Kushandiswa kwokurangarira kwapakuvamba kwazova musoro mukuru mumuitiro weDare Rapamusorosoro razvino uno nokusimbisa, kazhinji kazhinji kuchibatira senzvimbo huru yokurwisana kwepfungwa. Sezvo kuwirirana kwedare kwapamusoro zvikurusa kunopedza mibvunzo yapamutemo, kuomerera kwemavambo kunogona kuumba nzira yavo yokusimbisa nokuratidzira tapuro yavo inobvira pamutemo weAmerica. Nyaya ino inonzvera kumuka kwouzivi hwapakuvamba, basa rahwo mumuitiro wokusimbisa, uye icho kunoreva nokuda kwokugadza kwokutonga kwomunguva yemberi.

Kurondedzera Kurangarira Kwokuvamba

Kurangarira kwokutanga mutoo wokududzira nawo pamutemo uko kunotsvaka kuziva revo yorugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo sezvainzwisiswa navanhu vakanyoresa, vakaitendera, kana kuti vakaigamuchira.

  • Ungwaru hwechienzi - Uyu mutoo unotarisa kuvavariro dzokurangarira dzevagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo. Inobvunza, kuti: Vanhu vakanyora chinyorwa chacho vakadei kurangarira mashoko acho?
  • Chirevo Chavanhu vose [ - Shanduro yazvino uno yakakurumbira zvikurusa, inotsigirwa naMutongi Antonin Scalia navamwe, inonangidzira ngwariro paizvo rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo rungadai rwaireva kumunhu ane mufungo panguva yarwakagamuchirwa. Ikoku kunodzivisa kutsamira pavavariro yakavanzwa uye panzvimbo pezvo kunoshandisa revowo zvayo yamashoko.
  • Mitoo yoUzivi[ – A kunatsiridzwa kunokarakadza vatongi vanofanira kushandisa mitoo yokududzira iyo yakagamuchirwa panguva yokunyora kweBumbiro remitemo, panzvimbo pokuraira unyanzvi hwazvino uno hwokududzira.

Vatsigiri vanoti dzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvakatanga kurongwa naMwari inorambidza vatongi kutsiva zvavanoda ivo pamutemo.

Kumuka Kwedzidziso Yokutanga

Kurerekera kuchechi hakuna kudzora nguva dzose uzivi hwokutonga. Kwakawanda kwezana ramakore rechi 20, Dare Rapamusoro rakashandisa “Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu”, richibvumira revo dzebumbiro remitemo kuchinja netsika dzenzanga. Zvisinei, mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi20 rakava netapuro yakabatanidzwa yokumutsidzirazve kurangarira kwapakuvamba, zvikurukuru semhinduro yokusachinja kuirangarirwa sechitsoropodzwa mudare redare reWarren neBurger Courts.

Zviverengero Zvinokosha Mukukura Kwechiito Chokuvamba

Vanhu vanoverengeka vakaita mabasa anokosha mukupinza dzidziso dzokutanga mumapoka makuru:

  • [[FORT:0] Attoney Mutungamiriri wehondo Edwin Meese III – Muma 1980, Meese akapa nhevedzano yehurukuro dzaitsigira “kudzorwa kwevavariro yapakuvamba,” achitaurira kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa mukuwirirana nevavariro yavagadziri.
  • Mutongi Robert Bork – Nyanzvi yakatanhamara yapamutemo nomutongi wenhau, mirangariro yapakuvamba yaBork yakanga iri pakati kurusando rwake rwakakundikana rwa 1987 Dare Rapamusoro. Kusimbisa kwake kwakashanduka kurukurirano yorudzi pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rejaji.
  • Justice Antonin Scalia - yakagadzwa muna 1986, Scalia akava mutsigiri anooneka zvikurusa neanopesvedzera werevo yapakuvamba yavanhu. Mifungo yake yendangariro netsumo dzakasimba dzakatsigira mitoo yokunyora namavambo.
  • Trajudice Clarence Thomas[[FLT] - Thomas anowanzopfuura Scalia, achitsigira “kuvamba kwakavakirwa pa" uko pane dzimwe nguva kunomuita kuti adenhe zvisarira zvenguva refu.
  • Kururamisira William Rehnquist - Sakaratidzo huru, mifungo yaRehnquist yaiwanzoratidzira misoro yapakuvamba, kunyange zvazvo akanga asingatsigiri zvikuru kupfuura Scalia.

Kukura kwechitendero chapakuvamba kwakatangwawo kupfurikidza namapoka akafanana neFederalist Society, yakavambwa muna 1982, iyo yakagovera social social for regwetal retsika neramabhinya kusimudzira mashoko apakuvamba neakanyorwa. iyi social yakapesvedzera zvikuru kusarudza kwokutonga, zvikurukuru muudzori hwaReagan, George W. Bush, uye Trump.

Kurerekera Mudare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Kusimbisa Kutongwa

Kurangarira kwepakuvamba kwazova musoro unodzokororwa musimbiso yedare. Minene kazhinji kazhinji inokumbirwa kutsanangura kuzvipira kwavo kuupakuvamba, kuti kunoshanda sei kugadziriro dzakati dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kana vachiurangarira kuva mutoo bedzi wapamutemo wokududzira. Iyi mibvunzo haisati iriwo zvayo yedzidzo; ivo vanogovera vazivi zvibvumikiso pamusoro penzvimbo dzemunyuinei dzingava pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro epfuti, simba ravakuru vakuru, uye dzimwe nhau dzinopisa.

Mhinduro dzamumwe anenge aita kana kuti kuputsa kusimbisa kwavo. Somuenzaniso, mukati mekusimbiswa kwa2017 kwaNeil Gormoth, akazvirondedzera amene se “anotenda mudzidziso yokutanga” uye akasimbisa ukoshi hwe“ revo yavanhu yekare” yorugwaro. Ikoku kwakavimbisa varavi vemitengo apo vaivhota mwoto kubva kuDemocrates vaitya kuti aizotonga mukurwisana nekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri nemirairo yezvemari yenhimbe. Nenzira yakafanana, Amy Conney Barrett muna 2020 akataura kuti mirangariro yake yapakuvamba yakanga isina kubatanidzwa necheropi, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropo aishuva kuvhotera kuputsa kuputsa Roe v. Wade uye kuwedzera kusunungura kusunungurwa kworudzidziso.

Kusimbiswa kwaBrett Kavanaugh muna 2018 kwakanga kuchimutsa nharo zvikuru, nechiShona chapakuvamba chichiita basa guru. Kavanaugh akapupurira kuti aizotevera muenzaniso uye kwete kuisa purogiramu yomunhu oga, asi manyoro ake nehurukuro zvakaratidza batano yakasimba kukurangarira kwemavambo. Democrats akamumanikidza kana ufundisi hwapakuvamba hwaigona kuwiriraniswa nomutemo wazvino uno uno uno uno uno uno uno uno unorwisanisa tsvosvedzo, uye Kavanaugh aipiwa nokuda kwezviratidzo zvokuti aizobata sei nhau dzinotapura.

Kutanga Kudzidzira: Kutsigira Kunonyanya Kuitwa

Zvikamu zvenhau zvinotevera zvinoratidza kuti kufunga kwepakutanga kwakapesvedzera sei kusimbiswa kwacho:

Bork Nomination (1987)

Mutongi Robert Bork kutora nzvimbo kwaPurezidhendi Reagan kunowanzorondedzerwa se “kusimbiswa kwechienzi kwechiNgezi kwechiNgezi kwechiNgezi. Mirangariro yakasimba yevhoti yeBork, yakataurwa muhwirudzuro yomutemo nebhuku, yakamuita chipfuro chamapoka echimuko aitya kuti aizodzorera kodzero dzevagari vemo nedziviriro dzakavanzika. Dare rakaramba Bork kupfurikidza nevhoti 42 ne58, chisarudzo chinopfuurira kudzokororwa kupfurikidza namatongerwe enyika edare. Kukundwa kwaBruk kwakaratidzirawo simba rouzivi hwepakuvamba kunyandura vose vari vaviri vatsigiriki navashori, uye kwakatungamirira kukudzivirirwa kukuru zvikuru kwemitoo yokududzira.

Thomas Endment (1991)

Chipupuriro chaClarence Thomas mukati mokusimbisa kwake kubvumidzwa ndechisingakanganwiki nokuda kwokuramba kwake kukurukura Roe nemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika. Asi seri kwegakava iroro, kuvamba kwakasimba kwaThomas kwakanga kuri chikonzero chikuru. Iye akanga anyora nyaya dzaikumbira kudzokera kunheyo dzokutanga uye aisimbisa kuti mutemo womusikirwo wakasimba. Mirangariro yake yakaparira gakava pamusoro pokuti pakuvamba yaigona sei kuva pamwe nenzvimbo yeDare mukudzivirira maruramiro asina kusimudzwa. Thomas pakupedzisira akasimbiswa 52-48, asi uzivi hwake hwepakuvamba hwakanga huri musoro wazvino.

Chibvumikiso cheAlito (2006)

Samuel Alito, ataurwa naPurezidhendi George W. Bush, akatarisana nemibvunzo pamusoro pouzivi hwake hwokutonga, zvikurukuru kunamatira kwake kuustrist nemagwaro. Alito akataura kuti aidavira mu “kutendeka kurugwaro nenzwisiso yapakuvamba,” asi apo akanzvenga kana ustristism wakanga uri mutoo wakazara. Tsigiro, 58-42, yakaratidzira kukamukana kukuru. Mirangariro yaArito yapashure muzvinoitika zvakafanana ne Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization yeWomen [[FLT:] 2022]) yakaratidza muuyo chaiwo wetsika yapakuvamba mukuita mafashoni.

Gor akadai, Kavanaugh, uye Barrett Excendings (2017 - 2020)

Neil Gorfo akasimbisa kuzvipira kwake kurevo yapakuvamba yavose uye akatsoropodza vatongi vakatora “murangariro mupenyu”. Brett Kavathaugh, achipa ngwariro huru kumuenzaniso uye kuganhurirwa kwedare, akatsvindirwa pamirangariro yake yapakuvamba pamusoro pesimba rechiremera nokubvisa mimba. Amy Coney Barrett, aichimbova Scalia calmark, akatsigira zvakajeka chiScalia marnist mukati mokunzwa kwake kwe2020, achitaura kuti wakanga uri mutoo wokududzira nawo zvikuru kutsika nomutemo. . . Vose vari vatatu vakasimbiswa, vachipa mirangariro yapakuvamba pamusoro pevoruzhinji muDare.

Nharo Dzokutsigira Nokurwisana Nedzidziso Yokutanga Mundima Yokusimbisa

Kupopotedzana Kuchidiwa Nemashoko Okutanga

  1. .Legitacyt - Kurendanisa kunogovera mupimo wakagadzwa wedudziro, kuderedza ngozi yokuti vatongi vachatsiva mipimo yavo yomunhu oga yomutemo. Uku kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende inotonga kunotaura kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo haifaniri kuchinja pasina mutoo wetsika.
  2. Kushanda uye kudeya kutaurwa - Kupfurikidza nokunamatira kurevo yapakuvamba, vatongi vanogona kuita mitemo inowirirana nokufamba kwenguva, vachibvumira vagari vemo navaiti vemitemo kuvimba negadziriro yakatsiga yebumbiro remitemo.
  3. Judicial Batment [[[FLT: 1] - Uprrastino inoganhurira simba rokutonga nemhaka yokuti inoda kuti vatongi vasarudze kubazu rakasarudzwa rehurumende apo Bumbiro remitemo risingatauri zvakajeka. Ikoku kunofadza kuvasingavimbi nechiito chokutonga.

Kukakavadzana Nedzidziso Yokutanga

  1. Chinyimiso chenjiso - Kuwana “revo yepakutanga” kazhinji kazhinji kwakaoma kana kuti hakubviri. Manyuko enhau angasava akasiana - siana kana kuti anopokanidzana, achibvumira vatongi kuva noufakazi hunotsigira mhedziso dzavo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ikoku kunogona kuvanza mufambiro wetsika munyepedzera yokuvimbika kunhau.
  2. Kusazvidzora – Kuzvipira kwakasimba kurevo yapakuvamba kunogona kuparira miuyo isingachinjiki kana kuti isingawirirani nemipimo yazvino uno. Somuenzaniso, kushandisa kurangarira kwapakuvamba kuSecond Amendment kungafuratira zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvapakati pe 21 pamusoro pemasimba masimba epfuti.
  3. Pasi poKudzosa Dare - Uxript anogona kukurudzira Dare kuputsa mienzaniso mirefu kana ikapesana nenzwisiso yapakuvamba. Kugumburwa kwaRoe v. Wade muDobs muenzaniso mukuru, uye vatsoropodzi vanoipikisa kukanganisa mutemo ndokuparadza kuvimbika kweDare.
  4. Kushandisa Kusarudza - Vamwe vanopomera vasandukiri venzvero yapakuvamba inosarudzirwa bedzi apo inopa miuyo isingachinjiki, nepo ichiisiya muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza, somuenzaniso, simba ravakuru vakuru kana kuti rehurumende. Mutongi Scalia amene akabvuma kuti ustrist anogona dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kumiuyo iyo vasingadi, yakadai sokurava kwakafara kweBhabheritation Claus.

Kutapura Kwechiito Chokutanga Nguva Yemberi yeDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Sezvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rinopfuurira kusarudza mibvunzo mikuru pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, kudzora pfuti, rudzidziso, uye simba rapurezidhendi, kuvamba kucharamba kuri chiyereso mumuitiro wokuzvimirira nokusimbisa. Miitiro inoverengeka sezvingabvira ndeiyi:

Kupfuurira Kuchinja

Kurerekera kuchechi kwazova kuedza kweritmus nokuda kwemineive inochengeta mari, nepo mvumo dzichikarirwa kutsigira “Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu” kana kuti zvimwe kuramba kuvamba somutoo bedzi. Uku kuparadzana kunokudza paradzano musimbiso uye kunoita kuti kunzwa kuve kunorwisana zvikuru.

Kuwedzera Kutevedzana Kwedzidziso Yokutanga

Kudavira kuti mavambo ndeechokwadi hausiri wedic. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotsigira “mitoo yepakuvamba yemavambo” (kutevera mitoo inodudzira nayo yavanhu) kana kuti“ mavambo etsika” (tarira Bumbiro remitemo segadziriro yemitemo yakatemwa). Nguva yemberi miminei ingaiswa paingashandiswa shanduro yapakuvamba yavanova nayo, zvikurukuru sezvo voruzhinji veDare vanoshandisa magamuchidzanwa matsva.

Kukwanisa Kuchinja Zvinhu

Dare rachinja mitemo inosimbiswa, richideredza chikumbaridzo chevhoti yeDare Gurusa kubva pa 60 kusvika paruzhinji muna 2017. Ikoku kwakaita kuti kuve nyore kusimbisa vamirineri vemavambo kunyange apo vanenge vasina tsigiro yakafara. Vadzori venguva yemberi vachapfuurira kushandisa mutemo uyu, zvichiwedzera mwero wechinjo yepfungwa paDare.

Pesvedzero Yamarudzi Ose

Kuchinja kwetsika hakuna kugumira kuUnited States chete.

ChiOritarisiro haisi rondedzero yedokoso romwoyo. Kunoda kuti vatongi vadzivise muedzo wokurava mipimo yavo vamene muBumbiro reMitemo uye kugamuchira zvisarudzo zvingasafarirwa.” – Mutongi Antonin Scalia (akabva [] A Confector of Textrection ]])

mhedziso

Kurangarira kwapakuvamba hakusati kuchisiri rondedzero yedzidzo yedzidzo yapachivande; iredhi guru iro Dare Gurusa rinoyera nokusimbiswa naro. Kukwira kwaro kunoratidzira kurwisana kukuru pamusoro pebasa redare remitemo muhurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yeAmerica. Vatsigiri vanoona mavambo senzira yakanakisisa yokukudza nayo mavambo eBumbiro remitemo nesimba rokutonga. Vatsoropodzi vanonyevera kuti rinogona kushandiswa kururamisa miuyo inofuratira chinoitika chipenyu cheMitemo inoreverwa kubatira.

Pasinei zvapo nomurangariro womunhu, kunzwisisa mavambo kunokosha nokuda kwokutevera mutoo wokusimbisa uye kuonga mativi makuru erangariro iri yose yeDare Gurusa. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kukurukura mibvunzo yorusununguko, kuenzana, uye chiremera chehurumende, pesvedzero yokurangarira kwapakuvamba ichangokura bedzi. Kunzwa kunotevera kune chokwadi chokuva nemibvunzo yakananga pamusoro perevo yapakuvamba, mashoko akapoteredza enhau, uye miganhu yakafanira yehwirudzuro yedare. Avo vanogona kutsanangura nokudzivirira uzivi hwavo hwapakuvamba vachava nebetsero yakatanhamara yakatanhamara (papo avo vanohuramba kunofanira kusimbisa chimwe chiono chakananga chiono chemitemo nokuda kwokududzirwa.

Kuti uverengezve pfungwa dzepakutanga uye basa radzo mumatare, funga nezvezviwanikwa zvinotevera: