Mavambo Apakuvamba Etsika muHurumende

Nheyo dzetsika mukudzora dzinogona kurondwa shure kumasangano ekare. Nheyo dzokutendeseka, perero, uye kuzvidavirira kazhinji kazhinji dzakasimbiswa mumitemo yetsika yenzanga.

  • Mutemo waHammurabi (chirca 1754 BC) wakatanga mitemo yokutonga kusina ruramisiro uye wairayira migumisiro yokupfumbamuromo nouori pakati pevakuru vakuru.
  • Mabhuku aPlato akasimbisa ukoshi hwevatungamiriri vakanaka uye pfungwa yokuti vatongi vanofanira kutungamirirwa nouchenjeri panzvimbo pokuzvifadza.
  • Aristotle akataura nezvetsika dzinotarisirwa nevakuru vakuru, achiti kudzora kunofanira kuenderana nezvakanaka zvinoitwa nevanhu vose pane kuti kuve nemhindu.
  • Roman Republic yakakudziridza pfungwa ye cursus shooum, nhevedzano yakatanhamara yehofisi dzavose ine mitemo yakakomba inorwisana nechiokomuhomwe noushati hwechisarudzo.
  • Uzivi hwaConfucius muEast Asia hwakasimudzira pfungwa yokuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofanira kubatanidza kusakendenga kwetsika ndokubatira semienzaniso nokuda kwenzanga.

Iyi miganhu yetsika yapakuvamba, nepo isina kuiswa mumitemo yazvino uno, yakatanga kariro yokuti basa ravose rinoda mupimo wakakwirira wetsika. Vakazivawo kuti simba risina mutoro nenzira isingadzivisiki rinoparira kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Mitezo iri mumativi ose, musoro unodzokororwa wakajeka: avo vane chiremera vanofanira kuchengetwa pamupimo uyo vagari vemowo zvavo vasati vari. Ichi chitendero chehwaro chinopfuurira kusimbisa mitemo yetsika dzazvino uno. Kuchinja kubva muuzivi hwetsika kuenda kumutemo unotevedzerwa kwakatora mazana amakore, asi mbeu dzacho dzakasimwa mumagamuchidzanwa akare.

Kutanga Kwemitemo Yakarongwa Yetsika

Sezvo hurumende dzakachinja kuva masangano akarongeka, kudiwa kwemitemo yetsika kwakaoneka.zana remakore rechi19 nerechi20 rakapupurira zvinhu zvinokosha zvaiitika munzvimbo iyi, zvichikonzerwa nokuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzeindasitiri, kuwedzera kwehurumende, uye mhosva dzakaitwa nevakawanda dzakaita kuti vanhu vasavimbane.

Mutezo Wependetoni uye Kuguma Kwemasvosve

MuUnited States, Pendleton Act ya1883 yakaratidzira mavambo okuwana mabhadharo kwakavakirwa pafashoni mubasa ravose, kuderedza uori hwakanga hwabudirira mugadziriro yakapamba. Pamberi pomutemo uyu, mabasa ehurumende akapiwa pakavakirwa pakuvimbika kwezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pekukwanisa, kutanga tsika umo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakanzwa kuva nechikwereti kuvamanikidzi vebato panzvimbo pevoruzhinji. Pendleton Act yakatanga Council Service Commission uye yakaraira kuti vanzvere zvinzvimbo zvehurumende zvakawanda. Iyi jasinjo kuhurumende yakanga iri nhano yokutanga yakakomba mukuita mipimo yetsika. Kuchinja kwakafanana kwakaitika mudzimwe nyika, kubatanidza Northco - Trean Reports (1854), iyo yakatungamirira kutangwa kwebasa rehurumende ramazvoruzhinji rakavakirwa pamitengone yehurumende.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nekudzivisa Kushanda

Kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20 kwakava nokuwedzera kwenhamburiko dzokudzivisa uori, zvikurukuru mukati meNguva inofambira mberi muUnited States. Vatori venhau vaMuncuckrak vakafumura kupararira kwehurumende dzeguta, masangano ehurumende, uye masangano ehurumende. Mukupindura, vachinji vakasundira nokuda kwemitemo yetsika yakasimba zvikuru, kubatanidza miraudzo yezvemari, kuzivisa zvinodikanwa, uye mitumbi inotarisirwa. Kuumbwa kweFederal Bureautaria of Investigation (FBI) muna 190888 yakavavarira kurwisa uori uye kuisa mitemo yehurumende. Nepo nhamburiko dzapakuvamba dzeFBI dzakanangidzira pautsotsi hwehurumende, chiremera chadzorongete-kare zvakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubatanidza utsotsi hwavose. Nguva ino yakaonawo kupfumbatirwa kweMasangano eOpulaneti dzeMarudzi ose.

Chinonyadzisa Mumvura uye Tsika Muchiito cheHurumende

Chinonyadzisa cheWatergate muma1970 chakaparira kubviswa kwetsika muhurumende, kuchitungamirira kuEthics in Government Act ya 1978. Uyu mutemo wakatanhamara wakanga uri mhinduro yakananga kukushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kwakatanga kuoneka mukati mekutungamirira kweNixon. Chiito chakasimbiswa nokuda kwemipimo yetsika, chakaumba Hofisi yePublic Ethics (OGE) kuti itarisire kuzviisa pasi, uye kuti ide kuziviswa kwemari kuvakuru vakuru vakuru. Yakaitawo nzvimbo yezano rakasununguka rokunzvera kupomerwa kwechakaipa kupfurikidza navakuru vakuru vebazu vanodzika vakakwirira. Musiano wa197979 waimirira pfundo rokuchinja mutsika muU. Tsika yetsika, yakabva pakuita chiito chinoitwa nechiito chinoitwa chinoitwa chinoitwa. Panzvimbo pokumirira kushatiswa kwehurumende kuti ibudirire kuputika, hurumende zvino yakanga yava kumisa kunetsa kunetsa kurwisana kwezvirongwa.

Mitemo Huru Nezviitiko

Mumazana ose emakore 20 uye kutanga kwema21, mitemo yakasiyana - siyana yakaiswa kuti itaure nezvetsika dzakananga dzinoda kuteererwa muhurumende.Mimwe mitemo inokosha inosanganisira:

  • Mabhuku anonzi Ethics in Government Act (1988) akatanga mitemo yetsika uye akaita Office of Government Ethics, iyo inotungamirira uye inodzidzisa vashandi vanoshanda pamapazi.
  • Dare reLobbing Dislosure Act (1995) raiva nechinangwa chokuratidza pachena maererano nemabasa anokwezva nokuda kunyoresa uye kushuma zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakutsvaka mari.
  • Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007) yakasimbisa mitemo yokupesvedzera, kuwedzera kuoneka muhurumende, uye kuisa zvirango zvakasimba nokuda kwokuputswa.
  • STOCK Act (202) yakarambidza nhengo dzeCongress nevashandi vebazi vanotungamirira kushandisa mashoko asiri ehurumende kuti vabatsirwe uye yaida kuziviswa mari kakawanda.
  • Anti - Lobbying Act (1919) yakaganhurira kushandiswa kwemari yakakodzera nokuda kwemibato yokukurudzira, kunyange zvazvo kuchengetwa kwayo kwave kusina kufanira.

Mitemo iyi inogoverana nharidzano imwe cheteyo: kuumba hurumende umo vakuru vakuru vanozvidavirira kuvoruzhinji panzvimbo pefariro dzomunhu oga. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chomutemo chinovakwa pamusoro pebudiriro nokundikano dzavatangiri vayo. Somuenzaniso, Peaderful and Open Government Act chakavhara mhosho mu 1995 Lobbing Displaise Act, zvikurukuru pasuo rinotenderera pakati pehurumende nenzvimbo yavanhu. STOCK Act, rakapfuudzwa mukati mekupomeranwa kwemitengo yokurwisana nemitezo yeDare, rakataura mukahaha muya wakanga uripo kwamakumi amakore pasinei nokuziva kwakapararira kwechinetso. Uku kurangarira kwokuwedzera kunofanira kuratidzira kuti mitemo inofanira kuramba ichichinja kuti ienderane nemaitiro okuchinja.

Matambudziko Mukushandisa Mitemo Yetsika

Pasinei nokutangwa kwemitemo yetsika, matambudziko anoramba aripo pakushandiswa kwayo uye pakutevedzerwa kwayo.

  • Kusaziva pakati pevakuru vakuru vehurumende pamusoro pemitemo yetsika iripo, zvikurukuru munzvimbo dzine vanhu vashomanana vanodzidzisa.
  • Mari shoma inogoverwa kuti itsigire tsika, zvichiita kuti pave nevanoongorora uye vanoramba kuzvidzivirira.
  • Dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzingasekesa kuzviisa pasi kwetsika, kubatanidza kutsiva kwokusarura vanoridzira mhere uye kutarisira kwokuregeredza kunoitwa navakuru vakuru vakagadzwa vezvematongerwe enyika.
  • Suo rinotenderera pakati pehurumende nebato risiri ravanhu, umo vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vanoisa batano dzavo nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga pasina kuputsa mutemo.
  • Kuoma musoro mumitemo yetsika inobvumira vakuru vakuru kupinda mumufambiro unoratidzika kuva usina kufanira asi usingaputsi zvakajeka mutemo upi noupi.

Idzi denho hadzisati dziri dzechienzi kuUnited States. Munyika zhinji, mitemo yetsika iripo papepa asi haiwanzomanikidzirwa nemhaka yamasangano akaneta, zvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti tsika dzetsika dzinoshivirira ushati. Kunyange mumiganhu yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasanogadzwa, mukaha pakati pemipimo yapamutemo nomufambiro chaiwoiwo unogona kuva unokosha. Somuenzaniso, mahofisi etsika anozvimirira mudzimwe hurumende anoshaiwa simba duku kana kuti chiremera chokuvamba kunzvera pasina tendero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunoparira gadziriro apo kuchengetwa kunotsamira pamutsaidzoro yaavo vanodzorwa, iyo inova inoshatika.

Chimwe chinetso chinopfuurira kurondedzera mufambiro wetsika nenzira iyo iri zvose zviri zviviri yakananga zvakakwana kumanikidzirwa uye yakapfava zvakakwana kushandisa mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana. Mitemo yakafara zvikuru inogona kufuratirwa seisinomanikidzirwa, nepo mitemo mitete zvikuru inogona kudziviswa naavo vakatsunga kudzivisa kuzviisa pasi. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vetsika vanofanira kuganhurira nguva dzose izvi zvinodikanwa zvinokwikwidzana, kazhinji kazhinji mukutarisana nechishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika kubva kuavo vanorangarira kuomerera kutsika setyisidziro kusimba ravo kana kuti pesvedzero.

Zvinoitwa Nepfungwa Yavoruzhinji

Kunzwisisa kunoita vanhu kunobatsira chaizvo kuti mitemo yetsika ibudirire. Kana vagari vemo vachida kuti vanhu vazvidavire uye vaone kuti vanokosha, kunogona kuita kuti vanhu varambe vachitarisirwa uye vatowedzera mitemo. Zvinhu zvinokosha zvinopesvedzera maonero evanhu zvinosanganisira:

  • Kukurukurwa kwenhau kwemitemo yetsika muhurumende, uko kunogona kunyandura hasha dzoruzhinji ndokuparira dzvinyiriro yokuchinja.
  • Kubatanidzwa pachena mukurukurirano pamusoro pokudzora netsika, kubatanidza kutora rutivi muhoro dzetaundi, nhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose, uye nhimbe dzokuva mudzori.
  • Nhungamiro dzedzidzo dzakanangidzirwa kukukudza kuziva mipimo yetsika uye nzira dzokushuma nadzo kuputswa.
  • Kuvimba nemasangano ehurumende, ayo anoderera apo kuputswa kwetsika kunoramba kusingarangwi uye kunowedzera apo kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunooneka sokunoruramisira uye kusingachinji.

Ukama pakati penhamba yavose nokuchengetwa kwetsika hunobva mutsika. Zvisarudzo zvinodzongonyedza chivimbo, izvo zvinoparirawo dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yokuchinja. Kana chinjo dzaitwa, kana dzichionekwa sedzinoshanda, ruvimbiko runogona kuvakwazve zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvisinei, ichi chitsauko chinotsamira pakudzikamisa kunooneka. Apo kuputsa tsika kunoongororwa ndokurangwa, voruzhinji vanoona kuti tsika dzinoshanda. Apo kuputsa kunofuratirwa kana kuti kurangwa nenzira isina basa. Chikonzero ndicho chikonzero nei mitumbi inotarisirwa yakasununguka, yakadai seHofisi yeGwaropureta yoUnicss neMinisistrates, ichikosha kwazvo. Inogovera gadziriro inooneka nokuda kwokuzvidavirira iyo inogona kubetsera kuva nechivimbo kunyange apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vanokundikana.

Nhepfenyuro dzenzanga dzakawedzera zvose zviri zviviri mativi akanaka neakaipa eichi chinhu chikuru. Kune rumwe rutivi, inobvumira vagari vemo kukurumidza kugoverana mashoko pamusoro pekupesana kwetsika uye kurongeka nokuda kwokuzvidavirira. Kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama ndokuparira mamiriro okunyumwira ayo anosekesa chivimbo kunyange apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vanenge vachiita mutsika. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vanofanira kungwarira mhoteredzo iyi, kuva nechokwadi chokuti kurukurirano dzavo dzinojeka uye kuti zviito zvokugombedzera zvinosanonyorwa zvakanaka uye zvinosvikika pachena.

Maonero Etsika Anoitwa Munyika Yose

Nyika dzakasiyana - siyana dzakaita zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana kuti dzitsigire mitemo yetsika, kazhinji dzichikweretana dzichiwirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbo yacho. Dzimwe mienzaniso inokosha inosanganisira:

  • Chiokomuhomwe Chinoratidzwa neUnited Kingdom’s Pognigry Act (2010) chakatanga matanho akakwana okurwisa uori, kusanganisira mhosva yakakomba yemasangano ezvokutengeserana anokundikana kudzivisa chiokomuhomwe.
  • Canada’s Conflict of Infation Act (2007) ine chinangwa chokudzivisa kusawirirana kwevakuru vakuru vehurumende uye yakatanga Office of the Conflict of Faith and Ethics Commissioner.
  • National Anti - Corruption Commission (2022) yeAustralia yakagadzirwa kuti igadzirise uori muhurumende yehurumende, pashure pemakore okupa chibvumirano kupfurikidza namapoka anoona pairi.
  • Anti - Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (2008) yeSouth Korea inobatanidza kuchengetwa kwokudzivisa uori nokudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kukwirira kwehurumende.
  • Chirongwa Chisina Kutendeseka cheSingapore (Chidzidzo Chokuongorora Bureau) (1952) chinoonekwa kwose kwose serimwe remasangano anorwisa uori anobudirira zvikuru munyika, ane masimba makuru okuongorora uye anotsigirwa zvakasimba nezvematongerwe enyika.
  • Office yeEuropean Anti - Fraud (OLAF, 1999) inoongorora unyengeri, uori, uye mufambiro usina kunaka unobatanidza mari nemasangano eEU.

Kokorodzano dzamarudzi akawanda dzakaumbawo mitemo yetsika. United Nations Convention on Uority (UNCAC, 2003) yakatanga mipimo yenyika yose yokudzivirira, kupara mhosva, uye kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda. Sangano reEconomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) AntiBriby Convention (1997) rinoda kuti nyika dziri nhengo dzipinze chiokomuhomwe chevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vokumwe mukutengeserana kwamarudzi ose.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi nhamburiko dzamarudzi ose, mhatsa huru inoramba iri mumashandisirwe emitemo. Mune dzimwe nyika, masangano anorwisana nouori aripo akazvimirira uye anosanovakwa; mune dzimwe, akaneta uye anodzorwa nedzokudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Zviteshi zvetsika zvinoitawo basa. Munzanga umo kupa zvipo nekasharasiro itsika dzakadzika midzi zvikuru, kusiyanisa pakati pemiitiro yetsika dzapamutemo nomufambiro usina kunaka zvinogona kuva zvakaoma. Masangano emarudzi ose namapurogiramu eyamuro akaisa zvikuru mukuvakwa kwetsika, asi fambiro mberi inowanzova inononoka uye haiwirirani.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi Dzemitemo Yetsika

Sezvo chaunga chinopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka, naizvozvowo mitemo yetsika muhurumende.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Nokuona Zvinhu Zvakareruka

Kushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kwemichina yokuona nokuzvidavirira ndechimwe chezviitiko zvinovimbisa zvikuru. Kutanga kwemashoko anobudisa zvibvumirano zvehurumende, zvinyorwa zvinotenderedza, uye kuvhura mari mumichina inonyorwa kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vatori venhau navagari vemo vazive mitauro inonyumwira. Ungwaru hwezvokunyora uye mashoko okusasarura zvingakanganisa kukura kwefariro kupfurikidza nokuwana manyuko ezvemari. Mitezo yomunguva yemberi ichada kutaura nezveidzidziyo zvinyorwa zvemari.

Kusimbisa Kubatira Pamwe Kwamarudzi Ose

Kubatira pamwe kwakasimba kwamarudzi ose kurwisa ushati munyika yose kunokosha sezvo kufamba kwemari kuchiva mutevedzeri mukuru. Kunaya, zvibvumirano zveyamuro yepamutemo, uye kunzvera zvinobatanidzwa zvishandiso zvakakomba. International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA) muVienna inobatira somusimboti werovedzo nechivako chemitengo, nepo masangano akafanana neTransparency International anopfuurira kutsigira mipimo yenyika yose yakasimba zvikuru. Zvibvumirano zvomunguva yemberi zvingabatanidza gadziriro dzetsinhamiso yemashoko inoshandisirwa pahuro dzinobetsera uye zvinonangidzira dziviriro nokuda kwevaridzi vanoshuma kuti vaparadzirwe uori.

Dzidzo Nerovedzo

Dzidzo inopfuudzira nerovedzo yavakuru vakuru vetsika dzehurumende pamusoro petsika ichinhu chinokosha chetsika dzipi nedzipi dzinobudirira. Panzvimbo pokutsamira bedzi pakudzivisa kupfurikidza nechirango, nzira dzazvino uno dzinosimbisa kuvaka tsika kupfurikidza nerovedzo yenguva dzose, vadzori vetsika vanoiswa mumasangano, uye nhungamiro yakajeka pamusoro pezvinetso zvetsika dzinofamba. Kurovedza kwetsika kwakavakirwa patsika. Zvidzidzo, uye kuronga zviitiko zvinoshandiswa nenzira inowedzera kugadzirira vakuru vakuru nokuda kwezvinetso chaizvoizvo zvenyika. Mamwe mativi zvino anoda kurovedzwa kwetsika somugarire webasa, namakosi etsika gore riri rose. Uku kuro inotsinhirana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vazhinji vanoda kuita mutsika asi vangasa kuziva nguva dzose apo mugariro unoparira ngozi yetsika.

Dziviriro Dzemapfuti

Kusimbisa dziviriro nokuda kwavaridzi veridzo vanofuridza chakaipa chinhu chokutanga munyika dzakawanda. Varwi vehove kazhinji kazhinji ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro mukurwisana nouori, asi vanotarisana nengozi dzinokosha, kubatanidza matsive, kunetswa, uye kurongerwa. Mitemo inogovera kusavanza, mibayiro yemari, uye dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinogona kukurudzira vanhu vakawanda kuti vaende mberi. Whistleit Pureser Protection Directive (209) yakagadza mipimo miduku yenyika dzemitezo, kubatanidza dziviriro mukurwisana nokutsiva nezvinodikanwa zvokushuma kwakachengeteka. Kuchinja kwakadaro kunorangarirwa mudzimwe nyika.

Kutaura Nesuo Rinodzoka

Kuvhara suo rinochinja pakati pehurumende nechikamu chisiri chemunhu kunoramba kuri chinetso. Kutonhorera nguva dzinodzivisa vaichimbova vakuru vakuru kukurudzira vaichimbova vashandi biyavo kwechiverengero chakati chamakore kunozivikanwa navose, asi kudzikamisa kunosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzakakarakadza zvirambidzo zvenduramo pamarudzi akati okukwidza, nepo dzimwe dzichinangidzira ngwariro pakuwedzera kujeka pabasa repashure pehurumende. Vavariro haisati iri kudzivisa vaichimbova vakuru vakuru vakuru kusashandisa unyanzvi hwavo muchikamu chavanhu asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti havashandisi batano dzavo dzehurumende nokuda kwebetsero dzisina kururama.

mhedziso

Kushanduka kwemitemo yetsika muhurumende kunoratidzira kuzvipira kukuru kwenzanga kuperero, kuzvidavirira, uye chivimbo chavose. Kuvambira paBumbiro remitemo raHammurabi kusvikira kukokorodzano dzamarudzi ose dzazvino uno, fambiro mberi yenhau inochinjika kukuoneka kukuru zvikuru uye kusimba zvikuru. Nhambo yakaitwa muzana ramakore rapfuura yave iri huru, asi denho dzinoramba dziri dzinokosha. Uori hunochinja kugadziriro dzipi nedzipi dzemitemo dziripo, uye avo vanotsvaka kushandisa simba ravose zvisina kufanira nguva dzose vari kuwana nzira itsva dzokunzvenga nadzo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mitemo yetsika haitongotongogoni kutongochinjika. Inofanira kuramba ichikurukura ngozi itsva, zvishandiso zvitsva, uye kusangana nekariro dzinokura.

Sezvatinotarira kunguva yemberi, kunokosha kupfuurira kuvaka pafambiro mberi inoitwa apo tinenge tichitarisira denho dzinosara. Kupfurikidza nokusimudzira tsika mukutonga, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoita chiito mufariro yakanakisisa yavagari vemo vavanoshumira. Ikoku hakudi bedzi mitemo yakasimba uye kupfuurira kwesimba kwavagari vemo asi kuvimbisawo kunoda kuzvidavirira kwevagari vemo kusingadzivisiki uye chirevo chinoomerera kuti hurumende inogona uye inofanira kuva simba reruramisiro.

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa mugariro wazvino wemitemo yetsika nokuchengetwa kwavo, zviwanikwa zvinoverengeka zvinowanika. U.S. Office of Government Ethics inogovera nhungamiro nerovedzo nokuda kwavashandi vehurumende, nepo [ inopa gadziriro huru yeSangano reMarudzi reMarudzi. [[FLT:] U. Komiti yeRuzivo rweMarudzi yeMitemo yeMarudzi inobudisa mipimo yegore negore yeIndefashoni yePropuko namaripo yenyika. [[FLT:] United Nations Convention rwisation inopa purogiramu yebatira yebatira pamwe chete yebatira yamarudzi ose. [FLT] orgoctive orgom] uye kugovera upfumi hwehurumende zviri munyika yose. [[FG.9]