Sumo

Nhau yamasimba ehurumende haisati ichingova zvayo nhau yavatongi nemitemo, inongova nhau yokuti nzanga dzavanhu dzinoronga sei chiremera chakabatana kudzikamisa nhevedzano, ruramisiro, uye rusununguko. Kuvambira muguta rapakuvamba zvikurusa kusvikira kukurukurirano dzanhasi dzemipimo yenzvero, ukuru neganhuriro zvehurumende zvakaedzwa nguva dzose, zvakarondedzerwazve, uye zvakatsinhanwa. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunobetsera vagari vemo navatungamiriri vazvinowirirana kupfurikidza nokudzidza kubva mukubudirira kwekare nokundikano. Nyaya ino inoratidzira kukura nokubatanidzwa kwechiremera chehurumende munhambo huru dzenhau, ichipa mienzaniso yakajeka inopfuurira pakati pesimba nerusununguko.

Marudzi Ekare Nokutanga Kwehurumende

Hurumende dzokutanga padzakakura kuva nzanga dzokurima dzakagadzikana, maturusi matsva aidiwa kuti pave nemamiriro okudiridza, kudzivirira nzvimbo, uye kupikisana.

Mesopotamia: Hurumende Dzokutanga Dzehurumende

Munenge muna 3000 BCE, vaSumer vakakudziridza guta rokutanga rinozivikanwa, rakadai seUri neUruk. Idzi zviremera zvepakati dzakadzora upfumi hwetembere, mitemo yakabatanidzwa (zvinotozivikanwa zvikuru ye Code yeHammurabi, c. 1754 BCE), uye dzakachengeta mauto akamira. Yakaumba Hammurabi yakasimbisa kuti mambo akanga ari mutongi mukurusa nomutengi, bva yaisawo miganhuro, kupfurikidza nokuranga kwakakodzera utsotsi. Uku kudzora nemitemo yepakati pehurumende yakava mutezo wokudzora gare gare gare gare.

Ijipiti Yekare: Utongi hwaMwari

MuIjipiti, Farao akanga ari zvose zviri zviviri mutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika nowerudzidziso, achiva mubati ushe hwamwari Horus paPasi. Uku kubatanidzwa kwesimba kwakabvumira nyika kuunganidza masimba makuru ebasa nokuda kwokuvaka kwepiramidhi namabasa makuru okudiridza. Kuiswa kwechiremera pasi paFarao kwakavimbisa kutsiga kweinenge mireniyumu mitatu, asi kwakarevawo kuti mutongi asina simba kana kuti asingafarirwi aigona kutungamirira kukuderera nokukurumidza, sezvinoonekwa mukati meNguva ye [[FLT:] nguva yeIntermedictionte (c.118555) BCE apo chiremera chapakati chakapunzika uye chikabvuta simba remo.

Girisi Yekare: Dhipatimende Yakananga Neganhuriro Dzayo

Athens yekare yakatanga pfungwa yechinjo ye inosangana pagomo rePnyx, uye vakuru vakuru vaiwanzosarudzwa nenzvimbo pamberi pomutemo. (nechimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vagari vemo vatema apo vavhoti vemitemo nezvisarudzo zvehurumende. Gungano reUnian rakasangana pagomo rePnyx, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vaisarudzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nemutoo wokudzivisa uori. Bva iyi tsika yakabvisa vakadzi, varanda, uye vatorwa, uye pakupedzisira yakakundikana kudzivisa kukwira kwemageo naSician Exption (15151073) BCE). Athens yakaratidzira zvose zviri zviviri kukwanisa uye kudzosera pamutemo.

Rome Republic: Kuongorora uye Kudzikama

Roma yakaita gadziriro yakatanhamara yeRepublic ine masimba akaparadzana: maconuls (anoparadza), Dare (rakabatanidza), uye magungano akakurumbira (legislative),. Tables[ [[.450] (BCE) yakabatanidza kodzero dzepamutemo nedziviriro, apo [[FLT:]] simba [ retribenessssssssssss rega patrician queverver., zvisinei, sezvo Roma yakakuwedzera, gadziriro yakashaidzwa murwisano yeboka, vatungamiriri vehondo vakaunganidza simba romunhu oga, uye nyika yakapa nzira ku [FFF:] [FFFF] muGUfume 27] pasi pekubudirira kweBGene.

Kutanga Kwemadzimambo

Kwemazana emakore, madzimambo akawana simba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kumadzishe omunharaunda yacho, muitiro wakaguma wava mambo mukuru.

Kuda Kuzvifadza Nokurwira Simba Rapakati

Munhau dzeBridence, mamisiri akapa vakwirira nyika (vane zera) mukutsinhana nebasa rehondo. Iyi tsika yakadzorwa yakareva kuti simba roumambo raiwanzova risina simba kunze kwenzvimbo yamambo iri pedyo. Magna Carta [1215]) yakanga iri nhangemutange yenjiso yakaitwa neEngland kuti iganhurire masimba aMambo anodzorwa, kusimbisa kuti mambo akanga asiri pamusoro pomutemo. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga chinyorwa chenhau, nheyo dzacho, kuedza kupfurikidza nedare rinobetsera, uye pasina rondedzero mitero yapashure pemufungo webumbiro. [FLT:] [FLT]

Mamonarchy Akakwana: Louis XIV uye Kupfuura

Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 17, vatongi vazhinji veEurope vakasimbisa simba kupfurikidza nokuderedza pesvedzero yavakuru vakuru, mapalamendi, uye chechi. Louis XIV veFrance vakapfupikisa absolutism, vachipfupikisa hurumende paVerceilles uye vachishandisa zvirongwa zvokumanikidzira kuda kwake mumaruwa. Iye akazivisa zvakakurumbira, “L’état, c’est moi” (ndini nyika). Nenzira yakafanana, Peter Mukuru [FLT:] weRussia anoshandisa nzvimbo yake yazvino unoumbwa kupfurikidza noruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rwaMadokesaizimu namabasa outsa. Ava vaMonamslem vakawana mugariro unoorora kupfurikidza nokurevererwa kwezvichemo zvinobuda.

Kugara Mubumbiro Remitemo: Chinjo Ine Mbiri yeEngland

Hadzisi dzose hurumende dzakava dzakakwana. MuEngland, Chinjo ine Mbiri yapachivande (1688) uye Bhill yekodzero dzehurumende [ [1689]) yakatanga madzimambo umo Paramende yaichengeta nhiyo dzechikwama nekodzero dzamambo dzakaganhurirwa. Iyi nzvimbo, yakapesvedzerwa nomuzivi [[FLT:] John Locke, yakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende rinobva mukubvumirana kwehurumende yaizodzorwa nemitemo yaizonzwika zvinonzwika zvikuru mumakoroni eAmerica zana ramakore gare gare gare.

Kujekeswa Nokutanga Kwoutongi Hwose

Vafungi vakataura kuti hurumende yapamutemo inofanira kumira pabvumirano yenzanga, kudzivirira kodzero dzomusikirwo, uye kuzvidavirira kuvanhu.

Locke, Montesquieu, naRousseau

[[FLT: 0] John Locke

Chinjo yeAmerica

U.S. chiziviso cheIniversation (177] chinoshandurwa rondedzero yeLockea kuva ratidziro yezvamatongerwe enyika: “Mitemo inotangwa pakati paMarume, inogamuchira masimba avo akarurama kubva kubvumirano yeChirevo chapamutemo chaidzo.” Constitution yakatevera (1787) yakagadzira republic yehurumende nechekero nedzikamo, muraudzo wakanyorwa wekodzero, uye mugove wokungwarira wamasimba pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende. Rava rugwaro rwakazara rweChiziviso cheHunduko cheNational Archives[FLT] [FG3:]. Iyi iyi purogiramu yakafuridzirwa muFrance, Haiti, uye muLatin America.

Kuchinja Kwezvizvarwa zveFrance Nenhaka Yakwo Yokupedzisira

France’s .RMY ye 1789 yakapfuura zvikuru America, ichibvisa chiFrineral, ichizivisa kuti vanhurume vose, uye kugadza republic. Kuziviswa kwekodzero dzomunhu nedzechiPotical [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [3] yakazivisa rusununguko, uenzani, uye kubatana. Chinjo yakakurumidza kudzika mu [[FLT:] Regian yeTROG [[[FLT:]] (175]-944), apo Dare reSave reSayenzi rakaitwa zviuru, richiratidza kuti mirangariro yedemocracy yaigona kushatiswa muhurumende. kutonga kwapamberi kwapashure, asi kwapamutemozve [Folect:][5]

Kukura Kwemasimba eHurumende Muzana Remakore rechi19

Zana remakore rechi19 rakapupurira kuchinja kwenzvimbo dzeindasitiri, kuchinjwa kwemaguta, uye kumuka kwematongerwe enyika makuru.

Nyika Inotungamirira uye Kuchinja Kwebasa

Kugadzirwa kwamaindasitiri kwakaparira migariro yokushanda inotyisa, kushandiswa kwavana, uye zvitangwena zvomumaguta. MuBritain, Mabasa e (kuvamba muna 1802] maawa okushanda zvishoma nezvishoma uye kunatsiridza chengeteko. MuGermany pasi po Otto von Bismark[ yakapayona inishuwarenzi yenzanga yezvemari, tsaona, uye mari yependindifini yakare (muma1880, rutivi rukuru kuti ideredze kukwidza kukwidza kwechisoshanga. Iyi mipimo yakaratidzira shamvumo kubva kurati yeraisiss rezgradez gradexgradire kuirces.

Umambo uye Kutonga Kwehurumende

Masimba eEurope, pamwe chete neUnited States neJapan, akakudza chiremera chawo muAfrica, Asia, uye Pacific. Hurumende dzeMakoroni dzakaisa gadziriro itsva dzemitemo, mitero, uye nzvimbo dzemo nenzvimbo (kazhinji kazhinji). Berlin Conference[ (1884-8585]) Africa yakaganhurirwa pasina kurangarira miganhu yedzinza, inobvisa utongi hwenyika. Masangano anoramba, akadai se Chipanduko cheIndian cha 1857[FT:3] uye [[FLT:] Kupandukira [FLD] [FL:] [5] [185], akadenha kutonga kwehurumende asi akashongerwa. Nguva ino yakaratidzwa sei [FT]

Kuderedza Kushanda Kwechisimba uye Kuwedzerwa Kwechipfuva

Muzana ramakore rechi 19, masangano okubvisa uranda hwavakadzi, maruramiro avashandi, uye kubviswa kwouranda zvakadzvinyirira hurumende kufutunura rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika. U.S. Hondo yavagari vemo[ (1861]) yakaguma nokubviswa kwouranda ne [[FLT:] Fartenth] [[FLT:] [1] [1868], iyo yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. [[FLT:] Reformation] Mabasa[FL:5] ya182], 1832, 1862, uye 1884] kupfuudzira vasaruki [[FFT], neporactotarosa] yavanhu [[FFM] [197] Chiito chavanhu] muBritain pamusoro pezvikwaratiromedzero zvehurumende zvinotsigira Hurumende.[5]

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Udzvinyiriri Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Zviremera zvoudzvinyiriri zvakasimbisa udzori hwose pazvamatongerwe enyika, upfumi, tsika, uye kunyange kufunga, nepo nyika dzinotonga noubati ushe hwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji dzakaumba gadziriro huru dzegarikano ndokurwa kudzivirira mipimo yakasununguka mukurwisana nechiFascism nechikomonizimu.

Kudzorwa Kwesimba Nesimba Rinodzvinyirira: Kunangidzirwa Kwesimba Kwokupedzisira

[[NT.] .Nazi Germany ne [[FLT:] Soviet Union pasi paStalin utotalistism. Ose ari maviri mahurumende akabvisa masangano akazvimirira, akashandisa tyisidziro naparadzo kumanikidzira ruvimbiko, uye akaronga nzanga dzose nokuda kwenharidzano dzehondo nevavariro dzepfungwa. [[FLT:] [5] Italia [[FFFF:] na [FFFF:] Mukuru [FFF:] [FFF] [FFFF:] [5] [5]] [5] [5] [5])] uye inovakwakwaniswa.[5]

Hurumende Yehurumende Inotonga Nehurumende Inotonga Vanhu

Mumhinduro kuKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi uye Hondo Yenyika II, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawedzera masimba ehurumende kuti ape chengeteko yenzanga, tarisiro yezvoutano, uye dzimba dzavose. Purezidhendi weU.U.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt[ ye [[FLT:] New Deal[FLT] [193] [1933] [33333]) akagadzira masangano akafanana neSocial Security Administration neSacurent neSpective Office Commis. MuBritain, [[FFLT:4] Beveridge] Report [[[FLT:] [1942]] [1942])) yakaronga nheyo yeNational Health Service (19888). Izvi zvakamutsa urombo hwakadzika zvikuru, asi zvakamutsawo pamusoro poukuru hwehurumende (5]

Kugadzirwa Kwemari Nokutangwa kweNew States

Pashure peHondo yeNyika II, dzakawanda dzeyaichimbova nyika dzakawana rusununguko, kazhinji kazhinji pashure perwisano dzakare. India (1947), Ghana (57), uye dzimwe dzakawanda dzakagamuchira mabumbiro emitemo ayo akabatanidza nheyo dzedemokrati, bva hurumende itsva dzakawanda dzakava noudzori nokukurumidza savatungamiriri vakamanikidzirwa kukurira kusimukira namapoka edzinza. Chikomonisiti chechiKomonisiti [1949]) yakatanga hurumende imwe yakaparira kuva yematomutomutomuti weMaoicracyism kuva anodzosaruzhinji kuimwe yehurumende yehurumende inodzosa.

Utsinye Hwamashoko Nokurovanya Kwemagadziriro Ezvinhu

Hondo yaRunyararo (1947-91) yakanga iri makwikwi enyika yose pakati peU.S. aitungamirirwa neUnited States necommunistsial modex 88 inotungamirira neSoviet Union. Mativi ose ari maviri akavaka zvishandiso zvehondo nechengeteko. [[FLT:]] Mcthy [[[FLT:]] nhambo yeUNITE] muUNITED.S. yakaratidza kuti kutya kungagona sei kutungamirira kuvhozhozhokerera hurumende inorwisana nerusununguko rwevagari vemo, apo yakagadzira muEast Europe, yakaenzanisirwa ne [[FLT]] [FLD] muPoland, yakaratidzira kuti nzanga dzamagasvo ane simba guru zvikuru. Soviet Union Union yakatanga kuvamba chitsauko chitsauko chitsva, asi chipfuro chaMarenjiri.

Masimba Ehurumende Azvino Uno Nezvinetso

Mazuva ano, hurumende dzinotarisana nematambudziko asingaenzaniswi neruzivo rwemazuva ano, kubatana kwepasi pose, uye kugadzirisa zvinotarisirwa nevanhu.

Kudzidza Nokuva Woga Munguva Yetsika

Kukwira kwegadziriro yeInternet nekurukurirano dzinofamba - famba zvakapa hurumende maturusi matsva okuongorora vagari vemo. PARITIOTT Act (2001] uye PRINSM [[[]] yakaratidzwa naEdward Snowden muna 2013 yakaratidza ukuru hwekuongorora. Njodziro pamusoro pokunyora mashoko echiso, kuzivikanwa kwechiso, uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko kunodzivirira kuchengetedzwa kwenyika yoga yoga. [[FLT: 4.]]

Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose Nokusiyana Kwechiremera

Kushambadzira kwenyika yose, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye zvirwere zvinoda batira pamwe kupfuura nyika yose. Masangano amarudzi ose akafanana ne United Nations, World Trade Organization[, uye [[FLT]International Criminal Court yakawana chiremera chakaganhurirwa asi chaichoicho. Panguva imwe cheteyo, masangano ezvokudzora nooruzhinji munyika dzakawanda ari kudzosa kudzora kwenyika yose, achipikisa kuti inosekesa uchangamire hwenyika. POLD [[FLT]]] POD [[FLT]] .[FLT]

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nemasangano Enzanga

Masangano azvino uno eruramisiro yedzinza, uenzani hwechirume, LGBTQ+ kodzero, uye maruramiro ourema anopfuurira kumanikidza hurumende kukudza dziviriro. [[FLT: 0] Mararamire Matema Maererano ne kutsutsumwa (2011]) (2011-10) akaraira kuti mapurisa agadziriswe uye azvipindurire. # Musangano weMetoo[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Sangano remitemo yebasa raitapuko. Panguva ino, hurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende munyika dzakadai seHungary, Turkey, neRussia dzakadzokorora kunzvera kwoutongi hwedemocracy, kuisa simba mukambara uye kudzo dzinodzvinyirira matare anozvimirira. Kukakavara kwamaruramiro anokura neano pakati pekudzvinyirirwa.

Nguva Yemberi: Kutonga kwemitemo Neai

Ungwaru hunoitwa uye mashoko makuru zviri kugadzira zvimiro zvitsva zvesimba rehurumende. Purofesa yedetembedzo, gadziriro dzegarikano dzinorongwa neauto, uye AÍdriven chisarudzo zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peruramisiro, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira. European Union’s AI Act[ [kuedza 201] (kuedza kudzora zvirongwa zvemibato yakakwirira, asi pasina kutungamirira nzanga kwapamutemo, izvi zvingagona kubatira kusaenzana nokunzvera. Chinjo yamasimba ehurumende muzana ramakore rechi21 ichatsamira pakuti gadziriro yamasangano okuchengeta sei chinjo nechinjo yezvoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

mhedziso

Chikamu chirefu chamasimba ehurumende chinoratidza kuti chiremera hachitongovi chakabatana. Chinowedzera munguva dzenjodzi uye zvibvumirano apo vagari vemo vanoraira rusununguko. Mienzaniso yenhau yakarongwa pamusoro apa. Mitemo yakarongwa pamusoro apa kubva paBumbiro remitemo raHammurabi kusvikira kuGDPR . inosimbisa kuti denho huru yokutonga inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kuti ingapa sei simba mamiriro ezvinhu kugovera chengeteko nezvinhu zvavose pasina kugonesa udzvinyiriri. Kupfurikidza nokufunda izvi zvidzidzo, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuva nohuvanzi vehurumende yedemocracy uye ukoshi hwokushingaira mukunzvera kudzorwa kwesimba. Chitsauko chinotevera chemhindumukiridzo ichi chichanyorwa nezvisarudzo pamusoro pezvatinogadziro zvanhasi, kuenzana, kuenzana, uye kudzora mutemo. [FLD:]