Mavambo Okuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Pfungwa yokuzvidavirira kwehurumende yakavapo mumazana amakore, yakaumbwa nezviitiko zvenhau, kuchinja kwenzanga, uye zvinodiwa nevagari vemo. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunokosha kuvose vari vaviri vadzidzisi navadzidzi sezvainogovera gadziriro yokunzvera zvinetso zvenguva inonangana nehurumende munyika yose. Kuzvidavirira mukutonga hakuna kungovawo chinhu chazvino uno chaingoda hacho; ichinhu chinokosha chinotema kana nyika ichibatira vanhu vayo kana kuti kuvakunda. Kubva pamitemo yakanyorwa yapakuvamba zvikurusa kumabasa outariri akaisvonaka anhasi, kufamba kujeka, uye kupindura kwave kuripo. Nyaya ino inonzvera zviitiko izvozvo, unyanzvi, uye mhinganidzo dzinopfuurira kurondedzera kuzvidavirira kwehurumende muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri.

Mirangariro Yenhau Pamusoro Pokuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Kutanga kwehurumende kwaiita kuti pave nouori uye kutadza kushandisa simba zvisina kunaka. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvinokosha zvakabatsira kuti pave nokuzvidavirira muhurumende.

Marudzi Akare Nembeu Dzoutariri

Munhevedzo dzekare, dzakadai sedziya dzaiva muMesopotamia neEgipita, vatongi vaiwanzoonekwa savamwari. Kuzvidavirira kwainyanya kusimbiswa kupfurikidza nemasangano echitendero panzvimbo pezvivako zvehurumende. Mutemo waHammurabi (chirca 1754 BC) ndeimwe yemitemo yapakuvamba zvikurusa yaizivikanwa uye yaitanga kuti vatongi vaisungwa nomutemo, zvimwe murondedzero. Kunyange zvakadaro, kupfuurira kwaitsamira zvikuru pachiremera chamambo pachake. Nenzira yakafanana, muChina yekare, murangariro we "zuva reManda reDenga" waidavira kuti vatongi vaigona kubviswa kana vakarasikirwa nenyashambidzo youmwari, chimiro chokuzvidavirira. Zvisinei, izvi zvisawanzopa vagari venguva dzose rusarudzoriso rwakananga pakushandiswa kwesimba. Mazangwe esangano aizova akura.

Kumuka Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu muGreece Yekare

Kusvika kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muGirisi yekare kwakaratidzira chinjo huru mukuzvidavirira kwehurumende. MuAthens, vagari vakavamba kuraira kujeka nekodzero yokutora rutivi mumiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo. Misangano yakadai seGungano neDare ra 500 rakagoverwa nokuda kwekurukurirano yavose netarisiro. Vatarisiri vaigona kuongororwa uye kubviswa mukusarurwa. Zvisinei, kuzvidavirira uku kwaiganhurirwa kurusununguko rwavarume navakadzi vakabviswa, varanda, uye vatorwa. Hurumende yeAthens yakaratidzira kuti kuzvidavirira kungagona kuvakwa mugadziriro yehurumende, asi yakaratidzawo kuti miitiro yakadaro yakashata sei: vaigona kuderedzwa nokubviswa muhondo nehondo. Zvidzidzo zvinobva kuAthens zvinoramba zviri madikanwa nhasi sezviwiriranwa nekusawirirana nezvinodavirwa zvakakurumbira nezvinodzivirira.

Rome Republic: Kuongorora, Kudzikamisa, uye Uori

Roman Republic yakatanga gadziriro yakaoma zvikuru yechekero nedzikamo, namapazu akaparadzana ehurumende (masangano, Dare, magungano) nehofisi yetribune kudzivirira maruramiro epulebeia. Kuzvidavirira kwakabatanidza ganhuriro dzenhambo, zvinyorwa zvemari, uye cursus] sutus [ cursus] sutum [mativi] [mativi ebasa anokosha] [nzira ebasa anokosha]). Bva Republic pakupedzisira yakabvuma ushati, kuisa mari, uye kuiswa kwesimba mumitengo yavose seJulius Caesar. Kuwa kweRiphabliki yeRoma kunobatira senhau senyevero: kunyange zvirongwa zvokuzvidavirira zvinosanoshatiswa zvinogona kuora kana zvakanaka zvavanhu vose uye masangano akatapwa namapoka akatanhamara. Iyi inowana chinyorwa chenhau nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvokudzorerwa zvenguva dzose.

Magna Carta Netapuro Yayo Inopfuurira

Kusainwa kweMagna Carta muna 1215 kunowanzodudzwa senguva inokosha mukushanduka - shanduka kwehurumende. Kwakatanga nheyo yokuti munhu ari wose, kubatanidza mambo, aizviisa pasi pomutemo, achiisa nheyo nokuda kwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzazvino uno. Claus 39 na 40 veChibvumirano chakazivisa: "Hapana munhu akasununguka achabatwa kana kuti kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kubviswa kodzero dzake kana kuti zvinhu zvake, kana kuti kudzorwa, kana kuti kunyimwa kumira kwake munzira ipi neipi, kana kuti tisati tichizopfuurira nesimba mukurwisana naye, kana kuti kutumira vamwe kuti vaite kudaro, kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwavava kwake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika." [MaFlave] rugwaro rwamanyoro]

Kujekeswa uye Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga

Nhambo yeChenjero yakamutsa pfungwa dzekodzero dzevanhu uye chibvumirano chenzanga, zvichisimbisa kuti hurumende dzinozvidavirira kuvanhu. Vazivi vakadai saJohn Locke naJean-Jacques Rousseau vakarwira kuti vaonekwe nehurumende uye kuti vadzorerwe. Rocke’s SAUDYY yeHurumende[[[[FLT:]] [16]] [16] [16] [16] [62] [inogadzikwa] [i]) yakataura kuti hurumende yapamutemo inotsamira pakubvumira kutongwa uye kuti hurumende ndiyo inongovakirwa uye kuti vagari vemo vane kodzero yokupandukira hurumende inodzorwa. Rouss Rouss Rouss’swo yekodzero dzavo. [[FFFFFF:2] [4] inoparidzwa naMambo anoto mukurusa, (569], anoziviswa navose, anobudisa mashoko anoreva kuti, “ivone, uye kuti hurumende inongovawo zvayo.

Kumuka Kwemazano Okutonga

Kutangwa kwehurumende dzinotonga mumazana amakore echi18 nerechi19 kwakaenderera mberi nheyo dzokuzvidavirira. Mabumbiro eMitemo aiwanzobatanidza kunzvera nokudzikamisa kuti zvidzivisire kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., nokuparadzana kwaro masimba pakati pechibvumirano chehurumende, mukuru mukuru, uye mapazu edare rinotonga, zvakatanga gadziriro yokutarisirana. Bill wekodzero dzakavimbisa rusununguko runogonesa vagari vemo kuti vapiwe nehurumende yokuzvidavirira: kutaura, kuronga, uye kukumbira. Sangano dzakavapo muEurope, Latin America, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Mukati medziro dzezana rechi 19, kukura kwemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kukura kwemapepanhau akasununguka kwakabetsera kuzvidavirira kukuru zvikuru kuhurumende, kunyange zvazvo fambiro mberi yakabudirira uye yakakwikwidzanwa. Masangano eparamende yeparamendi mudzimwe nyika mudzimwe nyika mudzimwe nyika uye mamwe marudzi anotanga kumutsa mutoro, nhau, uye kutongwa.

Kubudirira Kwazvino Uno Kunozvidavirira

Sezvo nzanga dzakafambira mberi kupinda munhambo yazvino uno, gadziriro itsva dzokuzvidavirira dzakaoneka, dzakapesvedzerwa nezvipanduko, hondo, uye kukura kwenzanga yavagari vemo.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nechinjo Dzoutarisiri

Kuchinja kwaibatanidza kutanga kwebvunzo dzebasa rehurumende, kusarudzwa zvakananga kwevamiririri (kupera kwechi17 Amendment), uye kushandiswa kwemapasa okuongorora uye kuyeuka. Kuumbwa kwemasangano anozvimirira anozvimirira akadai seInterstate Commission uye Federal Trade Commission yaivavarira kuita kuti masangano ehurumende azvidavirire, asi kwakamutsawo mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pokuzvidavirira kwemitumbi iyi isina kusarudzwa.

Kuchinja Kwepasi Penyika

Zvichida hapana chinoitika chimwe chakazivisa kuzvidavirira kwazvino uno muU.S. sokuzvidzwa kweWatergate (1977). Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kwakaitwa naPrezidhendi Richard Nixon kwakatungamirira kukuchinja kukuru: Ethics in Government Act (1978) yakagadzira mazano anozvimirira, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FASA) yakatanga kutarisira kuongorora, uye Freedom of Information Act (FIA) yakasimbiswa. Mitezo yakafanana yokuzvidavirira yakagamuchirwa yakagamuchirwa mune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa, kubatanidza mahofisi ehurumende, kudzivirira nokuwana mashoko.

Basa Renzanga Yehurumende Nezvinobudisa Nhau

Mukupera kwamazana amakore 20 napakuvamba kwama 21, masangano enzanga namagazini anonzvera akava makambani anotsoropodza. Mapoka akadai seTransparency International (akavambwa 1993) anonzvera uori munyika yose. Kukwira kweInternet nemunzanga zvakagonesa kuparadzirwa kwokukurumidza kwamashoko nenzvimbo dzinogadzirwa nouswa, asiwo kuvambawo kushata itsva kumashoko enhema namashoko anoparadzirwa. Mapepanhau akasununguka uye anozvimirira anoramba ari iko rokuzvidavirira, sezvinozivikanwa mu [[FLT: 0] UNIST] World Pref Freedom Day [

Zvinetso Zviripo Zvino Kuzvidavirira Nehurumende

Nyaya dzakadai souori, kushaya kujeka, uye kukanganiswa kwezvinodiwa nevanhu zviri kuramba zvichikanganisa kuvimba kwevanhu.

Uori Nokuderera Kwochivimbo

Uori hunoramba huripo mumativi akawanda enyika. Trapy International Uorist Perceptions Index inoratidza kuti nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kure nehurumende isina uori. Uori hunobatanidza vakuru vakuru vemitengo, nepo uori husinganyanyi kukanganisa mabasa ezuva nezuva. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinoderedza mutemo nenheyo yokuti hofisi yavose ichivimbo chavose. Masangano anodzivirira uori nezvitengo zvemari zvishandiso zvinozivikanwa navose, asi kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzorwa kana kuti zvinoiswa pasi penhau.

Pesvedzero Yefariro Chaidzo Nokuva Nemibhadharo

Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kupesvedzera kwapamutemo asi kunogona kudzorwa nenhau dzakapfuma. Dare repamusorosoro reU.S. rinoita kuti zvisarudzo zvive United Chisarudzo (2010) chibvumire nhimbe isingaganhurirwi kupfurikidza namasangano namasangano, kuchitungamirira kukuva nehanya kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanozvidavirira zvikuru kuvapi kupfuura kuvagari vemowo zvavo. Kuchinja kwemiitiro yomumba, uko vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotamira kundokwidza nzvimbo, kumwezve mitsetse. Dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo yorumano, asi mari mumatongerwe enyika inoramba iri denho inopfuurira munyika yose.

Basa Rezvokugadzira Zvinhu: Chipikirwa Uye Kukosha

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwachinja kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo rwakava nyore kujekeswa zvikuru kupfurikidza nokuedza kuvhura mashoko, rwakamutsawo zvinetso zvitsva, zvakadai semhinganidzo dzenhema nekombiyuta. Hurumende zvino dzinoshandisa maaunzi uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira kuita zvisarudzo pamusoro pemapurisa, garikano, uye mabasa avose. Masangano aya anogona kuva akajeka, akareruka, uye asingaverengeki. Murangariro we "algorithmith" uri kumuka senzvimbo yefundo, asi miganhuro iri kure kure nokuitwa. Kuwana kwavose kudata yehurumende kwakavandudzwa kupfurikidza namamiteko ehurumende se .]

Misiyano Yokudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose Nokuzvidavirira

Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose kune mutoro wakaoma sezvo hurumende dzinoshandisa ukama hwemarudzi ose uye dzvinyiriro dzemari. Kubatana kwenyika dzenyika imwe kunoreva kuti nhau dzokuzvidavirira munyika imwe dzinogona kuva nerevo huru. Masangano amarudzi akawanda anoshanda kugura miganhu, kazhinji kazhinji achinzvenga kudzorwa kwehurumende ipi neipi. Kushata kweThoma, kushata kwemhoteredzo, uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzavanhu necheni dzezvombo zvenyika yose zvakaoma zvakaoma kusava nemhosva. Masangano enyika ose akaita seUnited Nations neWorld Trade Organization ane masimba anoganhurirwa. Kumuka kwehurumende dzechidzoresomupidhi yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende munyika dzakawandawo kusimbisa kuva nechengemuteko wezvokudzo yehurumende inodzorwa kukuvara mitoro.

Zvirongwa Zvokuita Kuti Hurumende Ive Nemhosva

Kuti vagadzirise matambudziko aripo iye zvino, pane mazano akawanda angashandiswa kuti hurumende iwedzere kuzvidavirira, anodiwa kuti pave nekuda kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuvimbisana kutsigira hurumende, uye kutangwa kwemasangano.

  • Kusimbisa gadziriro dzemitemo kuti vave nechokwadi chokuona nokuzvidavirira. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuvandudza mitemo yeFOI, kudzivirira varidzi verimba, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti miitiro yehurumende yakarurama uye inodzokororwa kutongwa.
  • [ kutora rutivi muvagari vemo mukudzora kupfurikidza nenzvimbo dzavose, bhajeti yokuronga, uye bvunzurudzo. Zviito zvakadai se bhajeti yemari yakarongwa [ zvave zvichibudirira mumaguta akawanda munyika yose, kupa vagari vadzore zvakananga mativi emari inotengwa navanhu vose.
  • Unyanzvi hwokuchinja [ kuvandudza kusvika kumashoko uye kusimudzira zvirongwa zvemashoko zvakazaruka. Hurumende dzinofanira kutevedzera mipimo yakazaruka, kubudisa mashoko mumichina inonyorwa, uye kuisa mukupa kunyora nokunyora pamichina kuti zvigone kugonesa vagari vemo kushandisa mashoko iwayo.
  • Kushandisa masangano anotarisira akazvimirira kuongorora zviito zvehurumende, zvakadai semibato inodzivisa uori, ombudsmen, uye muon recursson. Mitumbi iyi inofanira kuva yakazvimirira zvechokwadi uye yakawana mari zvakakwana.
  • Kupa pepanhau rakasununguka nerakasununguka rinogona kunzvera nokushuma pamusoro pehurumende pasina rutyo rwekutsiva. Ikoku kunoda dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwavatori venhau, kusvika kumitemo yemashoko, uye tsigiro yavose nokuda kwokurava nokunyora.
  • kusimbisa batira pamwe yenyika dzakawanda kuti vapedze nhau dzokuzvidavirira kwamarudzi ose, kubatanidza nzvimbo dzemitero, uori mumabhizimisi enyika dzakawanda, uye misengwa yemamiriro okunze.
  • Kudzidzisa vanhu kuti vazodzidziswa kugarisana nevagari vemo kunodzidzisa kodzero dzavo uye kuti vangada kuzvidavirira sei. Kuziva kuti vagari vemo iko kunokosha kuhurumende ipi neipi inozvidavirira.

mhedziso

Kushanduka kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende ibvumirano yerwisano inopfuurira nokuda kwokuona nokururamisira. Nokunzvera mifungo yenhau nedenho dzazvino, vadzidzi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani ukoshi hwokuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire munyika yanhasi yakaoma. Kuzvidavirira hakusati kuri kubudirira asi muitiro unoshamisa unoda kuvandudziko yenguva dzose, kuvimbisana, uye kungwaririra. Kubva kuMagna Carta kusvikira kunhambo yemifungo yegore, kutsvakwa kwehurumende inozvidavirira inoramba iri imwe yenhau dzinorondedzerwa dzepepuko yavanhu. Sezvatinotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva zvokuita chisarudzo, mamiriro okunze enyika, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze enyika, uye kukwira kwoutongi hwechibharo. Kubva kuMagna Carta, kutora rutivi, uye kutonge kutokoshairira mutemo kwave kwakatokoshaidzika zvikuru. Kubva panguva yakapfuura nazvino unopfuurira mberi kunogona kusimbisa kuti hurumende dzive dzive dzinoshanda kune dzimwe nyika dzose.