Gamuchidzanwa Risingaperi Renzvimbo Yapasi Pamambo

Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa inomira seimwe yemiitiro inogara zvikurusa neyokufananidzira mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Mhiri kwepasi penyika, nguva inopika mutungamiriri anomirira ruvimbiko kunamato kana kuti rudzi inopfuura zvikuru kwazvo muitiro wemitemo ne(w), ibvumikiso yavose yokutamiswa kune rugare kwesimba, kuva pamutemo kweutungamiriri, uye kuzvipira kutonga mukati memiganhu yemitemo. Mumazana amakore, mashoko nemashoko akapoteredza zvemhiko idzi mhiko zvakachinja kuva mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika, mipimo yetsika, uye zvinoitika zvemitemo. Nepo chipikirwa chikuru chokudzivirira mutemo webumbiro romutemo chinoramba chiripo, kushanduka kwemhindumupinduko youpurezidhendi chinotaura nhau inoorora yenzira iyo tsika inotsinhirana nokuchinja.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kwakabva mhiko yapurezidhendi, inoongorora kuchinja chaiko nezviitiko zvematongerwo enyika zvakaumba mutauro wayo, uye inorangarira kukosha kwayo panguva ino munguva yokuchinja zvamatongerwe enyika.

Mavambo Enhau Enzvimbo YaPurezidhendi

Zvakamboitika Kare uye Tsika dzechiNgezi

Mufungo womutungamiriri aiita mhiko yapamutemo yokutsigira mitemo nokubatira zvakanaka zvavose utongi hwavanhu hwazvino uno pamberi pemireniyumu panosvika Roma yakare, vamiririri vakapika kudzivirira riphabliki nemitemo yayo.

Nhau yebumbiro remitemo reEngland yakaita basa rinokosha zvikuru mukuumba mhiko dzamapurezidhendi dzazvino uno.

Bumbiro Remitemo reU.S. neOath Yokutanga Yapurezidhendi

Chikamu II, Chikamu 1 cheUnited States Constitution, chakagamuchirwa muna 1787, chakagadza mhiko yapurezidhendi nenzira yakapfava zvikuru: “Ndinoita mhiko yakakomba (kana kuti simbisa) kuti ndichapedza nokutendeka Hofisi yaPrezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichasvika pakanakisisa pamano angu, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States.” Vagadziri vacho vakarega namaune nomuromo upi noupi kurudzidziso rwakati kana kuti mambo, vachiratidza kuzvipira kwavo kuruwa rwenyika uye hurumende inosungwa nomutemo, kwete nokuvimbika kwomunhu oga. Purezidhendi wokutanga, George Washington, akaita iyi mhiko, pana April 30, 1789, paFederal Hall muNew York City, vachiwedzera chitsamaunzi “ndibatsirei Mwari.... pashure pokunge ndaita rugwaro rwetsika, asi hachisi chaidiwa nomutemo.

Kupfava kwemhiko yapakuvamba kwakanga kuri kwedonzo. Vatsigiri vaidavira kuti mhiko yacho inofanira kuva mhiko yakananga kuBumbiro reMitemo, kwete kuzivisa simba guru romunhu oga. Zvisinei, kuva nyore ikoko kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakasimba zvikuru, (mashoko ehwaro anokosha ebumbiro remitemo haana kutongogadziridzwa, kunyange sezvo mamwe mativi eBumbiro remitemo akashanduka - shanduka.

Mazai OmuEurope Nemamwe EPurezidhendi

Mamwe marudzi akawanda akagamuchira mhiko dzapurezidhendi amene pashure pokuzvimirira kana kuti kushandiswa kwebumbiro remitemo. French’s Third Republic yakatanga mhiko yapurezidhendi muna 1875, uye gare gare nyika dzinopa miganhu yakapfuurira gamuchidzanwa. Mhiko inobatanidza chipikirwa chokuremekedza bumbiro remitemo nekodzero dzavagari vemo. MuGermany, mhiko yapurezidhendi wenyika inobatanidza mhiko yokuita nhamburiko kugarikanwa zvakanaka kwavanhu veGermany. Iyi mhiko dzinowanzoratidzira kuvadziko yehurumende inodzvinyirira, nomutauro wakajeka pamusoro pokudzivirira ubati ushe hwehurumende nekodzero dzavanhu. Somuenzaniso, mutemo weSpain unoda mambo nomusoro wehurumende kuti utsigire chibvumirano chokutsigira bvumirano nemutemo, mhinduro yakananga kuhurumende inotonga maFrancoust.

Nokudaro, nepo mhiko yeUnited States yakagadza muenzaniso wakavakirwa, mhindumupindu yenyika yose yemhiko dzapurezidhendi yakatevera nzira dzakasiyana dzakaumbwa nezvinoitika zvenhau zvorudzi rumwe norumwe uye chinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kugadziridzwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nechinjo

Kunyange zvazvo mutauro mukuru wemhiko yapurezidhendi weUnited States usina kuchinja, kugadziridzwa kunoverengeka kwebumbiro remitemo uye zvinoitika zvemitemo zvakapesvedzera kududzira kwaro uye mashoko akapoteredza umo rinoitwa.Idzi chinjo dzinosimbisa kuti mhiko inochinja sei zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvematongerwe enyika pasina kuda kunyorwazve kwapamutemo kworugwaro rwayo.

Mutezo Wechi12 We Amendement Nemuzinda Wapurezidhendi Une Vice

Chikanzi chaitwa muna 1804, Pession yechi12 yakagadziridza muitiro wokusarudza purezidhendi nemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, asi haina kuchinja zvakananga mhiko.

Musi Wokutanga wePendement yechi20

Chibvumirano chechi20, chakasimbiswa muna 1933, chakasunda kutsaurirwa kwapurezidhendi kuvambira muna March 4 kusvikira kuna January 20, kuchideredza nhambo yekaremara pakati pesarudzo namavambo eshoko idzva. Ichi chinjo hachina kuchinja mhiko imene, asi chakatapura nguva nemamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika echinoitika. Kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa nguva, kugadziriswa kwakatsvaka kuita kuti hurumende igamuchire zvikuru kuvasarudzo, chinjo inokosha mukuratidzira kwainoita mhiko yacho kutanga kweshoko rapurezidhendi.

Mhedziso Yechi 22 Neganhuriro Dzemitemo

Muna 1951, purezidhendi we 22nd Amendment akaganhurira purezidhendi pamashoko maviri akasarudzwa. Nepo kugadziriswa kwacho kusingatauri zvakananga mhiko yacho, kwakachinja zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika umo mhiko inopikirwa. Pashure pokugadziriswa, purezidhendi vaipika shoko rechipiri vanoziva kuti richava rokupedzisira, vachichinja revo yokufananidzira yevimbiso yavo. Chipikirwa chacho chinova, murutivi, chipikirwa chokusatsvaka simba risingagumi mukuwirirana norudzi rwomukuru anotya vapfupi.

Kuchinja Kwechi25 uye Kubudirira

Chibvumirano cha25 chePramende, chakasimbiswa muna 1967, chakajekeswa kutevedzana kwapurezidhendi nokuremara. Chakagadza miitiro yokuti mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi ave mushandiri kana purezidhendi asingakwanisi kwechinguvana kubudisa masimba. Iyi gadziridzo haina kuchinja mhiko, asi yakawedzera migariro umo munhu angaita mhiko yacho kwenguva yokutanga, somuenzaniso, apo mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi anobudirira kumonia. Nguva imwe neimwe purezidhendi mutsva anopika, kunyange munguva dzenjodzi, kupfuurira kwehurumende yemitemo kunosimbiswazve.

Nguva Dzakaitika uye Kusiyana Kwemaoth

Dambudziko ra 1861 Nenzvimbo yeLincoln

Mhiko yapurezidhendi haina kumbova inotapura zvikuru kupfuura mukati menguva dzokuputsanya kwerudzi. Abraham Lincoln akaita mhiko pana March 4, 1861, sezvo nyika nomwe dzokumaodzanyemba dzakanga dzatobviswa muUnion. Muhurukuro yake yokutanga, Lincoln akasimbisa mhiko sebasa romunhu oga nerebumbiro remitemo, achiti: “Ndichangwarira, sezvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadza pandiri, kuti mitemo yeUnion iurawe nokutendeka muUnited States yose.” Akakumbira mhiko yacho kuti ipembedze kutsunga kwake kuchengetedza mubatanidzwa weChibvumirano, uye kudzo yake yemhiko yakava chiratidzo chine simba chechiremera chehurumende. Hondo yeChivi chenyika yakaedza renjiso, asi kuomerera zvakasimba kwaLincoln kuibetsera kuchengeta nhevedzano yemitemo.

Muzinda wa1929 waHerbert Hoover

Kutsaurirwa kwaHerbert Hoover muna 1929 kunozivikanwa nokuda kwomusiano muduku asi unokosha: akanga ari purezidhendi wokutanga kubudisa mhiko panze, uye akashandisa Bhaibheri rakanga rave riri mumhuri yake kwezvizvarwa. Nepo mashoko acho akanga asina kuchinjwa, kutsiurwa kwemhiko yacho uye zvinhu zvakaipoteredza zvakaratidzira gamuchidzanwa riri kukura repapluand nengwariro yenhau. Hoover akaisawo ruoko rwake paBhaibheri, muitiro wakava mupimo asi unoramba uri chisarudzo chomunhu oga chemunhu oga.

Kennedy Akasimbisa Kupesana

John Kennedy anowanzoyeukwa nokuda kwe “kusabvunza” kwake kwakakurumbira kutaura, asi kudzokorora kwake mhiko kwakakwevawo ngwariro.Kennedy, muKaturike, akanga ari purezidhendi wokutanga wokutenda ikoko, uye kupika kwake kwakasimbisa rudzi rwemhiko rwokunyika nechaiyo, (h] haana kushandisa Bhaibheri nokuda kwokuisa kwake ruoko; panzvimbo pezvo, akashandisa Bhaibheri reU.S. Guard Bible iro rakanga rashandiswa pakuvamba muzuva nokuda kwemhiko yapurezidhendi mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Ruremekedzo rwaKennedy rwepachena nokuda kwemhiko yacho rwakasimbisa basa rayo sesimba rinobatanidza rudzi rwakakamuraniswa mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Muti Munguva Dzokuchinja

Apo Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akarega basa muna August 1974, Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi Gerald Ford akapika basa muEastern House. Mutambo wacho wakanga uri mupfupi uye wakashatiswa, asi kudzokorora kwemhiko yebumbiro remitemo kwakaratidzira nhambo yakakomba yokutevedzana kwebumbiro remitemo. Nhamba gare gare yakati, “Ndinoziva zvikuru kuti hauna kundisarudza sapurezidhendi wenyu nevoruzhinji venyu, uye naizvozvo ndinokukumbirai kundisimbisa sapurezidhendi wenyu neminyengetero yenyu.” Ichi chinoitika chakaratidzira kuti mhiko yacho inopfuudzira sei kupfuurira kunyange mukuchinja kukurusa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Pesvedzero Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Nedzenzanga Pakutaura

Kupfuura United States, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadzirisa mhiko dzadzo dzepurezidhendi kuti dziratidze kuchinja kukuru mune zvematongerwe enyika uye munzanga.

Masangano Ane Kodzero Dzavagari Vemo Nokuenzana

Munhambo yapashure pehondo, nyika dzakawanda dzakawedzera mutauro wakajeka kumhiko dzapurezidhendi wadzo pamusoro pokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu nokurambidza rusaruro. Somuenzaniso, murairo wepashure pekunyora weSouth Africa unobatanidza chibvumirano chapurezidhendi icho chinovimbisa “kubatanidza chinzwano nebatira pamwe zvorudzi.” Nenzira yakafanana, purezidhendi weIndia anopika kuti“ anodzivirira Bumbiro remitemo nomutemo” uye “anozvipa amene kubasa uye kubatsira vanhu veIndia.” Izvi zvinowedzera kuchinjika kwenyika yose kukuziva kuva nohumwe maruramiro.

Mhiko yeU.S., mukupesana, haina kutongogadziriswa nenzira yapamutemo kubatanidza mutauro wakadaro. dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti mashoko okuti “chengetera, dzivirira uye dzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo” chose chose anobatanidza Bill of Rights uye kugadziridzwa kwapashure, nokudaro achidzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, pave pane danidzo dzenhambo nenhambo dzokuita mhiko yacho kuti itaure zvakajeka kuenzana kana kuti kubvisa mutauro une vatano yavanhukadzi (rugwaro rwacho ruchiri kunongedzera kuna purezidhendi ruchishandisa mazita echirume).

Hondo Nechengeteko Yorudzi

Munguva dzehondo, mhiko yapurezidhendi inova nerevo yakatokura. Mukati meHondo Yenyika II, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt aiwanzokumbira mhiko yake kururamisa zviito zvakaitwa pasina tendero yedare risati raitwa, zvakadai sepurogiramu yeLend-Ladease. Vatsoropodzi vakapikisa kuti mhiko yokuti “mubato wokutendeka unoita Hofisi” yaibatanidza basa rokuremekedza masangano, asi kududzira Roosevelt kwakafara. Nenzira yakafanana, mhiko yacho yakadudzwa munharo pamusoro pesimba rechiremera rehurumende mukati meHondo yemaganda, napurezidhendi vachipikisa kuti basa ravo rokudzivirira Hurumende pamutemo mamwe maganho enyika.

Kududzira Kwazvino Uno uye Kurayira Kuti Kuchinje

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kwave kune zvikarakadzo zvokurerutsa kana kuti kuita kuti mhiko yapurezidhendi ive yakapfava munyika dzakasiana - siana. Muna 2021, vamwe vagadziri vemitemo veU.S. vakatanga chisarudzo chokuchinja Bumbiro remitemo kuraira purezidhendi kupika kuti “abvumidze kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo” kana kuti“ kubata nheyo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.” Idzi nhamburiko hadzina kuwana maruramiro avanhu, asi dzinoratidzira chishuvo chikuru chokuita mhiko kuwirirano zvikuru kumipimo yazvino uno. Mune mamwe marudzi, akadai seChile neArgentina, vimbiso dzapurezidhendi wehurumende dzakanyorwazve pashure pokuchinja mutemo wehondo kuenda kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kusimbisa kuremekedza kodzero dzavanhu nemitemo yomutemo.

Revo Yenguva Ino Nemhindumupindu Yenguva Yemberi

Murara Sechiratidzo Chokubatana Kwehurumende

Nhasi, mhiko yapurezidhendi inoramba iri chiratidzo chine simba chechiremera chebumbiro remitemo uye kuva pamutemo kwehurumende. Munguva yokuwedzera kwechipupulism, kutsoropodzwa kwevakuru vakuru, uye kubatana mune zvematongerwe enyika, kudzokorora mhiko yacho pachena kunoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chokuti kunyange mutungamiriri ane simba zvikuru ndiye anotongwa nemutemo. Mhiko yacho inguvawo yokubatana kwerudzi, inoonekwa nemamiriyoni evagari vemo vanoona mutungamiriri wavo achishandira zvakanaka zvavose.

Uyezve, mhiko yazova chiratidzo chokuongorora mufambiro wapurezidhendi apo purezidhendi anopomerwa kuputsa Bumbiro reMitemo, vashori vanowanzonongedzera kumhiko somupimo waputswa.Mukuita zvisakafanira, mhiko inowanzodudzwa sehwaro hwebasa rapurezidhendi roku “chengeta kuti mitemo ishandiswe nokutendeka.”

Kuvandudza Unyanzvi Nezvirongwa

Kutarisirwa kwemhiko kwachinja neruzivo rwemichina. Kutsaurirwa kwazvino uno kunoparadzirwa munyika yose, uye mhiko yacho inowanzodzokororwa nebetsero yezviziviso zvefoni kana kuti zvenzwi. Nhepfenyuro dzenzanga dzinobatanidza nguva yacho, uye muzvimwe zviitiko, purezidhendi vakaita mhiko yechipiri, isina kurongwa pazvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kuti vasimbisezve kuzvipira kwavo. Nepo iyi chinjo isingachinji mutauro wemitemo, vanokudza kusvika uye tapuro yegamuchidzanwa racho.

Kutangazve kwenguva yemberi kungabatanidza zvinyorwa zvokutsiva kuita mhiko, zvakadai sechinoitika chinodokuva muchinoitika muchinoitika chengozi yorudzi, kana kuti kushandiswa kwomutauro wevatano yavanhukadzi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakakarakadza kuti nguva yakakodzera kururamisa nenzira yapamutemo mhiko yebumbiro remitemo kubatanidza chipikirwa chokutsigira masangano ehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji uye kuramba mirangariro yehurumende yemunhu oga. Zvisinei, chitambudzo chokubvisa Hurumende yeU.S. chinoita chinjo yakadaro isingabviri munguva iri pedyo.

Mirangariro Yapasi Rose Nemiitiro Yokuenzanisa

Munyika dzakawanda, mhiko yapurezidhendi inopfuurira kuva yashanduka - shanduka. Iyi mienzaniso yazvino inoumba mipikiso yavo yokuputsa nemitemo inodzvinyirira. Somuenzaniso, mhiko yapurezidhendi weUkraine inobatanidza vimbiso yokudzivirira kuzvimirira uye kutendeseka kwenyika yenyika. Munyika itsva dzichangobva kuumbwa, mhiko iziviso youchangamire. Iyi mienzaniso yazvino uno inoratidza kuti mhiko inoramba iri chinyorwa chipenyu, ichiwirirana neidi rezvamatongerwe enyika renhambo imwe neimwe.

Sezvo chinjo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinokurumidza kukura (kungava kubva munjodzi dzemari, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kana kuti kuchinja kwemitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika) sezvinobvira mhiko yapurezidhendi ichapfuurira kuratidzira chinjo idzodzo. Vimbiso huru yokudzivirira bumbiro romutemo icharamba iripo, asi mitambo yakapoteredza, tsananguro, uye kunyange kusava nesimba kwapanhambo nenhambo kwamagwaro kuchava nechokwadi chokuti mhiko yacho inoramba ichishanda nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

mhedziso

Mhindumupindu yemhiko yapurezidhendi chiratidzo chechinjo yechinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvambira pamavambo ayo ekare kusvikira kumashoko akapfava asi ane simba eBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uye kubvira munguva dzehondo yavagari vemo kusvikira kukuchinja kwehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno, mhiko yakachinja ichiwirirana apo inenge ichichengeta donzo rayo guru: kusunga mutungamiriri kumutemo navanhu. Sezvo nzanga dzinotarisana nedenho itsva, mhiko yacho ichapfuurira kushanduka, asi basa rayo rinokosha senheyo yokutonga kwehurumende yedemocracy ichapfuurira. Kunzwisisa iyi kubetsera kunzwisisa kwete bedzi nhau yesimba guru asi mipimo inogara iyo inodzora hurumende yeRGBhistorian.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penhau nerevo yemhiko dzapurezidhendi, ona Traclation of the National Archives yeU.S. (FTLT II, Chikamu 1), [ Chikamu] Chisakiso chakarongwa chemhiko yapurezidhendi [, uye kufungwa kwenhau kwenhau yekutsauriro yapurezidhendi . Nokuda kwomurangariro wakaenzana, kunzvera projectal commentation project [[FLT]] , uko purezidhendi anobatanidza magwaro anoumbwa na 100.