Mavambo Okubatanidzwa Kwoutongi Hwenyika Munyika Yakare

Murangariro wokuvhota semutoo wekuita chisarudzo chakabatana udzoke shure kwezviuru zvamakore, kare nyika yazvino uno isati yaumbwa. MuAthens yakare, munenge 508 BCE, vagari vemo vakaungana mu Ekklesia[, gungano ravose umo mugari wemo wemunhurume wose akasununguka aigona kutaura nokuvhota zvakananga mitemo nechisarudzo choutungamiriri. Iyi gadziriro yedemocracy yakananga, nepo yakaganhurirwa kuchikamu chiduku chevagari vemo vemo, yakasimbisa nheyo yenheyo inofanira kutorwa mumvumo yokutongwa. Vagari vaigona kushandisa [[FLT] [FLT:] [FF:]] [FOct:] [3] [3] .[apoymaslates] [8] anovhotera vanhu vakavhotera, vai vai vegaro vaizivikanwa kuti vadzore.

.Actial . muRiphabliki yeRoma, vagari vemo vakatora rutivi mugadziriro yemimwe mimiririri mumagungano akasiyana - siyana, kubatanidza Gungano uye Gungano reToribal]. Roma yakavhota kupfurikidza nokuisa mahwendefa mumatengu, mutoo unobvumirwa kugadzira zvinhu zvakavanzika pashure pokuchinja kwezana ramakore rechipiri BCE. Ropabhurikito yakagadzirirwa, uye mabhii anodzorwa, namarusando, namarusando, aindemute, uye mabhineti anopesvedzera muEurope gare gare gare gare, zvose zvinogona kudzorwa mumutauro wechiGiriki, uye kunyorwa kwakanyorwa, chinyorwa mumazana amazana amakore gare gare gare gare.

Kuedza kwapakuvamba uku kwakanga kusiri kusina zvikanganiso. Vakadzi, varanda, uye varidzi venyika vaibviswa nenzira yakarongwa mukutora rutivi. Pfungwa imene yesangano renyika yose rehurumende yakanga isipo. Bva nheyo yokuti zvisarudzo zvamapoka zvinofanira kuitwa kupfurikidza nokurongwa, miitiro inojeka yakapukunyuka kuwa kweiyi nzanga ndokupindazve muzvimiro zvakasiana - siana munhambo dzapakati napakuvamba dzazvino uno.

Magariro Akaderera Nekuderera Kwenzwi Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Nokuwa kwoUmambo hweRoma yokuMadokero, nyika yezvamatongerwe enyika yeEurope yakakamuraniswa kuva basa remibatanidzwa yeumambo, duchies, uye nzvimbo dzehurumende. Utongi hwakava nhau yokuzvitsigira kwomunhu oga panzvimbo pokutora rutivi rwehurumende. Simba rakasimbiswa pamusoro pohuva hwenyika namadzishe enhaka, uye pfungwa yokuvhota yakanyura munzvimbo yechinzvimbo chechinzvimbo chechipoka. [FLT: 0] Magnum Concilium [ [Dare guru) reEngland yeMiddle Ages, somuenzaniso, yaiumbwa namabhishopi, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vai avo vakarumbidza mambo uye vaibvumirana kubhadhara mitero. Vanhuwosengwa vakanga vasina kuteerera muaya magungano kuto.

Gadziriro yetsika yeparukirano yakaita chibvumirano chavafundisi umo sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rakanga riri ropafadzo yokuberekwa. Magna Carta ya1215, nepo kazhinji kazhinji ichichengetwa sechatati yekodzero, chakanga chiri chibvumirano chikuru pakati paMambo John navarindi vake kudzivirira maropafadzo echinzvimbo. Haina kutambanudzira maruramiro okuvhota kuvarimi. Zvisinei, chinyorwa chakagadza muenzaniso wokuti monal &squo; masimba akanga asiri anodikanwa nokuda kwezviito zvakati. Iyi mbeu yokuzvidavirira yaizoshandiswa gare gare gare kutsinhira nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwakakomba mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

MuScandinavia namativi eUmambo hutsvene hweRoma, magungano omunzvimbomo anonzi zvinhu kana kuti shooresa nzvimbo nokuda kwavanhu vakasununguka kupedza gakava, kupfuudza mitemo, uye vatungamiriri vakasarudzwa. Masangano aya akachengeta muitiro wokuvhota uri mupenyu, kunyange mukati memiganhu yenyika yakaganhurirwa. Akaratidzira kuti kunyange mutsika dzechisimba, nzanga dzaigona kuchengeta mitoo yechisarudzo chavose. Kukakavadzana pakati pechiremera chehurumende yehurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo yomunzvimbomo kwaizopfuurira kwamazana amakore, pakupedzisira kuraira nokuda kwamasangano.

Mavambo Echiedza Nokutanga Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu Yazvino Uno

Mazana amakore e17 ne18 akaratidzira kurangarirazve kunoshamisa kwechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Vafungi vakadai se John Locke, Jehoan-Jacques Rousseau[, uye [[FLT]] Manteusquieu rondedzero dzakajeka dzekodzero dzomusikirwo, zvibvumirano zvenzanga, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba. Jacle akarangarira kuti hurumende yapamutemo inotsamira pabvumiro yadzorwa, kubva kuumambo hwakarurama hwoumwari. Rousstersquo; murangariro wechisarudzo chehurumende yose yavose senheyo.Montesquio; anonzvera masangano emasimba eBritain anogoverwa nokuda kwesimba reBritain.

Iyi mifungo yakawana ratidziro chaiyo muChinjo yeAmerica ne Chinjo yeFrance. United States Constitution ye1787 yakatanga republic yehurumende ine vamiririri vakasarudzwa, chirongwa icho chakadzikama mamiriro ehurumende nesimba renyika. Bill of Rights yakavimbisa rusununguko runokosha kubvumirano rwehurumende, kubatanidza kutaura, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Zvisinei, kodzero yokuvhotera yakaramba yakaganhurirwa kuvari vezvinhu vechirume vechichena. Gumikwa raMaganhuro ekodzero dzavanhu nedzero. [FLT] [FFoct:5:] [78]) rakazivisa kuti vagari vose vakanga vane maruramiro okubatanidzwa mukuita mitemo, kunyange zvazvo vachikwidzadza muFrance.

Kuedza kweAmerica kwakaratidzira kukwanisa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yemombe inomirira vamiriri venzvimbo inoyera, nepo chinoitika cheFrance chakasimbisa syncrometic ingagona kuperekedza kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakamwe kamwe. Zvose zviri zviviri kumukira kwakafuridzira muEurope neAmerica, kuchigadzira mutevedzeri wekudzora kwebumbiro remitemo namasarudzo enguva dzose. Murangariro wechisiko chose, kunyange zvazvo usati wazivikanwa, wakanga wapinda mufungidziro huru yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutamburira Kunoita Kuti Nyika Yose Itambure

Zana ramakore rechi19 rakapupurira nhevedzano yamasangano okuchinja ayo akakudza zvishoma nezvishoma kuvhota. MuUnited Kingdom, Reform Act ya1832 yakataura zvigadziko zvizhinjisa zvinotevedzerwa mumimimiriro nezvisaririra kupfurikidza nokuchinja zvinhu. Zvinoderedzawo zvigaro zvapa zvinoshatisa [[[FLT:]] &m3]; aiisa mibatanidzwa inodzorwa navapfumi vapfumi vanodzorwa navatsigiri vePitcis — kumaguta anokura eindasitiri. Zvinoitawo zvikwanidzo zvezvinhu, zvichiwedzera vanhu vanenge 300 000 kumitengo. [FLD:] Musangano wemarusarusairusaidzo we 1830 na 140 000, mabhirindi echiuto anodzo, kunyange zvazvo zvichiramba kupfurikidza nemitemo yegore.

MuUnited States, kukura kwamaruramiro okuvhota kwakatevera nzira yakakamukana zvikuru. Pakasvika 1820, nyika zhinjisa dzakanga dzabvisa zvikwaniriso zvezvinhu nokuda kwavarume vachena. Fifenteenth Amendment (170]) yakarambidza kusarura kwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Muitiro, Southern States yakaita mitero yokuvhotera, kuedza kurava nokunyora, uye kutyisidzira kwamasimba masimba kubvisa vagari veAfrica. Mutevedzeri weFederal wakanga wakaneta, uye kutora rutivi kwakazara kwamakore.

Kurwisa kwavakadzi &’ masuffice akava rimwe ramasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anorondedzera ezana rino ramakore. Mapiona akadai se Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, uye [FLT] Emline Pankhst yakarongwa, mitero, uye mabasa okusateerera kwavagari vemo. New Zealand yakabvumira vakadzi maruramiro okuvhota muna 1893, yakatevera neAustralia muna 1902 muna 19063. Musangano wakawana simba rehurumende yokutonga nhaka nyika yose rakanga risina kuzara.

Iyi nguva yesangano ravakadzi ’ inoshatisa [[[FLT: 1] inoratidzira kupfuurira kunodikanwa kuwedzera bvumirano yenzanga mukutarisana nechishoro chakasimba.

Kuchinja Kweruzivo Rwezana Ramakore Rechi 20 Nokuperera Kwezvigadzirwa Zvemakombiyuta

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakaunza chinjo huru kukuitwa nokuwanwa kwadzo. Kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau — nhepfenyuro yokutanga, ipapo terevhizheni —transmist kurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Vadate vaigona zvino kutaura kumamirioni avavhoti zvakananga, kupotsa zvimiro zvemapati zvegamuchidzanwa. Kukurukurirana kwokutanga kwapurezidhendi pakati paJohn F. Kennedy naRichard Nixon muna 1960 kwakaratidzira simba romufananidzo nokuita mukuumba mirangariro yevota. Mibato yakava inova nyanzvi, inoshandisa vavhoteranisi, vaProtegies, uye vapi venhau kuti vashande mishumo yenhau yenhau nokuda kwavateereri vanoshushinyi.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rwakatangawo nokukurumidza. Michina yokuvhenekesa yemadhiramu, yakatangwa mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi19, yakava yakapararira mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi20, ichipa kufungidzira nokuderedza kukurumidza kuenzaniswa namapepa. Makadhi ePunc uye [[FLT:]] uye [FLT]] scan rescan stin [[[FLT:]] zvinoteveidza, imwe neimwe inovimbisa kushanda zvakanaka zvikuru nokururama. Zvisinei, ruzivo rutsva rwakaparira manyuko matsva. Rusarudzo rwa 2000 U. purezidhendi wehurumende akasimbisa zvinetso nezvidhiro, kubatanidza magetsi akashata [FLD:] zvinopesvedzera , uye magetsi anopfunga magetsi anopfuudzira , asi anoparira magetsi.

Zana ramakore rechi20 rakapupurirawo kukura kukuru kweredhiyo. Ninteenth Amendment (20) yakavimbisa vakadzi &squo; suffije muUnited States. Kuvhotera Gauriro dzeChirevo pakupedzisira] miitiro yeMiitiro yeMitemo yaidzoresa yaidzvinyirira vatema kubvira parunyoreso rwechitema. Masangano anodzoro muSouth Africa, India, uye mhiri kwamazasiro eEurope anoputsa nyika yose, achiwana pedyo neyavakuru zvikurusa mumademocracy [FFLT:vo] inopfuurira kutapura mwero inodzorwa kupfurikidza neyapa. [FFFFFF]

Kuwedzera Kwedzidzo Yejeti Nokutarisira Kwomunhu Woga

Sezvo vatongi vakakura, saizvozvowo kudikanwa kwedzidzo inovhota. Hurumende namasangano ehurumende akatanga nhimbe dzokuzivisa vagari vemo pamusoro pemiitiro yokunyoresa, mipimo, uye zvikuva zvokukwirira. .League of Women Voters, yakavamba muna 1920, yakapayona asingavhoti vatungamiriri navatsigiri. Komisheni yesarudzo yerusarudzo, yakadai se Federal Commission [ (175] muU.S.[FFLT:4]]

Matambudziko Ezana Remakore uye Mikana Yokuita Basa Rokuumba

Zera remitengo rakagadziridzazve zvamatongerwe enyika zvemitengo inosarudzwa nenzira dzose dziri mbiri dzinovimbisa nedzine ngozi. Zvikamu zvesocial media zvakadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube zvinogonesa vada kuvhota zvakananga, kuunganidza vatsigiri, uye kuisa mari pamwero usina kumboitika. Kuzivisa kwemitengo inobvumira kuiswa kwemicropu yakajeka. Kunyoresa nokushandisa mashoko kwaita kuti zvive nyore kuvhurate paIndaneti, zvichiita kuti mamirioni apinde. Masangano akafanana na Rock i Vote [FLT] uye .[FLT] org

Zvisinei, ruzivo rumwe cheterwo rwakarerutsa kupararira kwe misformation uye disformation. Kudzongonyedza kwokunze muU.S. sarudzo yapurezidhendi, kubatanidza nhimbe dzemasangano enhau dzinobatanidzwa dzenzanga uye maemail akacherwa, zvakaratidzira kuvadziko yegadziriro dzinovhura democracy kuhondo yemashoko. Masaruti anoisa pamusoro peruramipo, anoparira kuisa zviri mukati, kuparira uzivikanwi hwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuderera chivimbo mumasangano. [FLT:] AIAI-dhinai yakadzika midziro yakadzika uye maaro akarongwa neamota yourongwa hwehurumende inoshambadza [FLT] inobudisa kutyisidzira kutsika bedzi purogiramu yebumbiro rokutendero.

Voter inoramba iri itiro hanya inopfuurira muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda. Nepo dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seBelgium neAustralia, dzichiraira kuvhota nokuwana mwero yokuvhota inopfuura 80%, United States inoona chaizvoizvo pakati pe 50% na 60% mukuvhota kwapurezidhendi uye kuva pasi zvikuru mumaminu. Nhamburiko dzokuwedzera kutora kunobatanidza [[FLT:] kuvhota kwaapo kunoitwa [[[FOV:]], kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe, kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kuvhotera pamai. Oregon&rquo; anorera mavhotera namatsamba muna 1998 anotungamirira kuwedzera zvikuru mukuchinja, uye muitiro wacho unopararira zvikuru mukati medzero yeCOVHOVA-19. Kunzvera uku kunokarakadza izvi kusabetsera kupi nokupi nokumwe kubetsera asi kunowedzera kubatanidzwa.

Kuvhota kwapanhambo nenhambo yezvamatongerwe enyika kunopa imwe denho. MuUnited States, vatsigiri vakaderedza chiverengero chamaruwa amakwikwi, nepo sarudzo huru dzichipa miuyo yakawandisa. Kuvhota kwakakashairwa [ kwakawana chimuko sechinjo yokukurudzira kukwirira kwapamhene napaduku-kuru uye kuderedza nhimbe. Maine naAlaska vakagamuchira nzvimbo dzakatanhamara dzokuvhota vhotaro yehurumende, uye maguta anoverengeka anoishandisa nokuda kwetsigiro yehurumende. Masters anotsvaka tsigiro yechipiri neyechitatu, achideredza sundo dzenzvimbo dzakakomba.

Kubatanidzwa Kwepwere Nenguva Yemberi Yehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Vavhoti vaduku nenzira inowirirana vanoratidza mwero yakaderera kupfuura mauto ekare, asi miitiro yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inokarakadza chinjo. Chisarudzo cha2018 ne 2020 cheU. chakaona chiverengero chamazera epwere, chakasundwa nenhau dzakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, chikwereti chavadzidzi, uye ruramisiro yenzanga. Masangano akadai se nokuda kweMibereko Yedu uye [FLT] .] SUNITS SESMATISV [ yakakurudzira vanhu vaduku kupfurikidza nokuronga uye chiito chakananga. Zvikoro zvinopa dzidzo zvehurumende zvinopa dzidzo yenzanga, uye dzimwe nyika dzakaderedza zera rokuvhotera kusvikira ku 16 nokuda kwekusarusarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzomunzvimbomo dzomunzvimbomo uye kusimbisa kusimbisa kubatira mufambiro wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kupedzisa: Rwendo Runopfuurira Rwechibvumirano cheCivic

Kushanduka kwesarudzo haisi nhau yapera. Nguva imwe neimwe yakakudza rondedzero yokuti ndiani angavhota, mavhoti anovhota sei, uye inhaui dzinosarudzwa pabhokisi rebhoti. Kuvambira paruzhinji reAtene yekare kusvikira kumadhipatimendi emichina ezana ramakore rechi 21, chiito chikuru chokuvhota chakaramba chiri ratidzirwo ine simba yesangano rimwe nerimwe mukugadzira chisarudzo. Nhengo dzenhau dzinomira kubatanidzwa, asi fambiro mberi haitongovi inosimbiswa. Kudzodzo yavose, kudzongonyedzwa kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye kusakendenga kwezvematongerwe enyika kunoda kungwarira nokuchinjika kwenguva dzose.

Kuchengetedza nokusimbisa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vanofanira kupinda kupfuura Zuva Rokusarudza. Kupinda misangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo, kubatira pamapuranga namasangano, uye kutora rutivi mumasangano ehurumende zvose zvimiro zvekuvimbisa zvinotsigira tsika yedemocracy. Kusimbisa inheyo, asi hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vane utano inoda kupfuurira kutora rutivi rune simba zvikurusa mukudzivisa kubatwa nokubviswa kwekodzero dzokuvhota. Kunzwisisa nhau yenzira idzo kodzero dzokuvhotera dzakahwinwa nayo — uye kuti dzinogona sei kuraswa nyore nyore nyore kunzi — inshess chibvumirano chokuvadzivirira.

Munyika yose IDEA’ ibasa pamusoro peperero inosarudzwa inogovera zviteshi zvinokosha zvokunzwisisa miitiro yenyika mukutora rutivi rwenzanga. Sezvo zvizvarwa zvitsva zvinotora jasi routariri hwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, zvidzidzo zvenguva yakapfuura zvinobatira zvose zviri zviviri nyevero nefuridziro: sarudzo ibasa, asi bvumirano yenzanga iropa resimba rekuzvidzora. Rwendo runopfuurira, uye mugari wemo ari wose ane basa mukuumba ganhuro inotevera.