Mashoko ari kure azova chishandiso chinokosha mukuumba miitiro yokudzora mvura inobudirira. Sezvo zviwanikwa zvemvura yakachena zvinotarisana nedzvinyiriro inokura yechiverengero chavagari vemo, zvinodikanwa zvokurima, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kushatiswa kwemhepo, vagadziri vemitongo vanoda zvakarurama, nguva, uye mashoko akakwana. Nzvero dzinobudiswa nemhepo dzinogovera murangariro wemichina yemvura, zvichigonesa zviremera kuongorora nzvimbo huru, kuziva chinjo nokufamba kwenguva, uye zvisarudzo zvetsika. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runotsigira sei mipimo yezvokudzora mvura, zvishandiso zvinobetsera zvikurusa, zvinopa betsero dzinobetsera zvikurusa pamusoro pemitoo inogamuchirwa, uye denho idzo dzichiri kunofanira kunyorwa.

Chii Chiri Kufungwa Nevanhu Vari Kure?

Kuziva kuri kure isayenzi yokuwana mashoko pamusoro pezvinhu kana kuti nzvimbo dziri kure, inowanzoshandisa mifungo inoiswa pamasatellite, ndege, kana kuti madhorona. Iyi chiyero chemifungo inoratidzirwa kana kuti kubudisa mwaranzi yemagetsi anokwevera zvinhu zvinooneka, kubatanidza mitsetse inooneka, infrared, uye microswave . Mashoko anounganidzwa anogona kugadziridzwa mumifananidzo uye mepu dzemichina izvo zvinozivisa zvinhu nemakemikoro zviri pamusoro pePasi nemhepo yakapoteredza pasi.

Mumashoko akapoteredza ezviwanikwa zvemvura, zvikamu zviri kure zvinoyera mvura zvakadai seLandsat yeNASA, European Space Agency’s Sentinel satellites, uye NOA'S SAPETS zvinopa cherechedzo dzinoda kungwarira. Zvirongwa izvi zvinopa mano akasiyana- siyana: michina yemaziso inoona ruvara rwemvura noutano; mifungo yerefrate yerefrate inoyera tembiricha yemvura pamusoro pemvura; uye michina yeradarada inopinda mumakore ingagona kuyera kuomarara, ukuru, uye kunyange unyoro hwevhu. Kubatanidza uku kweidzi hove kunoita kuti kutaridzi kudzore kutenderera kwakadzama kwemvura mumvura munzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, yenharaunda, uye magiramu pasi rose.

Zvirongwa zvakadzika mukudzora Revolution Management

Kuongorora Kukwira Kwemvura Nesimba

Mufananidzo wesatellite unobvumira mepu yenguva dzose yenyanza, matsime emvura, nzizi, uye matsvina. MaSalmorime anoisa mukamuro mapikicha emvura, achigonesa kugadzirwa kwenguva inotevedzana inochinja mwaka nenhambo refu. Mashoko aya anokosha pakutarisira kuchengetwa kwematura, kuyera mazaya emvura, uye kuongorora kusanaya kwemvura. Somuenzaniso, Global Surface Water, Frack, yakavakwa kubva muzvinyorwa zveLandsat, inonyora shanduka-shanduka-shanduka yemvura yePasite mumakumi mana emakore apfuura, inobetsera vagadziri vemiteshina yokuziva nzvimbo dzinorasika mvura kana kuti kuwana pfuma.

Kunaka Kwemvura

Kunzwisisa kuri kure kunogona kufungidzira mitauro yoruvara rwakadai seturbidity, chlorophyll-a, zvinhu zvakanyunguduka, uye madhaka akarembera. Vanzwi vakafanana naSentinel-2 neLandsat 8 vanogovera zvisungo zvinoyera zvakawanda zvinocherekedza maruvara ealgal, shatiss, uye mitoo yokushatisa. Uku kusimba kunotsigira kuchengetwa kwemipimo yemvura, zvinozivisa manyuko okushatisa, uye nzira dzokubvisa nadzo. Mumhenderekedzo dzegungwa nedziridziri, pedyo nemvura dzinonzvera nguva chaiyo dzinobetsera zviremera zveutano kunyevera mamiriro ezvinhu anokuvadza.

Kuongorora Kufamba Kwemvura Nokusanaya Kwemvura

Drifted difictions yakabva mumashoko ari kure, akadai seSpermational Fraise Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), uye Standarded Precipitating-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) kubva mumichina inonaya mvura, inopa nyevero yapakuvamba yedzvinyiriro yemvura. Mifungo yeErmal inozivisa kudziya kwemitengo yemiti iyo inoratidzira kuperevedza kwemvura. Izvi zviratidzo zvinodyira mugadziriro dzemvura dzinogadzirwa nokunaya uye zvinobetsera hurumende kugovera migove yemvura yekurumidziro zvakanaka zvikuru.

Kuparadzwa Kwezviwanikwa Zvemvura Yapasi

Nepo kuyera kwapanyika papasi kusingagoni kuyera zvakananga mwero yemvura yapasi, kunogovera zviratidzo zvisina kunanga zvakadai sevhu rinoderera (rinoyerwa neINSAR), kuchinja mumitunhu iri pamusoro pemvura, uye kuchinja kwemvura mumvura. GRAC (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experity Express Express) masatery yakashandura kuongororwa kwemvura huru yepasi nokunzvera chinjo mumunda wesimba repasi rePasi inokonzerwa nokugara kwemvura kwakazara. Iyi mashoko ave achishandiswa mukuzivisa kuderera kwemvura mumatunhu akadai seCentral Valley muNorth China neNorth Plain, kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu emvura inoyerera pasi.

Kuzadza Mvura Isina Kubvumirwa Nomutemo Nezvinotorwa

Chifananidzo chesatellite inogadzira mvura yakawanda chinogona kuziva matsime akaregwa zvisina mvumo, akadai sematsime akagadzirwa munzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa kana kuti asina kuchinjwa munzizi. Chinja maarugimendi okuwana zvinosimbisa gadziriro itsva kana kuti nzira dzemvura dzakachinjwa. Munyika umo kuba mvura idenho huru, ufakazi hwokunzwisisa hwakashandiswa kumanikidza mirau, kuderedza rwisano, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuparadzirwa kunowirirana pakati pavashandisi.

Sinou neGlacier Spoker

Munzvimbo dzine makomo, sinou neaizi zvinobatira sematura emvura. Mitemo yokunzwa iri kure seNASA MOSES neSatellite yeSantinel inogovera kufukidza kwezuva nezuva pamusoro pechinou, mvura yechando yakafanana (kushandisa microwave microwave), uye mwero yechando inodzokoroka. Mashoko aya anodyira mumvura inoparirwa nokuchekererwa kwemvura kundova pasi nokuna magetsi emvura. Mitemo yemira pamusoro pemichina uye kusanaya mvura inowanzotsamira pamashoko echando anobva mumifungo yechando.

Kudzora Mafashamo uye Kuedza Kupinda Mungozi

Michina yeradar yakadai seSentinel 1 naRADARSAT inoshanda zvikuru nokuda kwokunyora mepu dzemafashamo nemhaka yokuti inogona kuwana mifananidzo mufukidzo yegore uye usiku. Urefu hwenguva yemafashamo hunobetsera maneja ekurumidziro anobatira pamwe, cherekedza kuvadziko, uye rongedzero dzenzira dzokubuda nadzo. Mashoko amafashamo anobva mumazaikoro ezvisaro anotsigira kusikwa kwemepu dzenjodzi dzemafashamo, idzo dzinokosha nokuda kwokuronga nyika nokubudirira kwemiitiro yeinishuwa.

Betsero Dzokukwevera Kure Mumiitiro Yemvura

Kubatanidza mashoko ari kure mumitemo yokudzora mvura kunopa betsero dzinooneka kupfuura mitoo yagara iri pasi. Idzi betsero dziri kuvandudza nzira iyo hurumende, masangano enyika yose, uye mitoo inoshandiswa mumvura inodzora:

  • Kuongorora kwaparefu kwaparefu kunoshanda[: Masangano anoongorora pasi anodhura kuisa nokuchengeta, zvikurukuru munharaunda dziri kure kana kuti dzinofamba-famba. Kunzwa kure kunogovera chidimbu chemutengo pascremya.
  • Manyoro emashoko enhau echinyakare nokuda kwenzvero yecherekedzo [[FLT: 1]: Manyoro akawanda esatellite anotambanudzwa shure namakumi mana amakore kana kuti kupfuura. Uyu murangariro wenhambo refu unobvumira vaiti vemitemo kuziva chinjo dzomugariro wokunze, kuyera kushanda kwemitemo yakare, uye migariro yazvino uno inorwisana nemirau yamagamuchidzanwa.
  • Nguva chaiyoiyo namashoko enguva chaiyoiyo nokuda kwenyevero yapakuvamba : Nzvero dzeSatellite dzinogona kugadzirwa ndokuparadzirwa mukati memaawa. Iyi speed inokosha nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvokushanda zvakadai sokubudisa mvura mudhamu pamberi pemafashamo kana kuti kunyandura nhevedzano dzemhinduro dzemvura.
  • Korosi-mhengamira nokubatira pamwe[[FLT:]: Mumigodhi yerwizi, kuvhura kuri kure kunopa manyuko enhau ezvokuziva anogona kushandiswa namarudzi ose anorasika. Ikoku kunoderedza gakava pamusoro pekugoverwa kwemvura uye kunotsigira gadziriro dzokutarisira pamwe chete (umr., Mekong River Commission yokushandisa kwamashoko eSatellite).
  • Kubatanidzwa nemienzaniso yemvura negadziriro dzechisarudzo zvinotsigira : Mashoko ari kure anodyira mumienzaniso ayo anodeya kutaura kuvapo kwemvura, zviwanikwa zvinogoverwa, uye migariro yokuedzesera yokudzora. Hurumende dzinogona kushandisa "icho kana kuti "kunzvera kunobatanidza kushandiswa kwenyika nemigariro yemhoteredzo.
  • Kuderedza ndyiko dzenzvero yemunda nerogists: Kupfurikidza nokutsiva kana kuti kutsigira nhimbe dzomumunda, kuchengetedza nguva, basa, uye mari, bhajeti dzinosunungura nokuda kwemimwe miitiro sekugadzirirwa kwegadziriro kana kuti kubviswa kwenzanga.

Matambudziko uye Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita

Pasinei zvapo nebviro yayo yokuchinja, kugamuchirwa kwekunzwa kwemiitiro yemvura iri kure kunotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinoverengeka.Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuziva nezveidzi ganhuriro kudzivisa kunyanyotsamira pamashoko esatellite bedzi.

Kuongorora Nezvokufunga Nezvokufambisa Mashoko

Mafaro uye mazasipo aripo (mutoo., Landsat, Sentinel-2) anowanzogovera chisarudzo chebumbiro re 10-30mita, chingava chisina kukwana kuongorora mitumbi miduku yemvura kana kuti hova nhete. Mazita okutengesa akakwirira-aiwanisa zvinhu (muto wemameter) asi anowanzotengwa nokuda kwokuongorora kwomuitiro. Chisarudzo chetempo chinopawo denho: mamwe masetellitendi anodzokerera nzvimbo imwe chete mazuva mashomanene, asi miganhuro mukati mezviitiko zvakakomba (m., mafashamo anokurumidza) inogona kuitika.

Kupindira Munzvimbo Yakavharwa Makore

Michina inoona haisi kugona kuona zviri mumakore, ichiita kuti ive isingavimbiki munzvimbo dzine makore anoramba achinaya mvura. Kunyange zvazvo mativi eaquator mukati memwaka wemvura (mutoo, Sentinel 1) achikurira kuganhurirwa uku, kududzira mashoko kwavo kunoda maalgorithm uye angasagovera mashoko mamwe chetewo semashoko emaziso.

Kuwana Zvigadzirwa Nemisiyano Yezvirongwa

Kuronga mashoko ari kure kupinda mumashoko anoshanda kunoda vaongorori vane unyanzvi uye manyuko makuru okuverenga. Masangano akawanda anotarisira mvura munyika dzichiri kubudirira anoshaiwa vashandi vakarovedzwa kana kuti simba rokushandisa mashoko makuru. Ikoku kunoparira rutsamiro patsigiro yokunze nerokunonoka kubatanidza miitiro.

Kushanda Kwamashoko uye Kuziva Chokwadi Chine Simba

Kuziva zviri kure zvinofanira kuva zvinosimbiswa mukuyera zviyereso kuti zvive nechokwadi chakarurama. Pasina mibatanidzwa yapasi yakakwana yokunzvera, zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nasatellite zvingava necherekedzo. Zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvakavakirwa pamashoko ari kure asingaenzaniswi zvinogona kutungamirira kumhedziso dzisina kururama (muchib., kuderedza kuderera kwemvura yapasi kana kuti kuyera zvakachengetwa zvakawandisa).

Mipinganidzo Yemitemo Nemasangano

Kunyange uko simba rounyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu riripo, intentia inogona kudzivisa kushandiswa kwemashoko esatellite. Masangano etsika angazengurira kuchinja miitiro yokuongorora yakatangwa kwenguva refu. Kupfuurirazve, gadziriro dzapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji hadzizivi zvakajeka mashoko esatellite soufakazi hunobvira hwekuchengetwa kwekodzero dzemvura kana kuti kutarisirwa kwadzo, kunyange zvazvo ikoku kuri kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma.

Kuongorora Vara: Kunzwa Kusiri Kure Kuchiitwa

Kutarisira Kusanaya Kwemvura kweCalifornia

Mukati mekusanaya kwemvura kwakakomba muna 2012-2016, Department of Water Resources yeCalifornia yakashandisa mashoko eSatellite kubva kuLandsat, MOTES, uye GRACE kunzvera sinoupack, unyoro hwevhu, uye kuderera kwemvura yapasi. Mashoko akabetsera kururamisa kuderedza migariro yekurumidziro neSstainable Grouterter Management Act (SGMA), iyo inoraira zvirongwa zvokuchengetedza mvura yapasi. Department of Ramuer Resources Soult Program yeMail [FLT1] inopfuurira kubatanidza izvi zvisarunganiso zvemvura.

Kudzora Mvura Kunochinja - chinja muNairi Basin

Mitemo yeNile Basin yakaparapatika kwenguva refu nokugoverana mashoko. Kunzwa kure kunopa manyuko ezvokusatora mashoko nokuda kwokunzvera dzikamo yemvura yeLake Victoria, Blue Nile headters, uye Grand Etiopian Renaissance Dam darch. Nable Basinitifitiction[[[FLL:1] yakasimudzira kushandiswa kwemvura inonaya mvura yakagadzirwa nesatellite, kutsvuka, uye nyika inofukidza mashoko kutsigira kutarisirwa kwemvura kunobatirana. Nzvero dzeSatellitellitey dzave yavedzerwa mukuyera mwero wokuzadza sheyamu uye miuyo yayo inodzorwa pasi.

Basa Renyika remvura reIndia

Uministry of India’s India of Jal Shakti inoshandisa kunzvera zviri kure kutarira pamusoro pemvura, kuyera kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuziva kuchera mvura pasi kwepani kusina mvumo. Bhuvan state[ (Undhiyo yeIndian Space Research Organisation) inogovera mepu yemvura nokuchinja zvishandiso zvokuwana. Iyi mishumo inozivisa National Water Policy nerime-hurumende zvinogoverwa zvirongwa, zvikurukuru mumatunhu emvura akadai seMaharashtra neRajastan.

Kupinza Kure Mumichina Yemvura

Kuti uzive uri kure uzive tapuro yayo yakazara, inofanira kuva yakarongwa mumiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo. Ikoku kunoda migariro inoverengeka inoita kuti:

  • Miitiro yokuwana nokuzarura : Hurumende dzinofanira kutsigira mapurogiramu emashoko apachena uye akazaruka (semapurogiramu eCopernicus neLandsat) ndokukurudzira kushandiswa kwemafomu emashoko akagadzirirwa.
  • Chivako chezvikuru: zvirongwa zvokurovedza vatarisiri vemvura, vaongorori vemiitiro, uye vashandi vemichina zvinokosha. Kushandira pamwe nayunivhesiti namasangano ezvimudenga kunogona kukurumidzisa kukura kwounyanzvi.
  • Kuiswa kwezvishandiso zvinoshandiswa nomunhu zvinoshandiswa: zvikuva zvakavakirwa paWeb izvo zvinobudisa zvinhu zviri kure muchimiro choruzivo rwokuberekwa narwo (g., mabhodhi emvura nokuda kwouwandu hwemvura, mvura yokusanaya kwemvura) zvinoderedza mhinganidzo nokuda kwevasiri nyanzvi.
  • .Legal kuzivikanwa kwoufakazi hwesatellite : Kudzorera mitemo yemvura kugamuchira zvakajeka mufananidzo wesatellite soufakazi hunooneka muzviito zvokuchengeta kunosimbisa kuzviisa pasi.
  • Milt quosourse: Kunzwa kuri kure kunofanira kuwirirana – kwete kutsiva - kuongorora kwapasi. Mutoo wakavhengana unobatanidza satellite, mhepo, uye munzvero dzechipameso unopa miuyo yakasimba zvikurusa.

Masangano enyika dzakawanda akadai se UN-WAT ne [[FT:2]UNESCO Interprevitional Hydromestry Programme zvinosimudzira nokushingaira kushandiswa kwenzvero yePasi nokuda kweSDG showsearch, zvikurukuru SDG 6 (mvura yakachena neutsanana). Nhevero dzazvo dzinobetsera marudzi kubatanidza mashoko eSatellitellite mumistry yemvura yenyika uye mafaro anoshuma.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Makore gumi anotevera anovimbisa kufambira mberi kunokosha kuchaita kuti kudzora tsime remvura kuwedzere.

  • Tsarudzo yenhau inobva kumapoka enyeredzi dzesatellite : Masangano ari kuparadzira mapoka ezviteshi zviduku zvinogovera zuva nezuva kushanyirazve pachisarudzo chenguva duku (imo., Planet Labs, Maxar). Ikoku kuchagonesa kuongororwa kwamatsime maduku, migero, uye mahekicha mamwe namamwe.
  • Tsvakaturo dzeHyperspectral: Mishoni dzenguva yemberi dzakafanana neNaSA's Surface Biology neGeology (SBG) neENMAP satellite ichapa mazana ezvisungo zvitete, zvichibvumira kusarura chaiko kwezvinosvibisa, marudzi ealgal, uye miganhu yemvura.
  • Ungwaru nokudzidza kwomuchina kugadzirwa[[FLT: 1]: Kurongwa kwakarongwa, kuchinjwa, uye kuzivikanwa kuchakurumidza kuchinja mashoko esatellite asati agadzirwa kuva zviratidzo zvemiitiro nemibatanidzwa. Mapikicha anogona kubatanidza mashoko eSatellite nedenderedzwa remamiriro okunze uye mashoko ezvemari kuti atsigire kutarisirwa kwemvura kuwiriraniswa.
  • Kuongorora mvura yapasi papasi [[FLT: 1]: Mishoni dzokuuya (mutoo, GRAP Tevera-kunatsiridzwa) uye unyanzvi hweINDAR hunowedzera mano edu okuronda chinjo dzokuchengeta pazvikero zvakanakisisa, kutsigira miitiro yokudzora mvura yapasi yakavakirwa paufakazi.
  • Kubatanidza nesayenzi neIoT[FLT: 1]: Kubatanidza mashoko esatellite nereza yevhu nenzvero dzinoshumwa nenzanga kuchaparira chikwata chakakora chokunzvera icho chinosimbisa muitiro unoshanda.

Sezvo ruzivo urwu runowedzera, mutengo wokuwana nokugadzira mashoko ari kure ucharamba uchiderera, kuderedza kuwanika kwenzvimbo dzine mvura inotevedzerwa. Vagadziri vemitemo vanoisa mari zvino mukuvaka kukwanisa kudzora kukwanisa kuvaka kudzika kwemvura kuchava kwakashongedzerwa zviri nani kudzora zvinetso zvemvura munyika inodziya.

Mashoko ari kure haachisiri chishandiso chesayenzi chazvino uno chepasikirini chamatongo emvura yazvino uno. Kuvambira pakuongorora kusanaya kwemvura nemafashamo kusvikira kukusimbisa ganhuriro dzokuwana nokuronga matura, kunzvera kwesatellite kunogovera kujeka, nguva, uye udzame hunodikanwa kugadzira miitiro inobudirira. Kupfurikidza nokupedza denho dzakasara dzechisarudzo, chifukidziro, simba, uye zvirongwa zvapamutemo, marudzi anogona kudzora bviro yakazara yeruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwakavakirwa muchadenga kuti ave nechokwadi chokushandiswa kwemvura inochengetwa nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.