Table of Contents

Pfungwa yokuenzana yave iri chinhu chinopesana uye chinowirirana mumutemo weAmerica chifo chokutangwa kwenyika. Chiziviso cheIntecration of Independence chinoti “vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana” chakasiana zvikuru nouranda hwakatangwa. Kudzorwa kwavanhu vemo, uye urema hwapamutemo hwakaiswa pavakadzi uye kuvaridzi vehurumende. Kunopfuura mazana maviri amakore, hondo dzemitemo, uye kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwapabumbiro remitemo kwave kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma (uye kazhinji kazhinji) kukura zvikuru kusvika kwechipikirwa ichocho. Nyaya ino ino inoratidzira zviitiko zvapamutemo zvakaumba kunzwisisa kuenzana rapakuvamba renyika yeUnited States, kubva kukurukurirano huru yezana ramakore makumi maviri nere.

Manyoro Apakuvamba Neganhuriro Dzawo

Ziviso Yokuzvitonga Nebumbiro Remitemo

Chiziviso cheIndependence (1776) chakadzika nyika itsva munheyo yekodzero dzomusikirwo dzechisiko chose, asi chakanga chisina simba rinosungisa repamutemo. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakaumba gadziriro yehurumende iyo yakabvumira chose chose kuva varanda semitauro mitatu yakasununguka nokuda kwemireza uye kubvumira kupinza vanhu vari varanda kusvikira muna 1808. Bill of Rights (171) yakadzivirira rusununguko chairwo rwakananga(speech, rudzidziso, muitiro wakafanira (*), asi idzi dziviriro dzakatanga kubatira bedzi mukurwisana nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye hadzina kutaura kusarura rudzi kana kuti kuva munhurume. Somugumisiro, gadziriro yepamutemo yakasiya mapoka makuru avanhu kunze kwechikamu chinodzivirira chakaenzana.

Zvinetso Zvapakuvamba Nokupfuurira Kwechikuru

Mumavambo ezana ramakore rechi 19, masangano akachengeta zvikwaniriso zvezvinhu zvokuvhota, vakadzi vanorambidzwa zvakajeka kuva nenzvimbo, uye mitemo yavaranda inomanikidzirwa iyo yairamba vanhu vatema kuva vanhu vapamutemo vapi navapi. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasa. Dred Scott v. Sandford [1857]) yakasimbisa iyi dare kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti vanhu vorudzi rweAfrica havatongogoni kuva U.S. Kwaizotora hondo yavagari vemo nebumbiro remitemo kuti vatange kubvisa iyi miganhu.

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira Kumwe: Kuchinja Kunoitwa Pabumbiro Remitemo

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechitatu

Hondo yavagari vemo (1861-1865) yakaguma nokuparadzaniswa kweHwenziyo yeThreeter yeChibvumirano cheThreeth mu 1865, iyo yakabvisa uranda nouranda husingazvidiriri. Nepo iyi yakanga iri nhano huru, mutauro wayo waiva nechidimbu chinobvumira uranda husingazvidiriri “sechirango chemhosva,” gadziriro yakazoshandiswa zvisina kufanira gare gare kupfurikidza nokusunungura nokusungwa kwavazhinji.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nemuitiro Wakafanira

Geneth Amendment (1868) yakanga iri vimbiso yokutanga yakajeka yokuenzana kwapamutemo muBumbiro reMitemo. Its Experimence Expression yakarambidza kutaura kubva pakuramba “kumunhu upi noupi mukati mesimba rake dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo.” Kunyange zvakadaro vagadziri vemitemo yedanho vaiva nemirangariro yakaganhurirwa zvikuru yeicho “dziviriro inoenzana” yaireva. Dare rimwe chetero rakapfuudzawo kugadziridzwa kwechibvumirano chenyika dzeMadokero kubvumirawo maGarabhuka nerechi [FLT:] Kodzero dzechikaro yezvizvarwa [FLT] [FLT] [5] [18], kugona kuderedza shatsa kwaro. [FLT]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nezvishanu uye Kurwira Kupiwa Kwekodzero

Chibvumirano che15th Amendment (1870) chakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota, asi chinodaro chakarudzivisa kupfurikidza nenzvero dzokunzvera nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, zvitsama zvasekuru, uye masimba masimba. Vimbiso yebumbiro remitemo yokuenzana pakuvhota yaizoramba zvikurukuru kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore.

Vakaparadzana asi Vakaenzana: Kusarudzwa Kwokusaenzana

[[[ITSV: 0] Plessy v. Ferguson uye Kumuka kwaJim Crow

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra 1896 mu Plaby v. Ferguson akatsigira kusarurana kwedzinza pasi pe “dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana”, kutaura kwakabvumira gadziriro youduku hwedzinza murutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavose. Kwamakumi matanhatu akatevera, inotonga mhiri kwemitemo yeSouth uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo iyo yakagadza Jim Crow muchokufambisa, dzidzo, dzimba, uye pokugara kwavose. Munguva ino, MaIndia okuAmerica akamanikidzirwa kumanikidzwa kuva munhu anowirirana nechikoro chebhodhingi neDwes Act, izvo zvakabvisa nyika dzamarudzi. Vakadzi vakaramba vachibva mumitengo nemabasa mazhinji, uye dzidziso yapamutemo yezvifukidzo zveroorano yavakadzi vakaroorana mumutemo.

Hondo Refu Yokurwisa Namaruramiro Avanhu

Kushatirwa Kwavakadzi Ne Amendement yechigumi Nepfumbamwe

Sangano ravakadzi rinodzosera tsvina kuvakadzi vose, richivaka paSeneca Falls yapakuvamba (11848), rakawana rukundo rukuru rwebumbiro remitemo neChine gumi nepfumbamwe Refusion muna 1920, iyo yakarambidza kurambwa kwevhoti pahwaro hwevatano. Bva kugadziriswa hakuna kungoita zvokungoerekana kwaita kuti vakadzi vechitema muSouth vatarisane nemipini mimwe cheteyo semipinganidzo yavarume vaBlack / , mitero yokuvhotera, uye kutyisidzira (kusvikira paChibvumirano cheRevoidzo cheAmerica (na varume) havana kupiwa kodzero dzokuva vagari vemo vagari vemo kusvikira vanzi vaIndian Act yeChirevoti ye 1924, uye kunyange nyika zhinji dzakapfuurira kutarisana nayo kubva mukuvhotera kutozosvikira kumiedzo yapakati pezana ramakore rechina.

Kuongorora Kwepamutemo Kwezana Ramakore Maviri Apakuvamba

National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP) yakamutsa nzira yapamutemo yokudenha kusarurana, kutanga nezvinoitika izvo zvakaratidzira kusaenzana kunooneka pakati pezvivako zvakaparadzaniswa. Mu Sweatt v. Painter [1950] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLD]]] [[FLD]]]] na[FOLD]]MLaurin v. State Regents[[FLT] [1950] [1950], Dare guru rakavamba kubvisa dzidziso yakaparadza zvinhu zvinooneka nokuwana kuti dzidzo inowirirana, mukurumbira, mukurumbira wakaitwa mukurumbira. Izvi zvakagadzirirwa nzira yenhau yedzidzo yedzidzo yemukurumbira mudzidzo yavose.

Zana Remakore Rapakati pamakumi Maviri: Kuwanirwa Nokuda Kwokuenzana

[[FOLT:0] Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mu Brown v. Board of Education, Dare rakazivisa nokubvumirana kuti kusarura dzinza muzvikoro zvavanhu kwakaputsa Mutezo waMakuru wePurencial Claus. Murangariro mukuru weMutongi Earl Warren wakasimbisa kuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakasiana dzakanga “dzisina kukwaniswa chose chose.” Chisarudzo chakadzorwa [ Pasina kuganhurirwa [[FLT]] mumashoko edzidzo uye yakavamba makore gumi okudzivisa , kubatanidza“ kuramba ” uye chidzongonyedzo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kudzika mutemo kwemitemo kwakaramba kuripo kutozosvikira Chikwa chaMagariro eChivi a 1964 kusimbisa hurumende kurega kubhadhara mari kubva muzvikoro zvakashambarira zvamabhiri.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Uyu mutemo wakatanhamara wakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mubasa, pokugara pevanhu vose, uye purogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Mutezo VII wechiito chacho wakaparira Euncial Accounting Option Commission (EOC) ndokupa vanyajambwa vekusarura basa chisakiso chehurumende. Kubatanidzwa kwe “sex” muTitle VII kwakanga kuri wedzero yokupedzisira yezvisarudzo zvechirume, kubatanidza kutaura kwokunetswa kwevatano nevatano.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Pashure pe “Svondo rakaipa” denho pamafora muSelma, Alabama, Congress yakapfuudza Voting Rights Act, iyo yakarambidza kunzverwa kwokunyora nokuvhota nemimwe miitiro yokuvhota. Chiito chaida zviremera nenhau yorusaruraganda mukuvhota kuti uwane muganhu usati wachinja mitemo yavo yokuvhota. Iyi gadziriro yakanga ichikosha mukuwedzera kunyoresa kwevatema uye kumirira muSouth. Dare Rapamusoro gare gare gare rakanetesa mutoo wepper County in Shelby County v. Haker

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Yakapfuudzwa mukuuraya kwaMartin Luther King Jr., Fair House Act yakarambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kupiwa mari kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye gare gare, vatano, urema, uye nzvimbo yapamutemo. Pasinei zvapo neiyi gadziriro yapamutemo, kutsaurana vanhu kunopfuurira nemhaka yemiitiro yenhau yokuchinja, kubvisa nharaunda, uye kusarura kunopfuurira.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vasina Kuenzana: Kubva Pakuva Nekodzero Dzokubereka

Zita roMusoro IX Nekuenzana Kwedzidzo

Muti IX weEducation Amendments ye 1972 wakarambidza rusaruro rwevatano mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo inogamuchira mari yehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo pakuvamba yakanzwisiswa zvikurukuru semwero usina kururama wemitambo, yakashandiswa kurwisa kunetswa mune zvevatano, kudenha, uye rusaruro mukupinda, nhabvu, uye mapurogiramu edzidzo. Mutemo wave uchibetsera mukuwedzera mikana yavakadzi navasikana mudzidzo.

Kodzero Dzakaenzana Nenhaka Yayo Isina Kuchinjwa

Aumelt Rights Amendment (ERA), iyo yaizovimbisa zvakajeka kuenzana muBumbiro reMitemo, yakapfuudza Dare muna 1972 asi yakakundikana nyika nhatu dzokusaita kuti dzive dzakakohwa panhambo ya1982. Kugadziridzwa kwakamutsidzirwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Nevada, Illinois, uye Virginia ichiriita kuti ritsigiswe pashure pa2017, asi mamiriro aro epamutemo anoramba achikwikwikwidzwa. Pasi pevimbiso yemitemo, matare anoramba achiongorora maronge akavakirwa pabonde pasi pokuongorora zera ra1983, mupimo wakaderera kupfuura kuongorora kwakakomba kwakarongwa parudzi.

Kodzero Dzokuberekana Neautonomy

Mu .Roe v. Wade [773]), Dare rapamusoro rakaziva maruramiro emitemo okubvisa pamuviri pasi peGumbi Claus, rinotapura zvakananga kudzora kwavakadzi pamiviri yavo nechisarudzo choupenyu. Chisarudzo chakanga chiri chiratidzo chetendo yevatano, kunyange zvazvo chakatarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemitemo. [[FLT:]] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], Dare rakatendeuka [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [FLD:5] uye kudzorera kubvisa mimba kutsika kutsika kusingachinjiki muteshinga yapa.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero uye Kuwedzera Kwekudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Kubva ku [[FOL:0] Mabhawa [ kusvikira ku Rabhuroko

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakatanga kutsigira mitemo yesodoma mu Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), asi rakachinja nzira mu LAwrence v. Texas (2003), kurova mitemo yakadai sokuputsa rusununguko nokuvandika. Chisarudzo ichocho chakaisa hwaro hwokuzivana kwomunguva yemberi kwoukama hwezvevatano.

Roorano Yakaenzana ne [[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges

Nhevedzano inokurumidza yemitemo yedare rehurumende nerehurumende yakapedzerwa mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iyo yaidavira kuti IPramende ye145 inovimbisa vakwanyina vevatano imwe chetevo maruramiro okuroora. Chisarudzo chakatsamira pazvose zviri zviviri Claus Claus neExme Protection Claus, ichisimbisa kuti “kodzero yokuroora" rusununguko rukuru rusingagoni kurambwa rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano.

Kudzivirirwa Kubasa Pasi Pe VII

Mu Bostock v. Clayton County [2020], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti mugariro wezvepabonde runoumba rusaruro “nemhaka yevatano” pasi peTitle VII. Iyi chisarudzo chakatambanudzira dziviriro dzebasa rehurumende kuLGBTQ+ vashandi munyika yose uye chakaratidzira kududzira kukuru kwerusarura vatano.

Miganhu Yepanguva Ino Yokuenzana

Ruramisiro Yedzinza uye Chinjo Yepamutemo

Black Live Matter sangano raBlack Lives, rakanyandurwa nokuuraya kwaTraton Martin, Michael Brown, George Floyd, uye vamwe vazhinji, rakanangidzira ngwariro yorudzi pakusarurwa kwedzinza mumapurisa, kutongerwa, uye kusungwa. Chiito chokutanga cha2018 chakaita chinjo dzine mwero kutongerwa muhurumende, asi nhau dzemitemo dzinobatanidza kuchengetwa kwemitemo yemirimo, miitiro yemari yebhedhai, uye kudzivirirwa kwakakodzera kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende (‘kuramba kwakadzika midzisa. Kuchinja kwamapurisa, kubatanidza George Floyd Justice muPolicial Act, zvakamira muCong Act, nepocract, kunyange masangano aita basa rechikamu.

Kuzivisa Kodzero Muzana Ramakore Ramakumi Aviri Rokutanga

Pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa Shelby County chakashatisa nzira yokufukidza nayo state, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo inoda muvhoti worumano, kuderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kubudisa mapepa okuvhota. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa iyi mipimo inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanhu veruvara, nzanga dzeInvoland, uye vavhoti vakaderera. John Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act, yatangwa muCongress Congress, inotsvaka kudzorera nokuvandudza gadziriro yePrecratance, asi haina kuisirwa.

Kuenzana Kwemari uye Mutemo Wokusawirirana

Kunyange zvazvo musoro VII nemitemo inowirirana zvichirambidza rusaruro rwemaune, “kupesana kwemaune” kunoreva kuti, iko kunodenha mitemo yokusatora rutivi muchiso uko kunokuvadza zvikuru mapoka akadzivirirwa / anotarisana nokunzverwa nematare. Tsvakai mhaka inoramba iripo: kuva murume nemukadzi, nepo kuchiderera zvishoma nezvishoma, kwakajeka zvikuru nokuda kwavakadzi vane ruvara. The Lilly Led Beverneal Pair Act ye 2009 kwakajekesa kuti muripo mumwe nomumwe unodzorwa pasiripo unodzoserazve mutemo weganhuriro, asi vatsigiri vanopfuurira kutsigira zviito zvakasimba sePacheck Fairneal Act.

Kushata Kwamaruramiro Nokuwanika

VaAmerica vane Dictable Act (ADA) ya1990 vakarambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mubasa, pokugara pevoruzhinji, zvokufambisa, uye zvokukurukurirana nefoni. Nepo ADA yakachinja nzvimbo dzokugara nenzvimbo dzebasa, mikana inokosha ichiripo, kusanganisira mukuwana utano, dzidzo izere, uye kuwanikwa kwemichina. Dare Repamusorosoro rakatsanangura zvinodikanwa zveADA zvishoma, uye ganhuriro dzakawanda dzinopfuurira nemhaka yokusawirirana.

Kusiyana Kwetsika Neganhuriro Dzomutemo Wemunhu Mumwe Chete

Murangariro wenyanzvi yezvemitemo wekuwiriranisa dzinza, kuva murume kana mukadzi, kirasi, uye zvimwe zvikamu unosimbisa kuti zvii zvinobatanidza kusangana kwezvimwe zviitiko zvakasiyana nezvimwe zverusaruro. Mutemo wazvino uno uno unorapa maererano nedanho rimwe chete, dzinza kana kuti remavara kana kuti urema, zvichiita kuti zviome kuvana vanotambura kuti vasarudze. Mamwe matare anotanga kuziva “kusarura zvitendero”, asi hamuna mupimo wapamutemo wakajeka.

Mupeto: Basa Rasina Kuparadzwa Rokuenzana

Chitendero chokuenzana mumutemo weAmerica hachisi chiteshi chekufambira mberi chakasimba asi nhevedzano yekukunda kwakaoma, ichiteverwa kazhinji kazhinji nokudzivisa, kudzorwa, uye miganhu mitsva. Kubva pakubviswa kwouranda kusvikira kukuzivikanwa kweroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano, kukura kumwe nokumwe kwedziviriro kwakaenzana kwaida masangano enzanga anotsigirwa, kurondedzerwa kwemitemo, uye chiito chemitemo. Kunyange zvakadaro gadziriro yemitemo inoramba isina kukwaniswa: ERA haisati yatenderwa, kodzero dzokuvhotera dzinova denho itsva, uye kupesana kwemitengo mupfuma, utano, dzidzo, uye kupfuurira. Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunokosha nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kuenzana, nemhaka yokuti chipikirwa chomutemo chokuenzana hachitongova chokuzvideredza. Inoda, kungwarira, uye kudisa kuvaka zvinangwa nokuwana zvinangwa pakati penyika. Kuzivana, kupfuurira kupfurikidza nokuwana ruramisiro kwomutemo, kupfuurira, kupfuurira, kupfuurira kwomutemo wokuva.

nokuda kwokuravazve panhau huru dzebumbiro remitemo, ona Cornell Information Institute yedziviriro yakaenzana. Kunzvera kwenhau kwe 144th Amendment kunowanika kubva [ National Archives. Kukakavadzana kwekodzero dzokuvhotera kunotendwa ne [[FLT:] Brenan Center yeMutongi[FLT]].[FLT:]]