Hurumende dzinopa miganhu yemitemo ine basa guru mukutarisira migariro yeutano yavose muUnited States. Hurumende yehurumende painenge ichigovera kubatana kwetsika nesangano rakadai seCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chiremera chepamutemo chokuita chiito chakananga. Zvakadai sokurayira, mabhizimisi okuvhara, uye kugadzira nhomba dzemajekiseni. Apo njodzi inovapo, njodzi, njodzi yomusikirwo, kana kuti kumuka kwakapararira, vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kuita chiito nokukurumidza kumutemo unodzivirira vagari vemo, vanogovera zviwanikwa, uye vanodzikamisa rusununguko rwemunhu oga nechengeteko yakabatana. Nyaya iyi inoongorora kuti mitemo inoshandisa sei mutemo kuti ibatsire kutyisidzira utano hwevanhu, marudzi emitemo yavanoisa mitemo inotungamirira, uye zvinonetsa zviri munzanga dzakapoteredza.

Simba Repamutemo Remasimba Outano

Kunzwisisa kuti vatongi vehurumende vanobata sei njodzi dzoutano kunoda kutanga kuziva hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechiremera chavo. Musi weTenth Amendment, masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengetwa kutevedzana, kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi nzvimbo inobatanidza masimba ehurumende [ ehurumende ehurumende] chiremera chazvo chomuzvarirwo chokuita mitemo nemiraudzo kudzivirira utano, chengeteko, garikano, uye tsika dzavagari vemo vavo. Utano hweruwa iratidziro huru yesimba remapurisa.

Dare reUnited States Supreme rakasimbisa iyi nheyo mumhaka yechiratidzo Jacoboson v. Massachusetts[FL:1] (1905). Muchisarudzo ichocho, dare rakatsigira mutemo wehurumende waida kuti chibhokisi chive nenhomba muCambridge, Massachusetts, uye rakati rusununguko rwomunhu haruna kutsaurwa chose chose; rungafanira kutemwa zvine mufungo zvakanakira vose. Dare rakati:

“Nyakaro noutano zvavanhu veMassachusetts zvinokosha zvikuru kuhurumende. Guru remitemo rine simba rokuita mitemo yokudzivirira utano hwavanhu nekotsekano, uye kuraira kudzivirira kana kudikanwa kuripo.”

Iyi nhau yakavamba muedzo we [[FLT: 0] uchiri kutungamirira mutemo woutano hwavanhu: matare achatsigira mutemo kana une ukama chaihwoihwo kana kuti hwakasimba hwokudzivirira utano hwavanhu, hahusati huri hudzvinyiriri kana kuti husina mufungo, uye hahusati huchiputsa maruramiro makuru. Mitemo yemitemo yazvino uno inoshanda mukati meiyi gadziriro apo zvitemo zvekurumidziro zvinogadzira.

Kushamisa Kunoita Mitemo Yokurwadzisa Panguva Yokurwara

Zviito izvi zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvina zvakafara, chimwe nechimwe chichishandira chinangwa chakajeka mukutyisidzira uye kuderedza kukuvadza.

Nhevedzo Dzomungozi Nezvikarakadzo

Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, gavhuna ane chiremera chokuzivisa mugariro wekurumidziro kana kuti njodzi youtano yavanhu kupfurikidza nenhungamiro yavakuru vakuru. Zvisinei, mitemo inoverengeka inowanzoita basa rokutsigira kana kuti rokutarisira. Mabumbiro enyika akawanda anoda kuti mamiriro ezvinhu okukurumidzira akurumidze kuvamba kuvamba kworusando chairwo kana kuti kuti kuti chibvumirano chemitemo chinofanira kusimbisa murayiro wagavhuna munhamba yakati yemazuva. Mukati medamu reCHOVAD-19, matare anoverengeka akapfuudza mitemo inoganhurira nguva yeziviso dzekurumidziro kana kuti anoda kuti tendedzero yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende yokuwedzera. Somuenzaniso, Kicky’s commentations wings regionations mu 201 iyo yakapa Gungano rehondo rehondo rehondo rehondo guru mukugumisa mirayiridzo. Mitezo yakadaro inovimbisa kuti kubvumira kwamasimba anoremedzwa kunyange mamiriro ezvinhu anodzo anodzo anodzo.

Kuchinjwa Kwemanyuko uye Kuongorora

Mitemo inobatanidza gadziriro dzokuwedzera kutora mari, kukumbira mari, uye kugadzira mari isingawirirani neganhuriro dzekurumidziro. [[FLT]] Kuwedzera mari munzvimbo dzokuedza, kuwanda kwezvipatara, uye kurovha vashandi vezveutano. Iyi mitemo inowanzobatanidza gadziriro dzokuwedzera mari, kukwikwikwidzana, uye kugadzira mari chaiyo isingatapurwi neganhuriro dzemari dzinodzoka. [[FLT:] Mushumo weCHOVAD-19 dendal, dzinogoverwa mabhiriyoni emadhorabhurobhora emari nemari yehurumende kubva kuzvose zviri zviviri mutengo wehurumende, uye matare okutarisira mari anodzorwa. [5]

Kuchinjika Kwokutungamirira

Njodzi dzeutano dzinowanzofumura kuoma kwemitemo iripo inodzongonyedza mhinduro inokurumidza. Mitemo inogona kuita chinjo dzechinguvana kana kuti zechigarire kukugadziridza mitemo, mirau yemitengi yemitengi, uye ganhuriro dzemari. Somuenzaniso, mukati memwedzi yapakuvamba yeCHOVID-19, hurumende dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inobvumira vanachiremba kuti vashandise kupfurikidza nemari inodzorwa nemari pasina kukurumidza kupiwa rezinesi yenyika, uye kufutunura marudzi emabasa anogona kupiwa zviri kure. Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo inodzorwa nokuda kwemishonga, ichiita kuti igone kuisa mushonga pasina mishonga yachiremba kana kuti kugovera kuiswa kwemishonga. Iyi mirimo yekurumidziro yakabvumikisa kuva inokosha mukuwana tarisiro yokuwana apo kuderedza mutengo mutoro nezvipatara.

Kupfuura denda, masangano emitemo akashandisa chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kupedza njodzi dzakati. Mukati mekupararira kweU.Zika vhairasi , inotevedza kufanana neFlorida neTexas mitemo inoita kuti mishonga ipfuure mvumo yokufeya-mishonga yezvipembenene ipfuvure nokubvumira vakuru vakuru vezvoutano kupinda munzvimbo dzokuberekera umhutu. Kugadziridzwa kwakadaro kwemitemo kunobvumira masangano outano enyika kuita pasina kumirira miitiro irefu.

Kudzidza Nokugadzirira Kuchinja Zvinhu

Nepo mhinduro yapakarepo ichishandisa ngwariro hurusa yemitemo mukati menjodzi, masangano anofambira mberi anoshandisawo nguva kusimbisa gadziriro dzoutano hwavanhu nokuda kwenguva yemberi. Iri goverano inobatanidza mitemo inoraira gadziriro dzapamberi dzehosha dzakavandudzwa, inoda mirwi yezvokudzivirira zvomunhu oga (PPE) kana kuti zvinobudisa magetsi, uye kugadzira zvipatara zechigarire. Dzimwe nyika dzakatanga [ kuisa mari youtano yavose inodzoserwa nokukurumidza gore rimwe nerimwe, ichivimbisa kuti bhajeti remari haisiyi gadziriro yePrejimendi isati yagadziriswa. Vamwe vakapfuudza mitemo inoda zvipatara kuti vachengetedze simba chairo kana kuti vatsigire mumiitiro yezvo youtano yavose. [FLT:]

Munyaya dzedepth Studies

Kuenzanisira kuita kwemitemo kwakasiyana - siyana patyisidziro dzoutano dzakasiyana - siyana, kunobetsera kunzvera njodzi dzakati uye mitemo yehurumende inopiwa kuti itaure nadzo.

COVID-19: Murato Wemitemo Usina Kuenzana

COVID-19 yakaparira kuwanda kukurusa kwomutemo wezvoutano munhau yazvino uno yeAmerica. Pakati paMarch 2020 uye mugumo wa2022, masangano ehurumende akasuma makumi ezviuru zvemabhiri uye akagadza mazana emitemo ine chokuita norutivi rwuri rwose rwokudzora zvirwere. Nzvimbo dzinobatanidza:

  • Mitemo nenhomba zvinoraira: Mitemo inoda mabhass mudzimba dzavose kana kuti muzvokufambisa zvavose, uye gare gare, mapasipoti enhomba nokuda kwemimwe mibato. Mamwe matare okugadza mitemo yokudzima nzvimbo kana kuti vashandirwi vapachivande kuti vasaraira izvozvo.
  • [ Dziviriro dzekusashata: Nyika zhinji dzakapa mitemo inodzivirira vatarisiri vezvoutano, mabhizimisi, zvikoro, uye vagadziri vePPI kana kuti nhomba dzinobva mumatare eCHOVAD, chero bedzi dzakaita mukutenda kwakanaka ndokutevera nhungamiro dzoutano dzavose.
  • Mibato yokubvisa:[[FLT: 1] Mutemo waibvumira misangano iri kure nokuda kwamasangano ehurumende, kuwedzera kuvhota kwaasina, uye kwakarerutsa basa ravashandi vehurumende.
  • Mitemo yesimba nemirau yezvipatara: iyo inorasha chibvumirano chechinguvana chezvinodikanwa zvinodikanwa, inobvumirwa nokuda kwokuiswa kwekurumidziro kwavashandi vezvoutano vakarega basa, uye yakaraira kuti zvipatara zvishuma mashoko ebasa zuva nezuva.

Mumwe muenzaniso unokosha ndi [[FL:0] Michigan’s Emergency Management and Health Order Act pakutanga akapa gavhuna masimba akafara, asi mutezo wemitemo gare gare wakaugadziridza kuida tendero yemitemo yemirairo yekurumidziro inogara mazuva anopfuura 28. Iyi inotakurika yehondo pakati pemapazu evakuru vakuru nemitemo yairira, ichisimbisa kunyanduka pakati pechiito chokukurumidza nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende.

Denda reOpioid: Chinjo Yemitemo Yakare

Kusiyana nedenda rakakomba, dambudziko reopioid rakatanga kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri, richibvumira masangano okutonga kuti ape mhinduro kupfurikidza nemitemo inotevedzana asi ichiita kuti pave nengozi. Hurumende dzakaita kuti pave nemitemo yakasiyana - siyana:

  • .Prefication Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs): Mitemo inoyera kuti vanonyora vanonzvera shopu yakapararira nyika vasati vanyora zvinhu zvinodzorwa. Kubvira muna 2023, maruwa ose 50 kunze kwaMissouri ane maPDMP anoshanda.
  • [[NTO:0] Mutemo weNaloxone Access Law: Mutemo unobvumira vagadziri vemishonga kuparadzira mushonga unopfura nokunyanyisa pasina mirau uye unopa dziviriro yeSamaria yakanaka kuvanhu vanodana 911 nokuda kwokunyanyoshandisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mitemo neProving Fund: inopa mari inobva mumatare anopa mutongo mukurwisana navagadziri vemishonga (mutoo, Johnson & Johnson, Purdue Pharma) kukurapa nokudzivirira purogiramu dzokupindwa muropa.
  • Kuisa miganhu: Mativi anoverengeka, kubatanidza New York uye Shashington[, yakapfuudza mitemo inoganhurira mishonga yokutanga kugoverwa kwemazuva manomwe nokuda kwokurwadziwa kukuru, kuchivavarira kuderedza ngozi yokutsamira pamunhu.

Njodzi yeopioid inoratidzira kuti vagadzi vemitemo vanogona sei kushandisa mubatanidzwa wemiitiro, kutsinhano yemari, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi kuti vataure tyisidziro youtano yavanhu iyo inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri kuchengetwa kwoutano nomutemo.

Zika naVector-Borne Disease: Environmental Legislation

Apo utachiona hweZika hwakasvika kuAmerica muna 2015-2016, masangano ehurumende okudzorwa munyika dzokumaodzanyemba neAedes zviverengero zveumhutu zvakapindura nomutemo wakatarwa. FLORIDA yapfuura “Masquito Control nePublic Emergency Act," iyo yakapa chiremera chakafara chokudzora utunga kuti hupinde nzvimbo dzakavanzika dzenzvimbo nokuda kwokupfuradzisa, kuda zvipataratidzo nemarabhora kuti zvipedze nhau dzeZika mukati memaawa 24, uye yakagovera mamiriyoni 25 emarioni eUtutsi nokuda kwemiyamu. . [[FLT:]]

Matambudziko uye Kusagadzikana Mukutonga Kwomutemo

Kunyange zvazvo vane chiremera chepamutemo chakajeka, vafundisi vehurumende vanotarisana nezvinetso zvikuru pakutarisira zvinetso zvoutano hwevanhu.Izvi zvinetso hazvingovi zvokutarisira chete, zvinobatanidza mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pemiganhu yesimba rehurumende, kodzero dzevanhu, uye kubvumirana mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe Nerwisano Dzokuedzerwa

Utano hwavanhu muUnited States mutoro unogoverwa wehurumende, uyo unogona kutungamirira kurwisano. Masangano eFederal akafanana neCDC neFood and Drug Administration (FDA) akagadza nhungamiro dzorudzi ndokutendera nhomba kana kuti kurapa, asi anotaura kuti anoshandisa mitemo iyoyo. Tsitsi dzinomuka apo miraudzo yehurumende inopfuudza mitemo inopokanidza kana kuti inopfuura rumbidzo dzehurumende (kuitira muenzaniso), mitemo inorambidza mirayiro yemabhaisikopo muzvikoro pasinei zvapo nenhungamiro yeCDC, kana kuti mitemo inorambidza mapapoti. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anofanira kupedza kupfurikidza nokududzira Suprecy Claus Ce yeBumbiro reMitemo, uko kunoita kuti mutemo wehurumende upfuure pamutemo ureginopesana apo inorwisana. Zvisinei, munzvimbo dzisingabvumiri kushaniswa, nyika yose.

Kusawirirana kunowirirana kunoitika pakati pevatungamiriri vehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Mitemo yakawanda yakagadza mitemo yokubvisa maguta nemirairo yechiremera kuisa zvirongwa zvoutano zvakatsiga zvikuru kupfuura izvo zvakarongwa nehurumende. Mukati meCHOVID-19, gakava pamusoro pokusunungurwa rakava rezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, namasangano emitemo achiramba kuti mipimo yakafanana iri madikanwa nokuda kwamabhizimisi nezvikoro, nepo vakuru vakuru vemo vakaomerera kuti vanofanira kuchinjika kuti vakurukure migariro yomunzvimbomo yakasiana - siana.

Kusunungurwa Kunoitwa Nevanhu Vose uye Maitiro Akakodzera

Mutemo woutano wavose unowanzoganhurira mufambiro womunhu oga(kuda kuzviparadzanisa, kuparadzana, kudzivirira, kana kuti kupfeka mabhakitire. Uku kupindira kunobatanidza maruramiro makuru akadai sezvigaro zvomuviri, rusununguko rwokufamba, uye kurovedza kworudzidziso. Jacobonson mupimo unoda kuti ganhuriro wakadaro uve une mufungo uye usingarevi, asi chiri “chine mufungo” mukati menjodzi inopfupikisana nokukurumidza inowanzokwikwikwidzwa. Dare ra kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rakatsigira mirairo youtano hwavanhu, asi kwave kune kusingacherekedzeki apo vatongi vakarova mitemo isina kugadzira miganhu kana kuti inoputsa dziviriro yakananga. Somuenzaniso, dare reruwa renyika mu [FLT.] [FPlact]]

Mitemo yakawanda yakaita mitemo inoita kuti pave nemitemo inodzivirira vanhu kuti vasapinda mumapoka uye kuti vaparadzane nevamwe inosanganisira kudzivirira maitiro anodiwa, zvakadai sechiziviso, kodzero yokunzwa, uye nzira shomanana dzinoita kuti munhu azviomedze.

Kuchinja Zvematongerwe Enyika uye Kusaziva

Zvichida denho hurusa yakatarisana nedzimba dzehurumende dzapamutemo mumakore achangobva kupfuura iyi kuderera kwebvumirano yebipartisan pamatanho outano. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, utano hwavanhu hwakava hwakadzorwa zvikuru, nemitemo inodzorwa neDhemocratic inowanzotsigira mitemo yakakomba nemitemo inodzorwa nemitemo yeRepublican inodzorwa kazhinji kazhinji inoshora kana kuti kupfuudza mitemo yokudzivisa mirairo yakadaro. Kusha kweMisprendium pamusoro pematemu, mabhakitikiti, uye vhaira racho rimene zvakawedzera nhamburiko dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yezveutano inodzorwa nemitemo yezveutano inogamuchira mipimo yezvokurapavhu inodzo inodzorwa kubva mukubvisa zvinonzidzwa nezvinozivikanwa. Uku kuchinja uku kwakaita kuti kuome nokuda kwezviito zvechiito zvechimbiso nechiito chakaoma zvikuru.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokutarisira Mitemo Inobudirira

Dzichifunga nezvezvinhu zvakaoma uye zvine ngozi, matare ehurumende anogona kushandisa miitiro yakanakisisa inoverengeka kuti avandudze kutarisira kwavo zvinetso zvoutano.

  • Kugadza Claus ne Creasure Triggers: mutemo weEmergency unofanira kubatanidza misi yokupera kwegore yakasungirwa kuminuro yezveutano yedonzo renhau (g., mwero, simba rechipatara) kudzivisa kukura kwechigarire kwesimba rehurumende pasina kushaiwa kunopfuurira. Masangano akawanda anoshandisa iyi nheyo kuziviso dzawo dzekurumidziro mukati meCHOVID-19.
  • Traxament and Public Regament: Mitemo inofanira kuva nemhosva, chipupuriro chekukumbira chitendiso, uye kubudisa mashoko anozivisa zvisarudzo zvavo. Ikoku kunovaka chivimbo chavose uye kunoderedza kupararira kwemashoko asina kururama. Masangano anoverengeka akagadzira matare anotarisira ebhipartis akabudisa mishumo yenguva dzose pamusoro pokuitwa kwemirairo yezvoutano.
  • Chisarudzo cheDerati Kuita: Mitemo inofanira kuvakirwa pamitemo yezvinoparirwa nezvinoitika. Mitemo inogona kuronga zvidzidzo kubva mumadhipatimendi outano kana kuti masangano edzidzo kuti aedzedzese mutemo wemiitiro yakasiana--- siyana. Kubatanidza murairo unovimbisa kuti vagadziri vemitemo vane mashoko akarurama, enguva chaiyo.
  • Kushanda nokuda kwemigariro yomunharaunda: Nepo kuva akafanana kune betsero, vagadzi vemiganhu vanofanira kurangarira kubvumira nzvimbo kuita zviteshi zvakasimba kana sayenzi ichiitsigira nezviwanikwa zvomunzvimbomo. Mitemo yeparation iyo inodzivisa chose chose chiito chomunzvimbomo ingava isingabetseri zvibereko.
  • Ziviso yeZitsanaso yeZikurusa: Pashure pokunge njodzi yaderera, vagadzi vemitemo vanofanira kurangarira nenzira yakarongwa mhinduro yavo, kubatanidza kunzwa kwavose nemishumo inobva kuvazivi vakazvimirira. Uyu muitiro unoratidzira mikaha mumutemo uye unotungamirira kuvandudzwa mukugadzirira. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai se New Jersey, dzakaita “Mabasa adzidzwa anoitwa navose.

mhedziso

Hurumende inyanzvi dzemitemo dzinoda kugadziriswa mugadziriro youtano yavose yeAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokushandiswa kwamasimba amapurisa, dzinoita gadziriro yapamutemo inobvumira hurumende dzehurumende kuita chiito nokukurumidza uye nenzira inobudirira. Kubva pamirairo yekurumidziro uye mari yezvikwereti zvegadziriro dzegadziriro dzenguva refu, mitemo inoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwekutarisirwa kwenjodzi(wcontainment, kugadziriswa, kunaya, uye kugadzirira kwomunguva yemberi. Zviitiko zveCOVOVID-19, murakaro wehosha dzinotakurwa nechetura seZika inoratidza zvose zviri zviviri mhatsa yezvishandiso zvemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende uye kusawirirana pakati pezvinodikanwa zvavose nekodzero zvomunhu oga.

Sezvo tyisidziro dzoutano dzinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka (zvichibva muutachiona hwezvinoparirwa nemishonga, utachiona hunodzivisa mishonga, kana kuti ngwavaira dzinobatanidzwa nemamiriro okunze) mamiriro okunze okunze anofanira kuramba achidzorwa, ufakazi huchizivikanwa, uye kupindura kunzanga dzazvinobatira. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti imba yavo yemitemo inoshanda sei mukati menjodzi inoshongedzerwa zviri nani kutsigira mitemo inodzivirira utano hwavanhu nepo inodzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo. Pakupedzisira, simba remhinduro yehurumende inofanira kudzora zvakanaka sei dutu racho uye nokukurumidza sei inovapo kune rumwe rutivi.