Korporatio inshoo yakakomba uye inokura iyo inosekesa makwikwi akanaka, inoisa mungozi chengeteko yenyika, uye inodyira mabhirioni emadhora gore negore. Apo masangano anodzikamisa mutemo anonzvera mhosva dzakadaro, anofanira kushandisa mukati megadziriro yapamutemo yakakomba yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwehurumende kuunganidza ufakazi hunopesana nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzevanhu namasangano. Pamwoyo weichirongwa ichi pane chinodikanwa, dziviriro yetsika yakavakirwa muGara raC5 Amendment. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti zvinodikanwa zvepamutemo zvinoshanda sei zvakananga kunzvero dzesangano renyika, mipimo yapamutemo inofanira kusangana nayo, uye denho dzinoshanda dzinotarisana nenhambo yezvakavanzika zvemakombiyuta uye zvirongwa zvemasangano akaoma.

Kunaka Kwokudzidza

Mutevedzeri wezvokubhadharwa, pane dzimwe nguva unonzi kuva munzveri wenzvimbo dzeindasitiri kana kuti munzveri wezvemari, unobatanidza kuwanwa kusiri kwapamutemo kwezvakavanzika zvokutengeserana, mashoko akavanzika, kana kuti mashoko ebhizimisi akavanzika anoitirwa nomukwikwikwidzani, hurumende yokumwe, kana kuti muvengi. Kusafanana nokuba kwamagamuchidzanwa, pfuma yakabiwa inowanzova isingaitiki, ndaza yemu, yavashandi, algoric programal, programa yesoftware / programme / programat / jastigated. Escopionagement Act ya1996 (EA) neSCheal Tratems Act yeULT 2016 (DTA) imitemo yehurumende inoshandiswa kurwisa utsotsi ihwo muUnited States, nezviratio anogona kubatanidza mitsetse mirefuridzo yakakura zvikuru.

Nzvero muminzvero yamakambani dzinotungamirirwa zvikurukuru neFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Department of Justice (DOJ), kana kuti mapoka chaiwo mukati mokuchengetwa kwomutemo wehurumende. Izvi zvinoitika kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza kutenderera kwemitemo yemicheto, kurukurirano dzakarevedzwa, uye kunzvera kwemichina yemichina yemagetsi. Nemhaka yokuti ufakazi hunotsvakwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hunova hunotapurwa zvikuru nekabhinyinyi kenhu uye nokuda kwemutoro umo vanzveri vanowana ufakazi huri pasi pokunzvera kukurusa. Chinodikanwa chisakiso chikuru chinovimbisa kunzvera nokubatwa nehosha kuva kune mufungo, kwakananga, uye kwete kupfuura nokupfuu.

Mipimo Yechina Ye Amendedzero

Chisakiso Chino mufungo Nokutsaura

Gadziriro yeChina yeMitemo yeU.S. inodzivirira "kodzero yavanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, kupesana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari." Chibvumikiso chinofanira kutsigirwa nechisakiso chinobvira uye chinofanira kurondedzera nenzira chaiyo nzvimbo yokunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Mukunzvera kwesangano, sezvinobvira chisakiso chinowanzoda kuratidzira kuti pane chitendero chine mufungo chokuti zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi zvakabiwa uye kuti ufakazi hwekuba ikoko huripo munzvimbo yakati.

Chinodikanwa chaicho chakaoma zvikuru mumakombiyuta. Munzveri haagoni kungokumbira chibvumikiso chokunzvera "zvinhu zvose zvemagetsi" zvemunyumwiri; chibvumikiso chinofanira kuganhurira kunzvera kumafaira kana kuti mashoko angangova ane ufakazi hwemhosva. Madare akashaisa bvumidzo dzakanyanyofara, dzakadai sedzinobvumira kubvumwa kwevashandi vebhizimisi vose pasina kuganhurirwa kumashoko ane chokuita nechinhu. Iyi nheyo inotambanukira kuzvinetso zvazvino uno zvakadai semakombiyuta anenge ari kuresa.

Kushanda Kwemaitiro Anoita Kuti Pave Nehondo

Kuti vawane pamutemo, vakuru vakuru vemitemo vanofanira kuisa chitupa chakapikirwa kudare kana kuti mutongi. Mutongi anodonongodza maidi anotanga chisakiso chinobvira ndokutsanangura chikonzero nei kunzvera kuri madikanwa. Mumitengo yebhizimisi, iyi dare rinowanzova noufakazi kubva mumishumo yemongi, zvinyorwa zvemari, mitauro yetsika, kana kuti kunzvera kwemapepa kwemashoko kubiwa. Mutongi anohwirudzura kunoitwa uye angapa chibvumikiso icho chisati chiri bedzi chinodikanwa asiwo nguva nemitoo inobvumirwa. Kana rugwaro rwacho ruchiurawa zvisina kufanira. Somuenzaniso, kupfurikidza noufakazi hwaro hwemari hunowanikwa mumutemo unodzorwa.

Marudzi Evaitsigira Kuongorora Kumwe Kumwe Kunoitika

Kutsvaka Mazano Okurapa Nokurapa

Kunzvera kwamagamuchidzanwa kunoramba kuchikosha nokuda kwokupinda nokunzvera mahofisi ekambani, mafekitari okugadzira, marabhoritari, kana kuti misha yavanhu uko ufakazi hwenzvero hungava. Zvisinei, munguva yemichina, makombiyuta akawanda anotsvakwa, mapuraneti egore, uye zvimwe zvinobudisa zvinhu zvemagetsi. Kukwira kwe "Precronocratic reserve ression" kana kuti "kunzvera" kunobvumira vanzveri kuti vabate motokari dzakasimba, vashandisi, uye kunyange mibatanidzwa yose, asi vanofanira kuita kudaro nenzira yakarurama. Department of Justice'scial [[FLT:]]Crim] Recureal Manual [[FLT]] inogovera nhungamiro pamusoro penzirati yemikoro yemikoro yemipidhiyo yemikoro, kusimbisa kuderera kuderera manyuko amotaidziko yemagetsi, kuderera kunzvera.

Vaenzi Vezvinhu

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungada kubata zvinhu zvinooneka — zvakadai semichina inotemwa, magwaro, kana kuti zvinobudisa mashoko — izvo zvimene zviri muuyo wetsororo kana kuti une ufakazi. Chibvumikiso chokubvuta chinobvumira kutora zvinhu zvakadaro, kazhinji kazhinji sorutivi rwokunzvera kwakafara. Rendement yeChina inoda kuti rugwaro rurondedzere zvakananga zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa, kudzivirira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti kusakanganisa "kubvuta kwounyanzvi" kwezvinyorwa zvose zvebhizimisi. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru muvavhiyi vebhizimisi, umo mukwikwikwidzani uyo ungataura kuti ane mapepa ebhizimisi ane zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi izvo zvisati zvichibatanidzwa kuutsotsi.

Zvishandiso Zvemagetsi Nezvokuongorora

Nzvero dzekudzorwa kwemakambani dzingabatanidzawo kunzvera kwemichina yemagetsi, kubatanidza kunyora mashoko pafoni nefoni nefoni. Iyi mibato inodzorwa nePURC III (Tit) naEctronic Communications Confic Act (ECPA). Kutungamirira nguva chaiyo yokukurukurirana, kumanikidza kwomutemo kunofanira kuwana chiratidzo chakatenderwa chakati chinowirirana nemwero wakakwirira wemipimo: zvimwe chisakiso chokudavira kuti kuvharwa kuchabata kurukurirano kuutsotsi, uye kuti zvimwe unyanzvi hwePurofesa hahuna kukwana. Nenzira yakafanana, kuwana maemail akachengetwa kana kuti mashoko anoda pamutemo pasi peChiteshinganiso chekurukurirano (SC), zvikurukuru kana kuti madata akaitwa namazuva 180.

Tsamba Dzochengeteko Dzamarudzi Nevarwi veFisa

Apo kunzvera kunobatanidza simba kana kuti mumiririri wokumwe, kunzvera kungawa pasi pekurangarira kweFreigent Surveilal Act (FISA). FASA zvibvumikiso zvine zvinodikanwa zvemipimo yakasiana- siyana kupfuura zvibvumikiso zvetsotsiwo zvakasiana, kubatanidza zvikumbaridzo zvakaderera nokuda kwechingabvira muzvinoitika kana kuti gadziriro dzenhau dzakavanzika. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kweMitemo yeFISA kwave kune nharo, uye matare akada zvikuru kuti kunyange kunzvera kwouchenjeri kuri pamusoro pezvisakiso zvikuru zvePremende.

Denho Mukuwana Nokutora Vapambi

Zvinokonzera Kubudirira Mugadziriro Yezvinhu Yazvinogadzirwa

Chimwe chedenho hurusa mukunzvera kwesangano rinonzvera ndechokugadza chinobvira apo utsotsi hunonzi hunoitika zvikurukuru muInthaneti. Ufakazi hwemadhigita hunowanzova erhemeral: maemail anogona kubviswa, mafaira akavanzika anogona kuvanzwa, uye mashoko anogona kuchinjwa kugura miganhu. Zviteshi zvinofanira kutsamira pamaregitari efonsics, IP mapepa, uye uchapupu kubva kuzvapupu kuti zvivake mhaka. Zvisinei, matare ave achingwarira pamusoro pokupa magwaro akavakirwa pamipimo yemitengo yemitengi, zvikurukuru apo kubatanidzwa kwenzvimbo yakati inoyera. Somuenzaniso, chinyorwa chokunzvera musha unofungidzirwa kuva webhadharo chingaruramiswa noufakazi hunofungidzirwa kuva hwekambani inovapo panguva iyo IP, asi chikochekero chemitenzi.

Kutsemura Kukura Kwaunofanira Kuita Kuti Usanyanya Kudya

Chinodikanwa chaichoicho chinoraira zvikuru mumakambani. Suo yekambani imwe ingava namatebhagisi emashoko, bedzi chikamu chiduku chawo chine chokuita nebasa resverion. Kana mutemo uchibvumira kubvumwa kwebasa rose, kungadenhwa serisiri rehurumende. Kutaura naichi, vaongorori kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa unyanzvi hwakafanana ne "keordword search,"" kana kuti "datectschess" yemifananidzo inobvumira kubvisa ufakazi hwakafanira apo vanosiya mamwe mazita. Kunyange zvakadaro, matare akashairira pasina maruramiro anoganhurirwa kuganhurira ganhuriro dzokunzvera, zvimiro zvenhau, kana kuti mativi enguva. Chisarudzo chetsika chamageswo chetsika [FLD] .[FFFFF:] [FF] [3]

Zvakavanzika Zvebhizimisi Nezvinhu Zviri Pachazvo Zvechitatu

Nzvero dzeCorpoigate dzinowanzobatanidza mashoko ebhizimisi anotapurika ayo kambani inoparadzirwa inoda kuchengeta kuva yakavanzika kunyange kubva kuhurumende. Apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunotora makombiyuta kana kuti magwaro, vangapinda nokusaziva mudzimwe zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi zvemitezo yechitatu . Zvakadai savatengi, vatengesi, kana kuti vatsigiri. Matare akakudziridza miitiro yokudzivirira mashoko akadaro, kubatanidza "maodharo akavanzika" ayo anoganhurira kuti mamirire api anogona kushandiswa ndokugoveranwa. Mukuwedzera, kana kunzvera kunobatanidza kunzvera nzvimbo dzekambani, mashoko omunhu oga avashandi angabatwa mumumbure. Gadziro reChina rinodzivirira fariro dzamabasa ebasa pamitengo yavo, kunyange mukati meno yebasa, uye maruramiro anokundikana kuganhur kunzvera basa nezvinhu zvinobatanidzwa zvingashatsa.

Ufakazi Hwemarudzi Ose Noungwaru Hwemuchinjikwa

Korporationcy inowanzova nyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru apo hurumende yokumwe kana kuti mukwikwidzani wamarudzi ose anobatanidzwa. Kuwana murairo weU.S. hakubvumidzi kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunzvera vateshi vari kunze kwenyika. Zvibvumirano zveSangano reNhambano neyapamutemo zvinogovera mikana yokukumbira mashoko kuvamiriri vokumwe, asi iyi miitiro inogona kuva inononozetsa uye inotambudza. Kupfuurirazve, dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo inodzivisa zvakajeka kubatira pamwe neU.S. kunzvera, kuumba nzvimbo yapamutemo yakanyorwa. Dare repamusoro reU. U.S. 2018 ramagunders anotonga mu [FL:] United States.[FLT][FFULD 1] (zvinosimbiswa muCLUD Act)

Kudzikamisa Kushanda Nekodzero Dzebumbiro Romutemo

Basa Remutongi

Vatongi navatongi vanoshanda savachengeti vesuo, vachivimbisa kuti zvibvumikiso hazvipiwi pasina pembedzo yakakwana. Munhau dzemakambani, basa iri rakakomba nemhaka yokuti mapango akakwirira: gwaro rakaitwa zvisina kururama rinogona kuparadza makore okunzvera kwakavanzika kana kuti kufumura gadziriro yose yekambani. Naizvozvo matare akakudziridza mupimo "wokuyera kwakakwirira" nokuda kwezvibvumikiso zvebhizimisi rinonangidzira mashoko anotapukira. Somuenzaniso, kubvumidzwa kunobvumira kubvumwa kwegadziriro dzose dzemakombiyuta ebhizimisi kunofanira kubatanidza gadziriro dze "Mugadziriridzi" kana kuti "tenzi chaiye" kuisa zvinhu zvakaisvonaka kana kuti zvisingakodzeki pamberi pezvinzvero zvezvinzvero.

Zvinofadza Zvinobatanidzwa: Kuva Wega uye Kuchengeteka Kwenyika

Chinodikanwa chinoratidzira kusagadzikana kukuru mumutemo. Kune rumwe rutivi, hurumende ine fariro inosunda mukurwisa pamutemo kuti idzivirire chengetedzo yemari nechengeteko yenyika. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunzvera kusina mufungo kunogona kutonhora, kupinza zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi, uye kuputsa kuvandika kwemapati asina mhaka. matare anoramba achitaura kuti Gamende yeChina inoshanda nesimba guru kukunzvera mhosva dzemari, kubatanidza dare gurusa mu Lange v. California yakasimbisazve kuti sezvinobvira inoparira chinodikanwa chomubhedha, uye kuti kunyange zvikanganiso zviduku hazvisati zvinongoruramisa kupinda pasina pamutemo.

Miitiro Yemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchichinja, ndizvo zvinoitawo mitoo yesvomhu nemhinduro dzapamutemo. Kushandiswa kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira, maapps akavanzika, uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu zvinopa michina inopa mhinganidzo itsva nokuda kwavanzveri vanotsvaka kutanga chisakiso chinobvira. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vatsigiri vezvakavanzika vakasunda nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zverumano makuru zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokunyora nzvimbo nemigodhi yamaza. American Civil Liberity Union[] yakamutsa funga pamusoro pe "mambure echikwerete" uye akataura kuti chinodikanwa chekodzero chinofanira kudzivirira kuongororwa zvikuru.

Mutemo wakakarakadzwa "Warant for Electronic Evidence Act" mune dzimwe nyika unotsvaka kuisa chinodikanwa chokuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwane rugwaro pamberi pokuwana kurukurirano ipi neipi yemagetsi, pasinei zvapo nokuti mashoko acho are sei. Panguva ino, matare ehurumende anopfuurira kunatsa "dzidziso yechitatu" umo vanhu vanorasikirwa namaruramiro echivande mumashoko avo vanogoverana nokuzvidira namapoka echitatu semaemail. Kuderera kweiyi dzidziso kungagona kuwedzera ukurukunzvera kusina pamutemo munzvero dzesangano, chinoitika icho mativi ose ari maviri anosanotarira.

Mhaka Dzinocherekedzwa Netapuro Yadzo

United States v. Gorshkov (2001)

Rimwe remaminutai emisionare yapakuvamba zvikurusa, United States v. Gorshkov (9th Kir. 2001), yakabatanidza vaongorori veRussia vakaba mashoko emakadhi okutenga nechero. FBI yakapa tsamba yokutora makombiyuta nemashoko mukamuri rehotera, asi gare gare dare rakavhara ufakazi nemhaka yokuti pamutemo hauna kubvumira zvakajeka kunzvera makombiyuta akaoma. Iyi nhau yakasimbisa kudikanwa kwekunzvera ufakazi hwemakombiyuta kuti aonere ufakazi hwechadiccate younzi ive muenzaniso wokunzvera kwapakombiyuta.

United States v. Hathaway (2021)

Muchinoitika chino, mukwirirwi akapomerwa pasi peEEEA nokuda kwokuba zvakavanzika zvebhizimisi kune aichimbova mushandirwi wake. Chibvumikiso chakabvumira kunzvera musha wake, kubatanidza madhiragi ose emichina. dare rakadzvinyirira ufakazi hunobva mumiitiro miviri yokunze isina kurongwa mukushanda kwetsamba, ichitonga kuti kunzvera kwacho kwakapfuura ukuru hwekodzero. Mhaka yacho inosimbisa ukoshi hwekuziva: mutemo haugoni kutora "kuwana chinhu chipi nechipi chinobetsera", kunyange apo utsotsi hunenge hwakakomba.

Kutapura kweChiratidzo cheCLOUD (2018)

Mutemo wokuMamiriro oMutemo waMabudiro eMitemo yakapedza Microsoft Ireland mhaka kubvumira kuti mutemo ushande kuti uwane zvibvumikiso zvemazita akaitwa neU.S. kune imwe nyika, kugovera dziviriro dzakati dzinosangana. Chiito chacho chakagadzirawo miitiro mitsva yebatira pamwe yamarudzi ose, kubatanidza "zvibvumirano zvekubatanidza" nehurumende dzedzimwe nyika. Nepo CLOUD Act ichironga kudirana rugwaro rwokuyera rwomuchinjikwa, chakamutsa itiro pamusoro pouchangamire nebviro yemitemo inoputsa mitemo yedzimwe nyika. Dhipati reSabata reSabataropo yeSabata , CLFUD paBS. [FF]

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda ikombiriso yokunzvera kwapamutemo munhau dzemakambani. Zvinodzivirira maruramiro avanyumwiri namativi matatu asina mhaka nepo zvichiva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hunowanwa nenzira inovimbwa nenzira inovimbwa netsika. Chirairidzo cheGadziro yeChina chezvisakiso zvinobvira uye mirairo yakananga kudzika mutemo kujekesa zvakajeka chikonzero nei ivo vachifanira kunzvera uye icho vanotsvaka, kudzivirira nzendo dzokuresa idzo dzinogona kukuvadza makambani kana kuti vashandi. Sezvinopfuurira kushandurwa kwemifungo kuchatarisana nemiedzo mitsva yazvo nezvinonyorwa zvemashoko zvakavanzika nezvinodokuva zvomunhu oga kukwira nokukwira kwegore. Kuchengeta perero yemiitiro yemitemo yepamutemo kunokosha nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri zvakavanzika nechengeteko. Munhambo umo mashoko anokosha zvikuru, mitemo yokuwana nayo inofanira kuramba iri yakaisvonaka, kuoneka, uye kudzorwa kwokuzvidzora.