Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Simba Rekurumidziro Mukurwisa Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ougandanga

Masimba enhamo anomirira chinjo huru mudzikamo pakati perusununguko rwomunhu oga nechiremera chehurumende mukati menguva dzetyisidziro huru yorudzi. Mumashoko akapoteredza ezvougandanga hunorwisana, izvi zviremera chaizvo zvemitemo zvinobvumira hurumende kufuratira miitiro yenguva dzose yemitemo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kupindura nekurumidziro nesimba kudzivisa denho. Nepo aya masimba anowanzorongwa sezvinodikanwa zvechinguvana, kuronga kwawo kunomutsa mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pomutemo, kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye dziviriro yamaruramiro avanhu. Nyaya ino inogovera nzvero inosimbiswa ine chiremera yokuti masimba ekurumidziro anodzorwa sei mukurwisana nechengedzero, madzoro apamutemo anoanodzora, gakava anozviparira, uye denho inopfuurira yedzikano inoshanda pakati pechengeteko nerusununguko.

Chii Chiri Simba Rekurumidziro?

Masimba emigariro yemigariro yemigariro yapamutemo ane simba rinoshamisa anopiwa kubazu rapamusoro rehurumende, zvikurukuru mukati menjodzi dzakadai sehondo, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, migariro yendangariro yavose, kana kuti tyisidziro dzougandanga. aya masimba anobvumira hurumende kufuratira miitiro yapamutemo, kuisa ganhuriro parusununguko rwevagari vemo, uye kuita zviito izvo nenzira isiri yapamutemo mumigariro yenguva dzose.

Nheyo dzapamutemo dzamasimba ekurumidziro dzinosiyana mumiganhu. Nyika zhinji dzine gadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo dzinorondedzera apo napapi masimba ekurumidziro anogona kukumbirwa. Somuenzaniso, Chikamu 48 cheWeimar Constitution yakapiwa masimba ekurumidziro makuru akakurumbira kuna Purezidenti weGermany, gadziriro yakazoshandiswa gare gare nehurumende yeNazi. Nenzira inopesana, United States Constitution haigoveri zvakananga nyika yekurumidziro, asi Congregation yakaita mitemo yakawanda inotipa Purezidenti, yakadai seNational Emertivementation Act of 1976. Njokawo, United Kingdom Inotsamira paCivil Constitution Acts 2004 uye inodzora pamutemo inodzorwa kupfurikidza nemamiriro ezvinhu aidziko asingadiwiriranwa.

Masimba enjodzi anowanzobatanidza mativi anoverengeka: kuongororwa nokuunganidzwa kwouchenjeri, kuchengetwa pasina mutengo, ganhuriro pakufamba nokuungana, mirayiridzo yokudzora, zvinhu zvinoiswa muchando, uye kutarisirwa kwekurukurirano. Kukura uye urefu hwamasimba iwaya kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzorwa netarisiro yeparamende, hwirudzuro, uye zvitsama zvemitemo, kunyange zvazvo kushanda kweidzi dziviriro kuchisiyana zvikuru.

Kushandiswa Kunoitwa Masimba Anokurumidzira Mukurwisana Nougandanga

Masimba ezvengozi anoita kuti zviremera zvigone kuita chimwe chinhu denho isati yaitika, kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa pauchenjeri husingasviki mipimo yakajeka inodikanwa mumatare eutsotsi. Pasi apa pane nzira huru dzinoshandiswa namasimba aya.

Kuungana Kwounyanzvi

Imwe yenzira dzinozivikanwa zvikuru ndeyokuwedzera mano okuongorora. Masangano ezvemhedziso anobvumira masangano ezvemhedziso kuronga kuisa zvisakafanira zvokushandisa, maminuta okufambisa mashoko, mashoko akavanzika, uye kugadzira ruzivo rwezvinhu rwazvino uno rwokuongorora zviso zvakadai sechembere nerautariri. Somuenzaniso, chikamu 215 cheUSA PATRIOTTTT Act chinobvumira kuunganidzwa kukuru kwezhetembo dzerunhare, purogiramu yakazotongwa zvisiri pamutemo neDare reChipiri reNhangeri reAppel of Apply. MuFrance, nyika yekurumidziro yekurumidziro yakaziviswa pashure pokudenha nokuongorora mirayiridzo yemichina pasina pamutemo. Vatsigiridzi vanotaura kuti matanho akadaro anogona kuziva masero emagandanga uye kudzoro, nepomedzerwa kwemabhiza.

Kuisa Pfungwa Pachinhu Chinodzivirira

Kuvharirwa kunobvumira zviremera kudzora vanhu kunzi vabatanidzwe nemagandanga pasina kudzorwa kana kuti kutongwa kwenguva refu. Ikoku kunorangarirwa kuva rimwe remasimba ekurumidziro anomutsa zvikuru nemhaka yokuti kunoputsa zvakananga kodzero kukutonga kwakarurama uye habeas corpus. United Kingdom’s Prevention of Terrorism Act yakatanga mirayiro yokudzora (panozotsiviwa nePrevention Department and Investigation Agements) (TPIM) inoisa nguva dzokusvika pamba, kurambidzwa kwemotokari, uye kuvharirwa kwemagetsi pasina kupomerwa mhosva dzoutsotsi. MuIsraeri, kuchengetedzwa kwehurumende kwave kwakashandiswa zvikuru nemauto ePalestine, kazhinji kachoronge achitsoropodzwa nekodzero dzevanhu zvokusasarura. Chinokosha chepamutemo chinotsiva kuzviisa pangozi yokuisa vanhu pangozi yokupinzwa mumugwagwa usingachinjiki nemhaka yepameso nemhaka yedare rakavanzika.

Ganhuriro Pakufamba Nemagungano

Masimba enjodzi anogona kuganhurira rusununguko rwokufamba nokuungana kuti adzivise magandanga pakuronga kana kuti kukurukura. Izvi zvinosanganisira kudzosa nguva dzinotevedzerwa, kudzorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kuongororwa, uye kurambidzwa kwemasangano avose. Mukati ma2005 okubhomba kweLondon kwapashure pekubhomba, mapurisa akapiwa mvumo yokumisa uye kuongorora pasi peChikamu 44 cheTerberition Act 2000, achibvumira kumisa munhu upi noupi pasina kufungira zvakanaka. Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu rakawana kuti muitiro uyu wakaputsa Chikamu 8 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights Adrocy Act (AFS) muIndia, Machiuto anodzora simba rePURC) akashandiswa mukupesana nezvirongwa zvinopesana nezvibvumirano kuti vasarirane muganhuro zverwisano unopesana nekurwisana.

Kudzora Mune Zvemari Nekurukurirano

Masimba enjodzi anowanzoda mari nekurukurirano zvemagandanga. Hurumende dzinogona kuisa tsvina upfumi, kugadza masangano emagandanga, uye kurayira masangano ezvemari kuti apedzisire anenge achinyumwira. Aya masangano akawedzera chiremera chokutora zvinhu zvemasangano anofungidzirwa kuti anotsigira ugandanga. Uyezve, masimba enjodzi angada masangano epaIndaneti kuti adzike zvinhu zvinoda kunyanyisa kana kuti avhare masangano ezvokushandira masangano enzanga. Somuenzaniso, Pakistan yakavhara kakawanda masangano enzanga uye mabasa emotokari pamibato yokuchengetedza.

Mabasa Okuita Zvinhu Zvakanyoreswa Pamutemo Nokutarisira

Kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira, gadziriro dzapamutemo dzakasimba nemiitiro yokutarisira zvinokosha. Masimba mazhinji ehurumende anoda kuti masimba ekurumidziro adzorwe nguva, adzorwe nedare rinotonga, uye azarukire kudenho. Zvikamu zvezuva zvinongogona kufaidza masimba akadaro kutoti atenderwazve. Somuenzaniso, gadziriro yeUSA PATRIOT'S Act inofanira kuvandudzwa kanoverengeka asati yadzoserwa neUSA NCOMCE Act muna 2015.

Kutarisira dare kunosiyana. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neUnited Kingdom, dzine matare chaiwo akadai sePunciblication Power of the Informations Tribunal kuti abatire zvichemo pamusoro pamasangano ane uchenjeri. Dzimwe, kufanana neGermany, dzinoda matanho okuongorora kuti dzitenderwe nedare reparamende. Mitemo yamarudzi ose se [[FLT]] United Nations Counter-Trogistism Comment Committee[ [[FLT]] inokurudzira kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti kutendwa nemitoro yekodzero dzavanhu apo inoshandisa zvitako zvinopesana nechengedzero zvechichino. Mishumo yezvo, mishumo yakasununguka, uye ombud inopa mari inoparira kuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, chivanze chenyika yose muchengeteko chinogona kudzorwa zvinobudirira, kukuita zvakaoma kucherekedza kutemerwa.

Kupokanidza Nokutsoropodza

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti masimba aya anowanzoshandiswa zvakanyanyisa, anonangidzirwa zvisina kufanira, kana kuti anochengetwa kwenguva refu pashure pokunge tyisidziro yokutanga yapfuura.

Kusunungurwa Kwehurumende Namaruramiro Avanhu

Masimba ezvenhamo anoganhurira nenzira yomuzvarirwo maruramiro makuru akadai sechivande, rusununguko rwokutaura, uye muitiro wakafanira. Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu akafanana [FLT]]Amnesty International uye [[FLT] na [[FLT]] [FLT][FLT]] ] .American Liberity Union [[FLT]] yakatsikirira zviitiko apo zvirongwa zvokuongorora zvakatapura nzanga shomanene, vaMuslim America, uye vatsigiriki vezvamatongerwe enyika. Chimiro chakavanzika chemabasa mazhinji anorwisana neRGUSMERIC] chinosekesa nheyo yeruramisiro pachena uye yorudyi kutarisana nouchapupuriro.

Kuzvidza Kwedzinza Norudzidziso

Masimba akawanda engozi anodzorwa nenzira dzinoitirwa mapoka edzinza kana kuti ezvitendero. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti masimba okumisa nokunzvera muUK akatapura zvisingaenzaniswi vanhu vatema neAsia. MuUnited States, purogiramu yepashure pe9/11 yepashure pekusungwa uye National Security Hammedition-Extibribation System (NTERS) akatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokuimba vanhu vanobva kunyika dzechiMuslim nedzino. Kuparadza ruvimbiko rwenzanga, zvikamu zviduku, uye zvinogona kudzivisa chaizvoizvo nhamburiko dzinodzivisa batira utachiona kupfurikidza nokuderedza batira pamwe nemutemo.

Kupera Kwebasa Nokupera Kwebasa

Masimba enjodzi akarongwa kuva enguva pfupi. Act yeUSA PATRIOT yakapfuudzwa nechikamu chemashoko chokunyura kwezuva, bva zvakawanda zvegadziriro dzayo zvakamutsidzirwa kana kuti kuitwa zvechigarire. Masimba akagadzirirwa kurwisa ugandanga akashandiswa nokuda kwezvimwe zvinangwa, zvakadai sokudzikamisa zvinodhaka kana kuti kudzora kubuda munyika. Ichi chiitiko, chinozivikanwa se "kufambisa," kubvisa dziviriro dzedemocracy uye zvitemorikero zvenguva dzose. Brennan Center yeSahlulero.]

Kushaikwa Kwokuona Zviri pachena Nokuzvidavirira

Hurumende dzinowanzokumbira kuchengeteka kwenyika kuti dzidzivirire masimba engozi kuti arege kuongororwa nevoruzhinji. Matare epachivande, ufakazi hwakarongwa, uye zvirango zvinodzivirira utariri hune revo. Kushandiswa kwe "vatsigiri chaivo" mumitongo yougandanga yeUK" (8) magweta anogona kuona uchapupu hwepachivande asi asingagoni kukurukurirana zvizere nevanonyumwirwa (/ave akashorwa seasina kukwana. Pasina kuonekwa pachena, pane ngozi yokubatwa zvisina kufanira, uye vanhu havagoni kuongorora kana masimba acho ari akaenzana kana kuti anoshanda.

Kuongorora Vara

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo yenyika kunojekesa kushanda kunoita masimba ekurumidziro nemigumisiro yaanoita.

USA PARITOTT AGARA MUMWE MUSA (United States)

Yakaziviswa isati yapera mwedzi miviri pashure pedenho dzaSeptember 11, USA PARITIOT Act yakakudza zvinoshamisa kunzvera namasimba oundundu eU.S. gadziriro huru dzaibatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo weUSA. Zvikamu zvinobatanidza kutenderera, kusvika kuzvinyorwa zvebhizimisi, uye "sneak nokuchenunura" kunzvera kwakanonozesa kuziviswa kwenhau. Mutemo wakamutsa nharo kubva pakutanga, kuchitungamirira kukuumbwa kweUSA INFUVHA Act muna 2015, iyo yakagumisa kuunganidzwa kwemitengo yakawanda yemitengo. Zvisinei, zviremera zvakawanda zvinonzvera zvinoramba zviripo munzvimbo yacho, uye nharo dzinopfuurira kudzosazve kunyorwa kweChikamu 702 cheSwerilligent Surveillance Act (FA), iyo inodenha kusiana neAmerica asi inounganidza kurukurirano yeAmerica.

Ugandanga HweUK Hunoita

United Kingdom ine nhau refu yomutemo unorwisana nougandanga wakabatanidzwa nerwisano yeNorthern Ireland, iyo yakazogadzirirwa ugandanga. Chiteshi cha 2000 chakamutsa kumira nokunzvera masimba nesimba rokuvhara vanhu mazuva 28 pasina kudzorwa. Kudzivirira ugandanga kunoitwa kuti hutange kudzikamiswa, kwakatsiviwa neTPIMs muna 2011. Muna 2015, Counter-Trorisctionism and Security Act yakaisa basa pamicropu kuti vanhu vasapinde muugandanga, izvo vashori vakapikisa nyanzvi kuti vapiwe mashoko pamusoro petsoro. Masimba echimbichi aUK akatsiva kudzorwa neTPI aidzo dzakava nezvinetso zvakawanda zvepamutemo, kusanganisira muDare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu.

Nyika Yenjodzi muFrance

After the November 2015 Paris attacks, France declared a state of emergency that lasted nearly two years, until November 2017. This granted police powers to place individuals under house arrest, conduct searches without judicial warrant, restrict public gatherings, and block websites. While the government argued these measures were necessary to prevent further attacks, human rights groups documented over 4,500 razzia (searches) that resulted in only a handful of terrorism-related charges. Critics also noted that Muslims and activists were disproportionately targeted. The state of emergency was eventually replaced by the counterterrorism law of October 2017, which made many emergency powers permanent but with some judicial oversight.

Masimba eIndia Ane Zvombo Act (AFSPA)

AFSPA inopa masimba akafara kuti asungwe pasina mvumo, uye mwoto unopfura vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti vanoita zvinopesana nerunyararo. Chiratidzo chacho chakashorwa zvikuru nemasangano ekodzero dzevanhu nokuda kwokuita kuti vanhu vasarangwa uye kuparira kuuraya nokutambudza. Pasinei zvapo nokukumbira kuti vasungwe, hurumende yeIndia inochengeta zviri madikanwa nokuda kwokupesana nemitemo inodzorwa. Iyi nhau inoratidza kuti masimba ekurumidziro anogona sei kuva akadzika midzi, kubvisa kurwisana kwapakuvamba uye kuparira kuvadziko yakarefumura nzanga.

Kudzikamisa

Kudzikamisa rusununguko rwevanhu nerusununguko hachisi chinhu chisingashandi. Kutsvakurudza kunokarakadza kuti masimba ekurumidziro anoshanda zvikurusa apo akabatanidzwa noutarisiri hwakasimba, miganhu yakajeka, uye kuzvidavirira kwechokwadi. Nheyo dzinokosha dzokuwana dzikamo iyi dzinosanganisira:

  • Chiratidzo: Mipimo yekurumidziro inofanira kuva iri madikanwa zvikuru uye inowirirana netyisidziro chaiyo. Haifaniri kuva yakafara kupfuura inodikanwa.
  • Miganhu yenguva: Masimba anofanira kunyura nokuzvidira kutoti akatenderwazve zvakajeka nedare remitemo pashure pekurukurirano yavose.
  • [[FUNDA: 0] Judicial Review: matare eependero anofanira kuva nechiremera chokudenha uye zviito zvisina maturo zvinoputsa maruramiro makuru.
  • Traxation: Hurumende dzinofanira kubudisa mishumo ine udzame pamusoro pokushandiswa kwamasimba ekurumidziro, kubatanidza mashoko okunzvera, kupfigirwa, uye kunzvera.
  • Mitanho yeNon-Discrimimina: haifaniri kudenha vanhu vakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti rudzi. Kuvimbisana kwenzanga kunogona kubetsera kuvaka chivimbo ndokuvandudza ungwaru.
  • Dare reProvience Tords: matare akazvitsaurira ane mashandiro anokamuranisa mashoko anofanira kunzvera zviito zvevakuru vakuru ndokumanikidza chipupuriro.

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakaita chinjo kuti dziwirirane zviri nani masimba adzo ekurumidziro nekodzero dzavanhu. MuUnited States, USA INVULUX Act yakadzorera dziviriro dzakavanzika. MuUnited Kingdom, kutanga TPIMs kwakasvika nokutarisira kwakakomba zvikuru. MuFrance, mutemo unorwisana nougandanga wakagadzira gadziriro yechigarire zvikuru yapamutemo asi nenzvero dzeparamende. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti zvinobvira kuita kuugandanga pasina kubvisa zvachose mipimo yedemocratic.

mhedziso

Masimba enjodzi chishandiso chiri madikanwa mukurwisa ugandanga, kuchipa hurumende simba rokuita zvose zvisati zvaitika. Kukwanisa kwawo kuvhiringidza zvirongwa, kuunganidza uchenjeri, uye kudzivirira vagari vemo hakugoni kurambwa. Asi nhau inoratidza kuti masimba mamwe chete aya, kana akasadzorwa, anogona kutungamirira kukubatwa zvisina kufanira, kusarurana, uye kuderera kwechigarire kwekodzero dzevanhu. Kuoma kwehurumende dzehurumende ndekwokugadzira zvinhu zvinoshanda zviri pamutemo zvinoshanda pakurwisana nougandanga. Kuedza kwokuramba kuchiita nokurwisana noutsotsi hakungodzivisiki. Izvi zvinoda kungwarira nguva dzose, kuzviisa pachena mumutemo. Sezvinoitawo kutyisidzira kwemagandanga kunofanira kudzoka, saka miitiro inotonga masimba ekurumidziro, kuvimbisa kuti irambe iri yechienzi uye haisi chinhu chitsva. Kuedza kwokupedzisira kwegadziriro kurwisana nougandanga hakungodzivisi kudzivirira kana kuichengetedza rusunungukowo.