Pfungwa yokuganhurira simba rehurumende yakatanga zvinoshamisa mumazana amakore ose, ichiumba nheyo dzegadziriro yehurumende yazvino uno yehurumende. Kuvambira pavapanduki vanopandukira vakagombedzera Mambo John kusimbisa Magna Carta muna 1215 kusvikira kunharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemakombiyuta nokungwarira, kurwisa kudzvinyirira chiremera chehurumende nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu runoramba rwuri musoro unorondedzera nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika. Nyaya ino inopa ngwariro rwendo irworwo, ichinzvera magwaro anokosha, vazivi, chinjo, uye masangano akaumba kunzvera, kutonga kwomutemo, uye maruramiro avanhu izvo zvinodzora hurumende yehurumende yavanhu nhasi.

Magna Carta: Nheyo Yorusununguko

Yakasainwa paRunnymede muna June 1215, Magna Carta yakanga isiri chiito chefariro yedemokrasi asi chibvumirano chorugare chapakuvamba pakati pamambo asingadikanwi nehurumende dzake dzinopandukira. Bva nheyo dzayo dzakanzwika zvikuru kupfuura mashoko akapoteredza apanguva iyoyo. Nenzira yakakomba zvikurusa, yakazivisa kuti mambo akanga asati ari pamusoro pomutemo(‘a revo muzera rokutonga kwakakwana. ’ Clauses 39 na 40 eparamende yapakuvamba yakazivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka aigona kusungwa, kudzingwa, kudzingwa, kana kuti kutapwa kunze kwerutongeso rwapamutemo rwezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Ikoku kwakasima mbeu dzegadziriro inowirirana neaspu.

Kunyange zvazvo Mambo John akakurumidza kuramba dhipatimendi racho uye Pope akaribvisa, Magna Carta yakadzorwa kanoverengeka munguva dzakatevera mukutonga ndokuva mufanikiso wemitemo yeChirungu. Pesvedzero yayo yakatambanudzirwa kuzvinyorwa zvapashure zvakadai seKukumbira Kwakarurama (1628) uye makopi mana echiNgezi ekodzero dzeChirungu, ayo mamwezve simba roumambo rakaganhurirwa uye kusimbisa chiremera cheparamende. Simba remitemo rinoyera rakafuridzirwawo reAmerica rainyora semuenzaniso wezvigumbusori zvavo mukurwisana nekorona yeBritain. Nhasi, makopi mana apakuvamba anopukunyuka, uye nheyo dzayo dzepakati pemitemo yehurumende dzinofanira kubatanidzwa mumufungo wemitemo yenyika yose. [[FLD] [FG]

Vana Claus Vaiumba Mutemo Webumbiro Remitemo

  • Claus 39: Hapana munhu achabatwa, achasungwa, kana kudzingwa munyika, asi nomurairo weshamwari dzake kana nomurairo wenyika.
  • Claus 40: Hapana munhu watichatengesera, hapana watingaramba kana kuti kunonoka kana kuti kururamisira.
  • Claus 12: Mitero yaigona bedzi kubhadharwa nezano rinozivikanwa navose roumambo, mutero wapakuvamba kumitero kupfurikidza nebvumirano.
  • Claus 61: Chikamu chemashoko chokuchengetedzwa chinobvumira dare ramatare 25 kutonga mambo (h] ichenjeri yechienzi pasimba ravakuru vakuru.

Pesvedzero Yavafungi Vechiedza

Mazana amakore echi 17 nerechi 18 akapupurira chinjo youngwaru iyo yakadenha zvikurukuru maruramiro oumwari amadzimambo ndokugovera nheyo dzouzivi nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yazvino uno.

John Locke Namaruramiro Okuberekwa Nawo

Mu Vhidhiyo Treates of Government [1689]), John Locke akasimbirira kuti vanhu vose vanoberekwa vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo kuupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Donzo rehurumende, iye akataura, nderokudzivirira idzi maruramiro; apo hurumende inova inoparadza, vanhu vane maruramiro okuiparadza. Mifungo yaOccole yakapesvedzera zvakananga Thomas Jefferson muDeclaration of Independence uye yakaumba tsika yemitemo yeAmerica. Murangariro wake webvumirano yenzanga (papo vagari vemo vanobvuma nenzira yokudzorwa nokuda kwokudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro avo.)

Montesquieu Nokuparadzana Kwesimba

Baron de Montesquieu, mu Mudzimu weMitemo [1748], yakataura nenzira yakarongwa kuti simba rokupa ngwariro mumunhu upi noupi kana kuti mutumbi rinotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Akakarakadza kuparadzanisa hurumende kuva mapazu matatu: chigaro chemitemo, mutungamiriri, uye dare, mumwe nomumwe anokwanisa kunzvera mimwe. Uyu mufananidzo werwendo wakagamuchirwa zvakananga navaAmerica Vatangi uye unoramba uri muteveri wemitemo yedemokramendi. Montesquieu akasimbisawo ukoshi hwemitemo inoratidzira tsika nemamiriro ezvinhu enyika apakuvamba nokuda kwechibvumirano chehurumende neISvom.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau naMutungamiriri wehondo Will

Rousseau’s Contract yenzanga (1762) yakapfuudzira pfungwa yokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chapamutemo chinotsamira pakuda kwavanhu vose. Iye akaomerera kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vanorega rusununguko rwavo rwokuzvarwa narwo mukutsinhana rusununguko rwehurumende iyo inotaura kuti "chido chehurumende." Nepo pfungwa dzaRousseau dzakadudzirwa mudzose dziri mbiri dzedemokrati nedzouderi, simbiso yake pauchangamire hwakakurumbira yakanyandura chinjo yeFrance uye gare gare gare masangano edemocracy. Murangariro wake wokuti mitemo inofanira kushanda zvakafanana kuvagari vose vemonero yetsika yapamutemo.

Kuchinja kweAmerica: Muenzaniso Mutsva Wokutonga

American Revolution (1775-1783) yakanga iri kushandiswa kukuru kwokutanga kwenheyo dzeChenjere kukusika kworudzi rutsva. Declaration of Independence (1776) yakakumbira zvakajeka maruramiro omuzvarirwo eLocke ndokuzivisa kuti hurumende dzinowana "masimba adzo akarurama kubva mukubvumira kwavadzorwi." The Confederation yakatevera yakabvumikisa kuva yakanyanyova yakaneta, inotungamirira kukunyorwa kweU.S. Constitution muna 1787(a chinyorwa chakaumba hurumende yakasimba asi yakaganhurirwa.

Gadziriro yeMitemo yecherekedzo yakarongwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora. Purezidhendi anogona kuisa mutemo, Congress anogona kuisa purezidhendi, uye Dare Gurusa rinogona kurova mitemo seisinotonga. Simba rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison[FL:1] (1871] [1861]). Bill of Rightss (1791) inogona kuwedzera dziviriro dzakananga mukurwisana nehurumende yakanyengerwa, kubatanidza rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, rudzidziso, gungano, uye maruramiro okutakura zvombo, pamwe chete nedziviriro pakunzvera kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nehosha, kuzviparadzanisa kwoutsinye, uye chirango.

Mapepa eFederalist, akanyorwa naAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, naJohn Jay, akagovera dziviriro yakasimba yegadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo. Federal Federal No. 10 yakataura kuti republic huru ingagona kudzora ngozi dzeidi kupfuura hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu duku, nepo Federal Festerist No. 51 yakatsanangura kuti kuparadzanisa masimba kwaizovimbisa sei kuti gwinyiro rinokurira chinzvimbo. [[FLT: 0] Kurava rugwaro rwakazara rweFederation Papers.

Mativi Makuru Omuenzaniso Webumbiro remitemo reUnited States

  • Kuparadzana kwemasimba mumapazu matatu akaenzana
  • Muzinda weMisha (Imba neDare) unogovera kuongorora kwomukati
  • Kubatana kwehurumende kunobatanidza hurumende dzenyika nedzenyika
  • Kuongorora matare kuchiita kuti mitemo isiiwi
  • Kugadziridzwa kwevhundudziko kunoda kuti pave nemitemo mikuru yokuchinja mitemo

Chinjo yeFrance Nokumuka Kwamaruramiro Avanhu

Chinjo yeFrance (1789-1799) yakatanga nevavariro yokubvisa [[FLT: 0] jigimei yehurumende neropafadzo dzavose. Chiziviso chekodzero dzomunhu nedzechiPotizeki, chakagamuchirwa muna August 1789, chakazivisa kuti "vanhu vanoberekwa uye vanoramba vakasununguka uye vakaenzana mukodzero. Yakasimbisira kuti uchangamire hunogara murudzi, mutemo iwoyo chiratidzo chezvido zvose, uye kuti vagari vose vane kodzero yokutora rutivi zvakananga muhurumende kana kuti kupfurikidza navamiriri.

Chiziviso chakavimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa nhau, uye rudzidziso, pamwe chete nokufunga kwokusava nemhaka nedziviriro pakusungwa kwokuzvidira. Idzi nheyo dzakanyandura masangano okupandukira anotevedzana muEurope neLatin America. Zvisinei, chinjo yakakurumidza kupinda murukudzo rwoKutonga kweTregist muPuregist muProbespier, kuchiratidzira ngozi dzesimba rokupandukira risingadzorerwi. Utongi hwehondo hwaNapoleon hwakatevera neumambo zvakaratidza kuti mifungo yedemocracy yaigona kushatiswa zviri nyore sei. Pasinei zvapo nemhinganidzo, miganhu yeChiziviso chacho yakatsungirira kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwechi 19 muzana chamakore uye pakupedzisira yakapesvedzera Kuzivisa kweNyika yose yekodzero dzavanhu muna 1948.

MaGirondin anopesana naJacomin: Kurwa Kunoganhurirwa Zvikuru

Makore apakuvamba okuchinja akaona rwisano yemasangano pakati peGirondins dzine mwero zvikuru, uyo akada umambo hwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti riphabliki yakaganhurirwa, uye Jacobins anonyanyisa, uyo akatsigira nokuda kwechipo chenyika yose chechirume nokuiswa kwesimba. Komiti yeJacobins yeSafety ye Public yakaregeredza rusununguko rwavagari vemo rwakawanda muzita rokudzivirira chinjo, ichiratidzira kuti kunyange hurumende dzakakurumbira dzinogona kuva dzinodzvinyirira pasina ganhuriro dzehurumende.

Zana Rechi 19: Kuwedzera Mabasa Ehurumende

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakanga riri nhambo yokuwedzera kwapashoma napashoma asi kukuru kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende neganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo pasimba muEurope yose neAmerica.

MuUnited Kingdom, nhevedzano yeReform Acts (1862, 1867, 1884) yakatambanudzira nenzira inofambira mberi kuganhurirwa kwesimba rehurumende pavanhu vakawanda, nepo sangano reChibvumirano raida kuti vanhurume vose vasarudze uye vasarudze vapachivande. Kubviswa kwouranda muUmambo hweBritain (133) uye United States (1865 pashure peHondo yeChivili) zvakamirira kudzvinyirirwa kukuru kwetsika nemitemo pavanhu vamwe navamwe. Kubvisa kwechi13, 14, uye kupfuudzira kwechi15 kuU.Bumbiro reMitemo rakabvisa uranda, rakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, uye maruramiro okuvhotera pasinei zvapo nedzinza (96) ikoku kwaizokwikwidzwa zvine masimba ane masimba nokuda kwerimwe zana ramakore.

MuLatin America, masangano okuzvitonga akanyandurwa neChinjo dzeAmerica neFrance akatungamirira kukutangwa kwamarepublic namabumbiro emitemo akanyorwa, kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vakarwisana nekaudillismo nehurumende inodzvinyirira. MuEurope, Kumukira kwa 1848 kwakaparadzira kuraira kwamabumbiro emitemo, rusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye kuzvidzora kwerudzi, kudyara mbeu nokuda kwechinzwano chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yapasi pevhu munyika dzakadai cheFrance, Germany, uye Italy.

Kumuka kwemasangano evashandi uye masangano enzanga akatanga zvikumbiro zvitsva zvekodzero dzemari negarikano, zvichifutunura pfungwa yeganhuriro dzehurumende kuti zvibatanidze dziviriro pasimba rebhizimisi uyewo. Vafungi vakafanana naJohn Stuart Mill, mu paLiberty [1859]), vakataura kukuvadza kwacho, kuti pembedzo bedzi yokuganhurira rusununguko rwomunhu ndeyekudzivisa kuvadziko kuvamwe vanhu (icho chinopfuurira kuzivisa gakavadzano pamusoro pomugariro wakafanira wehurumende.

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Masangano Enyika Yose Okutsigira Utongi Hwechidhori

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakapupurira wedzero isina kumboitika yokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji pamwe chete nerwisano dzinotyisa dzevadzvinyiriri.Muuyo weHondo yeNyika I wakaona kuwa kwoumambo hweAustro-Hunglican, Germany, Ottoman, uye Russia nokuvapo kwamarepublic matsva. Chinzwano chaMarudzi, kunyange zvazvo chakashatiswa, chakamirira kuedza kwapakuvamba kugadza ganhuriro dzamarudzi ose pauchangamire kuti chichengetedze rugare.

Kuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi nokumuka kwechiFascism nechikomunisiti zvakatungamirira kuzvimiro zvitsva zvesimba rehurumende, zvose zviri zviviri zvichigonesa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamaruramiro makuru uye (muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu) kuparira hurumende dzegarikano dzakadzvinyirira rusununguko rwezvemari apo zvaiwedzera maruramiro enzanga.

Chibatanwa chaMarudzi chakavambwa muna 1945 nechibvumirano chakaitwa nenhengo dzenyika kusimudzira "kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rukuru nokuda kwavose". Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), yakagamuchirwa muna 1948, yakaronga ndaza yakakwana yevagari vemo, yezvamatongerwe enyika, yezvemari, yenzanga, uye yetsika. Kunyange zvazvo isina kuisa maruramiro ekodzero dzavanhu, yakava nheyo yomutemo wekodzero dzavanhu wamarudzi ose, ichipesvedzera mitemo yemabumbiro remitemo yenyika yose nebvumirano. Kurava rugwaro rwakazara rweUDHR[FLT].

Kunyengedzwa uye Utongi Hutsva

Nhambo yapashure pehondo yakavawo nokubviswa kunokurumidza kweAsia, Africa, uye Caribbean. Nyika zhinji dzichangobva kuzvimirira dzakagamuchira mabumbiro emitemo edemokrati, kunyange zvazvo kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzorwa kwehondo, uye kutonga kumwe kwakatevera. Chinjo inobudirira yeIndia kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muna 1947, nebumbiro remitemo rinovimbisa maruramiro makuru nehwirudzuro yedare (jerecha) yaigona kukura zvakanaka kunze kweMadokero.

Hondo Yamashoko Nerwisano Yamaruramiro

Mukati meHondo Yemashoko, United States neSoviet Union zvose zviri zviviri zvakataura kuva zvinotsigira rusununguko nepo zvichiwanzotsigira vatsigiri vane simba. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States (1950sä1960s) rakamanikidzira hurumende kuisa ganhuriro dzemitemo mukurwisana norusaruro rwenzvimbo yehurumende, kuchiguma muCivil Rights Act (1964) uye Voting Rights Act (1965),. Munguva ino, masangano anopandukira muEastern Europe, akadai seUnitarianty in Poland neCharter 77 muCzechoslovakia, akaraira kuti hurumende dzechikomonisiti dziremekedze mabumbiro adzo adzo adzo adzongwe ekodzero dzavanhu nekodzero dzamarudzi ose.

Zana Remakore Rechi21: Matambudziko uye Kugadziridzwa Kwazvakaita

Kuchinja kwemichina kwakagonesa hurumende kuunganidza mashoko akawanda pavagari vemo, kumutsa kunetseka pamusoro pokuongororwa, kuva voga, uye mukana wokubatwa zvisina kufanira. Vabati vemadhiragi nevatsigiri vakafumura zvirongwa zvokuongorora vanhu vakawanda, vachimutsa nharo pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pekuchengeteka kwenyika uye rusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Masangano anotsigira uye anotora nhau akadenha tsika dzehurumende yegutsaruzhinji dzakasununguka munyika dzakawanda, kubva kuHungary nePoland kusvikira kuUnited States neBrazil. Vatungamiriri vakadenha vatongi vanozvimirira, mapepanhau akasununguka, uye kutendeseka kwehurumende kunoitwa nevoruzhinji (hwuno masangano amene anodzvinyirira simba.) Bva chaunga chavagari vemo, masangano ouswa, uye masangano amarudzi ose anopfuurira kudzorera shure.

Unyanzvi hutsva hwezvokugadzira zvinhu hunopawo zvishandiso zvokuzvidavirira: mashoko ehurumende, kuvhota, uye kuunganidza zvinobudisa nhau kwenzanga zvinogonesa vagari vemo kutarira nokutora rutivi mukutonga zvakananga zvikuru. Kumuka kwematare amarudzi ose, akadai seInternational Criminal Court, uye gadziriro dzekodzero dzavanhu dzomunharaunda (Dare reEurope rekodzero dzevanhu, Inter - American Court) zvinogovera nhandare umo vanhu vanogona kuva nekodzero dzokuita zvinhu nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzavo.

Kuva Wega Nekuwedzera Kwehurumende

  • Edward Snowden's 2013 akataura nezvemapurogiramu okuongorora eNSA akaita kuti pave nenharo munyika yose uye kuchinja zvimwe zvinhu.
  • The European Union’s General Data Protection Regation (GDPR) yakagadzira dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwemashoko omunhu oga, ichiganhurira zvose zviri zviviri kuunganidzwa kwehurumende nesangano.
  • Ruzivo rwokunyora mashoko okunyora pabonde runogonesa kurukurirano yakachengeteka asiwo runotarisana nezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvesuo.

Chipopo uye Kuungana Kwemadhimocratic Norms

  • Kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo muHungary nePoland kwakaita kuti pave nesimba guru, kwanetesa kuzvitonga, uye kwakatindika rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau.
  • MuUnited States, kudenha kuva pamutemo kwesarudzo nokusasarura kweDhipatimendi reRuramisiro kwakaedza kusimba kwecheki nedzikamo.
  • Marasroot akadai seMay yaVakadzi, Black Live Matter, uye kutsutsumwa kwehurumende muHong Kong kunoratidzira kuti vagari vemo vanoramba vakasvinurira.

Mugumisiro: Rwendo Runopfuurira

Kushanduka kweganhuriro pasimba rehurumende rwendo runopfuurira urwo runoratidzira mipimo inochinja yavanhu nezvishuvo. Kuvambira pavarwi paRunnymede kusvikira kuvanoshinga vemiitiro yazvino uno, kurwisa kuva nechokwadi chokuti chiremera chinobatira vanhu panzvimbo pokuvadzora kunopfuurira.

Sezvatinotarira kunguva yemberi, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruri kumuka, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye denho dzepasi rose zvichada kufunga kutsva pamusoro penzira yokudzvinyirira nayo simba ((zvose zviri zviviri simba ravose nerakavanzika). Nheyo dzakarongwa mumazana amakore masere dzinoramba dziri nhungamiro yedu yakanakisisa: kuti hapana munhu ari pamusoro pomutemo, kuti kubvumira kudzorwa ndiko hwaro bedzi hwapamutemo hwechiremera, uye kuti munhu ari wose ane chiremera chomuzvarirwo nekodzero izvo pasina hurumende ingaputsa nenzira yakarurama.