipomende chehondo chakapikirwa kupfurikidza chitsva chinoitwa kupfurikidza chinoitwa kupfurikidza naMose. Chi

Oath Setsika Yomutemo uye Kubatana Kwerudzi

Kupfuura basa rayo rapamutemo, mhiko yapurezidhendi inoshanda somuitiro wavose unopa maruramiro. Chiito chokupika pamberi pezviuru. (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokuparadzira ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwamarudzi ose.) Uku kunokosha nemhaka yokuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inotsamira kwete bedzi pamitemo asi pachitendero chakakurumbira mukuva kwavo. Apo mutungamiriri anotora mhiko, vagari vemo vanopupurira nhambo yokubvuma, kuzviisa kwokuzvidira kumitemo. Iyi bvumirano yavose inobetsera kubvisa simba ravose: mutungamiriri haasati ari pamusoro pomutemo asi mubatiri wayo.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Nezvidzidzo Zvenyika Yose

Somuenzaniso, kugadzwa kwa2009 kweBarack Obama kwakakweva vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva 1.8 miriyoni kuNational Mall uye vakatarisirwa nemabhiriyoni munyika yose. Kupika kwacho kwakadzokororwazve, uye Mutongi Mukuru akatoita kuti mashoko acho ashande, achirayira kuti Obama adzokorore zvakarurama mashoko acho, uye achiratidza kuti dare repamusorosoro rinozviisa pasi pemitemo yapamutemo. Kupa chibvumirano ichi chinovimbisa kuti chipikirwa chacho hachingoitwi bedzi kurudzi asi nyika yose. Mutungamiriri mutsva anotsigira nyika yose aisarudza kuti vadzokorore mashoko aya.

Kuparadzana Kunopfuudza

Mhiko yacho ndeimwe yenguva shomanene muupenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika inokurira hondo. MuUnited States, purezidhendi anouya anopinda mutsika kutsaurirwa kwomutsivi wavo, muitiro wakavamba naJohn Adams naThomas Jefferson. Kunyange apo chinjo iri pakati pavakwikwidzi vanorwadza, kugoverana kwemutambo kunosimbisa kuva norugare. MuGhana, purezidhendi mumwe nomumwe anopika mhiko panzvimbo imwe cheteyo, Independence Square, namapoka makuru ose aripo. Ichi chiono chapachena chechinzwano chaJohn Adams naThomas Jefferson. Kunyange apo vaichimbova vashori vatsigiri vatsva vanorumbidza nokuda kwomutungamiriri mutsva mukati me mhiko yacho mukati memhiko. Saka mhiko yacho inova rudzi rworudzidziso rwehurumende, kuzvipira kumiitiro yehurumende inowirirana kugadziriro dzavanhu vose.

Kuongorora Nhau Kwenhau Dzekushandura Kwakarondedzerwa neOath

Nyika yakazadzwa nenguva apo mhiko yapurezidhendi yakabudisa budiriro yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti kudzivisa njodzi.

United States 2009: Nguva Itsva Yetariro

VaObama vakaonekwa zvikuru senhambo yechinjo huru munhau yeAmerica . Chipikirwa chavo, pasinei zvapo nokukanganisa kuduku, chakanga chiri chiratidzo chine simba chamano orudzi okushanduka. Mamiriyoni akanga asina chokwadi nokururamisira kwegadziriro yakasarudzwa akavimbiswa nokuona kupfuudzwa kune rugare kwesimba kubva kuRepublican kuenda kuDemocrat. Mhiko yacho yakatorwa neBhaibheri rimwe chetero rakashandiswa naAbraham Lincoln muna 1861, achibatanidza nokungwarira kurwisanisa kodzero dzavagari vemo nemitemo. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti mhiko inogona sei kushandiswa kuparadzanisa mamiriro ezvinhu enhau uye kuisa kutarisirwa kutsva kwetsika.

Indonesia 1998-2004: Kubva Pakudzvinyirirwa Kuenda Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Pashure pokuwa kwaSuharto muna 1998, Indonesia yakatarisana nechinjo yakanyongana. Hurumende dzisina kusimba dzaB. Habibia, Abdurrahman Wahid, uye Megagati Sukarnoputri imwe neimwe yakatora mhiko youpurezidhendi pasi peBumbiro reMitemo ra 1945. Mhiko yacho imene yakava mutsivi. Apo Wahid yakapinzwa mumugariro waMahawati mumaawa a2001, kuvimbisa kuti nyika haina kutongowana utemuto woukuru. Sarudzo yakananga yapurezidhendi, yakawirwa naSulo Bambang Yudhono, yakaratidzira kuchinjirwa kworugare kubva kune mumwe purezidhendi wokutanga akasarudzwa kumumwe. Chipikirwa chake chakaitirwa mubato chake chakaitirwa pachivako chenyika yose, chichiita kuti chizivikanwa chive pamutemo chishandurudzo chakakura.

Kenya 2002: Kupedza Mutambo Wenguva Refu Wokushumira

Chisarudzo cha2002 chakava nokukundwa kweKenya African National Union (KANU), iyo yakanga yatonga kubva pakuzvimirira. Mwai Kibikaki akaita mhiko youpurezidhendi musi waDecember 30, 2002, paKasarani Sports Complex pamberi peboka guru. Kuchinja kwacho kwakanga kune rugare uye kwakapembererwa zvikuru, mukupesana nekusawirirana kwapashure muna 2007. Mhiko yeKibeka yaibatanidza chipikirwa chokurwisana nouori uye kushandisa bumbiro idzva remitemo (*) aizorwisa kuchengetedza, asi nguva yacho imene yakaratidzira kuputsika nekare. Kupika pachena, muSwahiain, kwakanga kuri chisarudzo chechinzwa chamarudzi ose, kuunza pamwe chete mapoka aive muimwe hurumende yakapfuura. Nhau yacho inoratidza kuti chipikiso chacho chinogona kuva chiratidzo chokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yapamusoro.

Poland 1989: Kuparara kwechiKomonizimu

Sarudzo yokutanga yakasununguka zvishoma muPoland yakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwehurumende yaMasimba Masimba. Muna December 1990, Lech Wałsása akapikirwa soMutungamiriri wePoland wokutanga akasarudzwa nehurumende yakasarudzwa kubva paHondo Yenyika II. Mhiko yake, yakatangirwa pamberi peNational Assembly, yakaratidzira kuputsika kwakakwana kwoutongi hwechiKomonisiti. Wałōsa akasarudza kupika kuti “ndibetserei Mwari,” kudzokorora mutauro waishandiswa muruwa rwePoland. Mutambo wacho waidzokororwa unogara muEastern Europe, uchinyandura mamwe masangano. Mhiko yakanga isiri chiito chapamutemo bedzi asi chiziviso chokuti nyika zvino yaizodzorwa nenheyo dzoutongi hwehurumende. Kuchinja kwePoland kwakaratidza kuti kunyange masangano anodzora ehurumende yakakomba aigona kupa mutemo, uye kushandura chibvumirano chakanga chiri chinhu chikuru chetsika chamabhishopuko.

Apo Chivako Chinorambwa Kana Kuti Chinofumurwa

Haasi mutungamiriri wose anodzokorora mashoko acho anoda kuachengeta, uye kuchinja kwakati kwakaitika pasina kana kana kupika.

Kuramba Kunyangadzwa Nenzvimbo Yavaeni Isati Yanyorwa

Mune zvimwe zvinoitika, mutungamiriri anofamba anoramba kutora rutivi mukutsaurirwa kwomutsivi wavo, achisekesa chinzwano chokufananidzira. MuUnited States, Donald Trump akasarudza kusapinda simba retsika rinobatanidza raJoe Biden muna 2021(a kubva mugamuchidzanwa iro rakanga rateverwa kunyange napurezidhendi akarasikirwa nokusarudzwa. Nepo Trump haana kuputsa chinodikanwa chipi nechipi chebumbiro remitemo (shoko rake rapamutemo rakaguma masikati pana January 20), kusavapo kwakanetesa simba retsika rinobatanidza. Nenzira yakafanana, munyika umo vatungamiriri vanopandukira hurumende vakamanikidzira purezidhendi kuisa kurava mhiko yokurega pasi pedus, chisipikiso chinopfupikisa mashoko erevo. Somuenzaniso, kupandukira kwa1999 muPakistan akaona MuJeneral Musharfra achitora simba pasina kupika chibvumirano. Iye akanga achingova akatora pamutemo pashure pekupisvet.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mazango

Vamwe vatungamiriri vanoshandisa mhiko kuti varuramise zviito zvinorerutsa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Aleksandra Vučí weSerbia kana kuti Viktor Orbán weHungary anopika kudzivirira bumbiro remitemo, ivo vanowanzodaro vachibvisa kuzvitonga kwomutemo uye kumanikidza rusununguko. Mhiko dzinova nhoo yokusada mhinduro: mutungamiriri anoreva kuti ari kutsigira nhevedzano yemitemo yehurumende nepo chaizvoizvo achitsigira simba rehurumende. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, nzanga yemarudzi ose netsororo yomusha zvinopika pamukahaha pakati pechipikirwa chakataurwa nechinhu chaichoicho chinodzora. Uku kushatiswa uku kunoratidza kuti mhiko yoga yoga haigoni kuvimbisa mufambiro wedemocracy; inofanira kubatanidzwa namasangano akasimba, mavhotera anoshanda navanhu vanoshingaira. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange zvazvo zvichidzorwa zvisina kufanira, chokwadi chokuti vanonzwa kuti vazvidzorere mutsika kutsika.

Munda Munzvimbo Dzisiri Dzedemocratic

Kwakafanira kucherekedza kuti mhiko dzapurezidhendi hadzina kuganhurirwa kuhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Hurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzine mifungo yakasanorongwa yokuita mhiko yedare. MuRussia, Vladimir Putin akatora mhiko yapurezidhendi kakawanda (2000, 2004, 2012, 2018) nemaoko eRussia. Mutambo unoshambadzirwa kubva kuKremlin, pamwe chete nokurira kweDare reSango uye mupimo wapurezidhendi zviri kusimutsirwa. Nepo vhoti yakaita kuti ave nesimba rakashorwa navacherekedzi vomunyika yose seri vasingazvidzoreri nokutendeseka, chinoitika chemhiko youtongi hunotevedzera ruzhinji. Nomutoongedzero mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anotongedzerwa kupfurikidza nemitemo. Mutoosero mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru anoto mukuru mukuita kuti aratidzire kukwirira kukwirira kwapamhinde.

Nguva Yemberi yeMutungamiriri Wehurumende

Setsika dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzakatarisana nokuparara kwemhiko dzamapurezidhendi munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika, munhu angabvunza kana mhiko yapurezidhendi ichiramba iri simba rayo. Chitsoropodzo pamusoro pevezvematongerwe enyika, kusavimba nemasangano, uye kumuka kwevatungamiriri vePurofesa vanoshora pachena kuganhurirwa kwemitemo inopesana nomutemo kunoda kutyisidzira kubudirira kwetsika. Asi ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti mhiko yacho inoramba iripo. Hurumende itsva inotonga inopfuurira; kunyange munyika dzinochinja kubva kukutonga kwechisimba, mhiko ndeimwe yemitoo yokutanga yakagadzwa. Somuenzaniso, chibvumirano cha 2011 cheTunisia, chakagadzirwa pashure pechiArab Spring, chinobatanidza mhiko ine udzame maererano nokuda kwapurezidhendi. Chibvumirano muId Caji Essebsi muU 2014 chibvumirano chakaitwa muUnicro chakaitwa chinoitwa chisarira muBen Ali chakashatidzwa uye chakaputswa kubva munhambo yemwaka wa2014.

Chipikirwa chinochinjira kunguva dzinochinja. Dzimwe nyika zvino dzinobvumira kupika pachinhu chomunhu oga kana kuti pasina rugwaro rworudzidziso rwupi norwupi rwechitendero. Dzimwe dzinobatanidza zvimwe zvipikirwa zvemhoteredzo kana kuti zvipikirwa zvokudzivirira maruramiro avana. MuGhana, purezidhendi anopika mhiko yokuwedzera kudzivirira mhoteredzo, kuratidzira zvinetso zvazvino uno. Chimiro chingachinja, asi basa racho rinopfuurira: kusungira pachena mutungamiriri kutsika uye kupa rudzi nguva youchapupu hweboka. Muzera remichina yemichina yemichina, mhiko inosvika vanhu vakawanda kupfuura nakare kose pamberi pechi(zhikomheni), inogoverana pamusoro pezviredhiyo zvenzanga, uye kubviswa namaidi enhau. Kunzvera uku kunogona chaizvoizvo kusimbisa muitiro upi noupi wetsika, sokubva kwamashoko akanyorwa nokukurumidza uye kupesana. Purezidhenti, kunyange pashure pemazana amakore akawanda zvikuru, chinyorwa chezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa kuti zvishamiso zvomutemo zvomutemo.

mhedziso

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inopfuura zvikuru kusara kwenhambo yapakuvamba, yakarongwa zvikuru. Chiratidzo chipenyu chinopfavisa mifungo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuva chiito chimwe, chavose. Kana muUnited States namashoko ayo enhau kubva kuChikamu II, mushure meaparatid kuberekwazve kwepasi peSouth Africa, mubvumirano yedemocracy yakatsiga yeNigeria, kana kuti muimwe chinjo dzisingaverengeki munyika yose, mhiko yacho inoratidza nguva apo simba rinochinja maoko nenzira yapamutemo uye norugare. Inovimbisa vagari vemo, kusimbisa kutsigadzika kutsika, uye kusimbisa nyika kuti mutungamiriri mutsva achaita muteveri wemitemo. Mienzaniso yokuramba, kupandukira, kana kuti kutevedzera utongi hunodzorwa: avo vachangotsvaka kukomborera kwaro.

Kuti kuchinja kwehurumende yeruzhinji kubudirire, mhiko inofanira kutsigirwa namasangano akasimba, dare ramajangaridhi, uye vanhu vakasvinurira. Asi muitiro wacho umene haufaniri kurangarirwa souduku.Nguva iri yose purezidhendi mutsva anoisa ruoko pabumbiro remitemo (kana kuti Bhaibheri, kana kuti mureza) ndokudzokorora mashoko ekare, rudzi runomutsidzira kuzvipira kwarwo kuhurumende yarwo. Chiito ichocho, chinopfuurira, chinobatanidza nguva yakapfuura ndokutiyeuchidza kuti democracy haisiwo purogiramuwo zvayo yemiitiro asi chipikirwa chakaitwa, chapachena, kuti vose vanzwe.