Kubva Kuvarindi Kuenda Kukuziva Mifungo: Kurovererwa Kwenguva Refu Kwomutemo

Nyaya yokuchengetwa kwomutemo haisati iri chinhu chakarurama kubva paruramisiro inocherekedzwa kusvikira kumapurisa anodzidzira. Inhau yakaumbwa nokugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, uye chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu dzinokurumidza. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanodzidza ruramisiro yenhau iyi inokosha. Inotsanangura chikonzero nei madhipatimendi emapurisa achishanda nenzira yaanoita nhasi, nei miitiro yakati ichinyandura gakava, uye kuchinja kupi nokubudirira. Nyaya ino inonangidzira rwendo irworwo kubva kutsika dzekare dzetsika dzetsika dzakare kusvikira kumiendwa yemamos adzo yenzanga yezana ramakore makumi maviri namashanu, inoisa mifungo mifungo mikuru yezvo kushandura uye tapurodzirodzi dzinogara paAmerica nehurumende yenyika yose.

Manyuko Akadzama Etsika Dzinotungamirirwa Nechiremera

Gadziriro Yakare Yenhevedzano

Mapurisa asati avapo, kuchengetedzwa kwenhevedzano kwakanga kuri basa rehurumende. MuEgipita yekare, mejay yakanga iri mauto aitorwa navanopfura nouta neNubia. Vakashanda senzvero dzegwenga, vachengeti veguva, uye pakupedzisira rudzi rwamapurisa erudzi pasi paFarao. Basa ravo rakanga riri pamusoro pokudzivirira pfuma yenyika sezvarakanga riri pamusoro pokuisa mitemo pakati pevagari vemo. MuGirisi yekare, zvikurukuru Girisi, [[FLT:] SSicters Arch -- mushandi wouranda wehurumende aiva nomuranda woruzhinji aidzorwa navashandi vemhosva. Izvi zvaishandiswa zvikuru uye zvaiitirwa panzvimbo dzose dzeboka ravanhu.

Umambo hweRoma hwakatanga zvivako zvakaisvonaka. Munyange maPusto, Cortes Urnae (masangano eRoma) akashanda seguta rinorinda Roma, nepo Praetetorian Guard[ yakadzivirira mambo. [FLT:] [FLT]] [4] Rigiles [ yakabatanidzwa nokurwa kwomoto nemabasa ousiku, ichiita mufananidzo wapakuvamba webasa reparamende. Uku kuvamba kweRoma — mapoka akajekajeka, majeni akajeka akajeka omurairo, uye mitoro yenzvimbo yepasi yakarondedzerwa muEurope kwamazana amakore.

Zvisaririra zveAnglo - Saxon: Frankpledge System

Mumisi yapakuvamba yeEngland, muitiro wekuparagura bhii waida kuti munhu akasununguka ari wose apike mhiko yokutsigira rugare rwamambo. Mapoka edzimba gumi (anonzi kupa chegumi) aibatanidzwa pamwe chete nokuda kwetsika dzenhengo imwe neimwe. Kana mutezo wakaita utsotsi, vamwe vaifanira kumuparira nokuda kwokutongwa kana kuti kuripira zvakaisvonaka. Iyi gadziriro yakaita kuti mutemo uite musengwa womunzvimbomo, wavose panzvimbo pebasa rehurumende. Yakashanda zvakanaka mumisha miduku, yeSayeniti asi yakaputsika semataundi makuru zvikuru uye asingazivikanwi zvikuru.

Nguva Yepakati Nemakore uye Kutanga Kwevane Chiremera Vakagadzwa

Sezvo gadziriro yemabudiro yaidzikamiswa, mutoro wokuchengetwa kwomutemo wakabva kunzanga kuenda kumadzishe omunzvimbomo. Ishe wemutongi akanga ane chiremera chokusunga nokuranga matsotsi munyika dzake. Mumataundi namaguta, korona yakagadzwa vatariri [ (kubva ku "reeve") kuunganidza mitero, mitemo inochengetwa, uye kuchengeta jeri reruwa. Chinzvimbo chasherobhuromendi chinoramba chiri rimwe ramabasa okuchengeta mutemo anopfuurira munhau yokuMadokesa.

Mamwe mabasa maviri anokosha akabuda munguva iyi:

  • Nhevedzo: Mataundi aida varume vanokwanisa kushanda madenderedzwa ousiku, kufamba mumigwagwa nemwenje nokudanidzira nguva. Varindi vakanga vasina kurongeka uye simba duku raigona kusimudza ruvara kana kuti kuchema kana vakaona njodzi. Kushanda kwavo kwaitsamira chose chose pakusvinurira kwavazvipiri vasina kurovedzwa.
  • Constables: yakagadzwa pamwero weruwa, vabati vakabatira savakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo munharaunda dzomumaruwa. Vakaita zvibvumikiso, vakaunganidza mitero, uye vakamanikidzira mirau yomunzvimbomo. Kusafanana namapurisa, vapurisa vaisabhadharwa uye kazhinji kazhinji vanozengurira kubatira, kuchitungamirira kukuita kunodzongonyedza.

Maguta acho paaiwedzera panguva yeKuchinja Kwemabasa, mapurisa, uye varindi vakaramba vasingadi kuchinjwa kusvika muzana remakore rechi18.

Kutanga Kweporizimu Yazvino Uno: Mitemo yePeelian uye Mapokisi eMetropolitan

Nguva yakanyura munhau yokuchengetwa kwomutemo yakauya muna 1829, apo Munyori weMusha weBritain Saruri Robert Peel akafudza Metropolitan Police Act kupfuudzira Paramende. Muuyo wakanga uri London Metropolitan Police — inozivikanwa zvikuru sechikwata chazvino uno, chenyanzvi, chinotsigirwa pachena. Peel akatanga nheyo pfumbamwe dzinoramba dziripo dzehwaro yeProfessofiki:

  • Basa guru remapurisa nderokudzivirira utsotsi nenyongano.
  • Kukwanisa kwemapurisa kuita mabasa awo kunoenderana nokubvumirwa kwavanoitwa nevanhu.
  • Mapurisa anofanira kuita kuti vanhu vashande pamwe chete nokuzvidira pakuchengeta mutemo.
  • Mwero webatira pamwe unoderera sezvo kushandiswa kwesimba kunowedzera.
  • Mapurisa anotsvaka uye anochengetedza nyasha dzevanhu kwete nokuteerera zvinofungwa nevanhu asi nokuratidza basa risingasaruri.
  • Mapurisa anoshandisa simba paanenge asingakwanisi kunyengetedza, kupa zano, uye kunyevera.
  • Mapurisa anofanira kuchengeta ukama nevoruzhinji hunopa uchokwadi kugamuchidzanwa renhau rokuti mapurisa vanhu uye nzanga mapurisa.
  • Mapurisa anofanira kunangidzira nhamburiko dzawo chose chose kumabasa awo uye kwete kubvuta masimba edare rinobetsera vatongi.
  • Kuedzwa kwokushanda zvakanaka kwamapurisa kushayikwa kwoutsotsi nenyongano, kwete ufakazi hunooneka hwechiito chamapurisa.

Iyi nheyo yakasimbisa kudzivirira kwokupedzisira. Vakuru vakuru — vakapfeka mayunifomu ebhuruu uye vakatakura chidhindo chemiti bedzi. Vakarambidzwa kutakura pfuti, gamuchidzanwa rinopfuurira muBritain nhasi. Muenzaniso wakaratidza kuti maguta ari mhiri kwaUnited States, Canada, uye Australia yakagamuchirwa mumakumi amakore akafanana.

MuUnited States, madhipatimendi akarongwa okutanga amapurisa akaoneka muBoston (1838), New York (1845), uye Philadelphia (1854). Aya mapato apakuvamba eAmerica akakwereta zvikuru kumuenzaniso wePeelia asi akaagadziridza kuva mhoteredzo yakaisvonaka zvikuru, inopomerwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Vakuru vakuru vamapurisa veAmerica vakabatira pamufaro wameya namaneja ezvamatongerwe enyika, ayo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji aitengesa mabasa netutsidzo nokuda kwokuvimbika kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja kwechimakumi maviri nerechimakumi maviri: Ruzivo rwezvokugadzira zvinhu, Professional, uye Turumoil

Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri rakaunza masimba matatu okuchinja kuchengetedzwa kwomutemo: technology, projectationation [, uye [[FLT] transformation yenzanga. Simba rimwe nerimwe rakagadziridza mashandire amapurisa uye nzira iyo vanhu vaiarangarira nayo.

Mazai Okurapa

  • ^ Pakasvika ma1930, motokari dzinotenderera dzakashongedzerwa neredhiyo dzinobvumira vatumwa kutungamirira vakuru vakuru kuzviitiko munguva chaiyo. Iyi nguva yakaderedzwa zvinoshamisa uye yaichinjwa mapurisa kubva pakutenderera kwetsoka kuenda kunzverwa kwemotokari. Mugumisiro wakaderera wekufambidzana kwevakuru vakuru necommuniny.
  • . . . .[FL:1] Sumo yemichina yenhare yekurumidziro inoshuma nokutumira, asiwo yakatanga mutoo wechamupindu apo mapurisa akagamuchira runhare panzvimbo pokuvaka ukama hwokushingaira.
  • Forensic Science: Kurovanya zvinwe (Kunopindwa naScotland Yard muna 1901) uye gare gare kunzvera kweDNA kwakapa vaongorori maturusi ane simba kuti vazivise vanonyumwirwa nouchokwadi hwesayenzi. Rusarudzo rweminwe yeFBI yomunyika yose, yakagadzwa muna 1924, yakava faundi yezivikanwo youtsotsi.
  • Makombiyuta anozvidira Ecodec System: akagonesa kuunganidzwa nokunzverwa kwenhamba dzoutsotsi, kuchitungamirira kugadziriro dzemaidi dzakadai seCOMPSTAT, iyo New York City yakashandisa muma 1990 kudenha utsotsi hwamasimba masimba.

Sangano Rokuvandudza Rounyanzvi

Mukutanga kwezana ramakore ramakumi maviri, vachinji vakaita se August Vollmer (mukuru wamapurisa muBerkeley, California) akapfuudzira nokuda kwemipimo yedzidzo yakakwirira, mitoo yesayenzi, uye kubviswa kwepesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika kubva mugadziriro. Vollmer akatanga kosi dzekoreji dzevakuru vakuru, mapurisa, uye kushandiswa kwoutsotsi. protégégé, .W.W. Wilson, akava dean yeprojective of California’s crimiology uye gare gare gare gare re Department yeChiclic Police. Wilson's ra1950 bhuku ramapy "Pultreaunttion" rakava mumitekosheresa yehondo, chirango, uye murairo wepakati.

Uyu mutezo wokuvandudza wakavandudza rovedzo nokuderedza uori, asi wakaparirawo daro pakati pamapurisa nenzanga. Varwi vakarovedzwa kuva vamanikidzi vomutemo vasingasaruri, kwete vanyunguri vezvinetso vanoiswa munharaunda. Muuyo usingakarirwa wakanga uri murangariro wa "muchinopesana" wakashatisa chivimbo chenzanga, zvikurukuru munzanga duku.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nemugumisiro Wadzo

Ma 1960 na 1970 zvakafumura mipimo mikuru mumapurisa eAmerica. Utsinye hwamapurisa mukurwisana navakwikwidzi vekodzero dzavagari vemo, hwakabatwa paterevhizheni, kushatirwa kwavanhu. Kerner Commission (1968) inonzvera mhirizhonga dzomumaguta dzakadudza urudzi hwakarongwa uye mapurisa outsinye sezvisakiso zvikuru. Kwenguva yokutanga, mutemo wehurumende wakabatanidza kutsigira mari yechinjo, kubatanidza Law Enforcement Application Administration.

Kuchinja kukuru kunobatanidzwa:

  • Kusikwa kwamabhodhi ehwirudzuro kuti anzvere kusazvibata kwamapurisa.
  • Mirayiro inobvuma yehurumende inoda kuti madhipatimendi ashandise mitemo yokumanikidza uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko.
  • Kuwedzera kwokuwana vashandi kwaiitwa vakuru vakuru vomunzanga shomanana.
  • Mitemo yekodzero yaipiwa kuti idzivirire vanofungidzirwa pakubvunzurudzwa.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi chinjo, nyanduko dzakaramba dziri huru mudenda recrack rama 1980 nama1990, apo gadziriro dzemapurisa dzechisimba "zero - tolence" dzakawedzera kusungwa munharaunda duku. Kurohwa kwaRodney King namapurisa eLos Angeles kwa 1991 — uye zvimurenga zvakatevera apo vakuru vakuru vakawanwa vakasununguka — zvakaratidzira kusvika papi musiyano pakati pamapurisa nenzanga wakanga wakura.

Miitiro Yazvino: Kugamuchira Kwenzanga Kwechipo, Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, uye Kugamuchira Chaiko

Tsika Dzomunzanga Souzivi

Nhasi, uzivi hunodzora mukuchengetwa kwomutemo weAmerica ndi politiki yemasangano. Uyu muenzaniso unosimbisa wirirano, zvinetso, uye chinjo yesangano. Vakuru vakuru vanogoverwa kunharaunda dzakati nokuda kwenhambo dzakarebesa, kupinda misangano yenzanga, kushanda namabhizimisi omunzvimbomo, uye kubatira pamwe namabasa enzanga. Vavariro ndeyokufamba kupfuura kuita chiito uye kukurukura migariro inoparira utsotsi.

Kutsvakurudza kwemapurisa omunzanga kunoratidza migumisiro yakavhengana. Kumwe kunyorwa neCampbell Coltanuction kwakawana kuti mapurisa enzanga anovandudza gutsikano yevagari vemo uye anoderedza rutyo rweutsotsi, asi tapuro dzahwo pamwero chaiyo youtsotsi ndedzomwero. Kubudirira kunotsamira zvikuru pakuzvipira kwechokwadi kubva kuutungamiriri, zviwanikwa zvakakwana, uye kuvimbisana kunopfuurira — kwete musangano mumwe chete wehoro yetaundi kana kuti dare riri pedyo nechitoro.

Makhamera Omuviri Netayela

Hapana chishandiso chemichina chakashandura kuzvidavirira kwamapurisa nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura makamera ane nyama yeropa . Pashure pa2014 kuratidzira mu Ferguson, Missouri, hurumende yakatsigira kugamuchirwa kwakapararira kwemakamera omuviri. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti makamera anoderedza zviitiko zvesimba neanenge 30% uye vagari vemo kupfurikidza nenyunyuto dzemicheto yakaenzana. Zvisinei, vanosimudzirawo itiro dzakavanzika nokuda kwavanyajambwa navagari vemo, uye kubudirira kwavo kunotsamira pamitemo yakajeka inodzora apo vanonyora uye vanogona kupinda mutsoka.

Mitengo inoisa zvino goverano yamazakwatira emadhipatimendi akawanda. Software yeparati reProtolic inoshandisa mashoko enhau kufanotaura uko utsotsi hungabvira kuitika, ichibvumira vatungamiriri kuronga vafuridziri nenzira inoshanda. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unogona kusimbisa mitoo yokusunga ine mhosho, kuparira kubvumira kutsiva uko nharaunda dzine ganhuriro dzakavanziri. Corporation[FLT] Corporation yakadzidza zvikuru projectrowa yakaita, vachisiya kuti kubudirira kwayo kunotsamira pamugariro wemite yemiteokero yemite yemite yemiteokeronze.

Utano Hwendangariro Nenhamo Zvinopindira

Mapurisa zvino anobatira sevapinduri vezvinetso zvendangariro pakutanga. Vanofungidzirwa kuva 10% vezvikwata zvamapurisa vanobatanidza munhu ane chirwere chendangariro chakakomba. Mumhinduro, madhipatimendi akawanda akagamuchira Conteration Team (CRIT) Traxation Team [[FLT]] kurovedza, kunogovera vakuru vemibato yemibato yendangariro, zivo yezviwanikwa zvoutano zvomunzvimbomo, uye masangano okutsausa vanhu kuti vabatwe panzvimbo pokuva mujeri. Mefim, Tennessee, akafunda muenzaniso weCIT muna 1988, uye kubvira panguva yakapararira kumasangano anopfuura 2 700 munyika yose. Kunzvera kunoratidza kuchengetwa kwendangariro nechirwere chendangariro nokuwedzera kurapwa. [FL:] National Institute of the Secctive Institute of the CYFFF]

Zvikwata Zvinogamuchira Zvakanyatsokodzera

Madhipatimendi emapurisa anhasi anoshanda mumapoka akanyanya: Mapoka eSWAT nokuda kwemibato yejekiseni yakakwirira uye mamiriro ezvinhu okutapwa, zvikwata zveIndaneti zvokunzverwa kwemichina, uye vakuru vakuru vezvirongwa zvechikoro nokuda kwokukotsekana kwechikoro. Nepo aya masangano achiunza unyanzvi, ivowo vanotanga ngozi. Kurwisa kwemapurisa — kwakawedzerwa nepurogiramu dzehurumende dzinoparadzira midziyo inosimudzirwa zvehondo kumadhipatimendi omunzvimbomo — zvakakwevera kutsoropodza nokuda kwokuwedzera kwerwisano muLos Angeles nezvinoitika zvemisikanzwa yeSTAt muLos Angeles uye zvinoitika zvemisikanzwa ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinobatanidza kudenha pakero dzechishati dzinosimbisa kudikanwa kwemiitiro yakajeka nokuzvidavirira.

Kutsungirira Matambudziko: Kuvimba, Kuzvidavirira, uye Zvinhu Zvikuru

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nerovedzo, kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira dzokuvaka:

  • Trust: Kushambadza kupfurikidza naGallup nePew Research Center nguva dzose kunoratidza kuti kuvimba namapurisa kunosiana zvikuru nedzinza nezera. Matema okuAmerica angangoratidzira kuva anovimba zvikuru kupfuura vachena veAmerica kuti varatidze chivimbo mumapurisa, vanoratidzira kusawirirana kwenhau uye kunopfuurira mumiedzo, kutsvaka, kushandisa simba, uye kuisa. Chivimbo chinoda nhamburiko dzinotsigirwa, dzinenge dziri pachena, kwete zviratidzo zvokufananidzira.
  • Kuwanwa kwemari: Kupfura kukuru kwamapurisa kunoruramiswa nenzvero dzomukati. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukuraira vachuchisi vakazvimirira uye mabhodhi ezvokutarisira. Mamwe madhipatimendi akatanga gadziriro dzenyevero dzapakuvamba idzo vakuru vakuru vemireza vane nyunyuto dzakawanda kana kuti mwero yakakwirira yesimba, vachibvumira kupindira zvinetso zvisati zvakura. Brenan Center yeRumbiso anonzvera kuti kuzvidavirira kune revonero renhauro yemite yemite yemitengo, miitiro inorevesa, uye kudisa kuvakuru vakuru vanotonga vanoputsa.
  • Resource Constrents: Madhipatimendi mazhinji anorwisana nokunyoresa nokuchengeta. Kutanga mibhadharo mumadhipatimendi maduku kunogona kuva pasi pe $30 000 pagore, kuchikuita kuve kwakaoma kukwezva vadaviri nezvinodikanwa zverutongeso nounyanzvi hwekurukurirano zvazvino uno. Dzvinyiriro dzemari dzinoganhurirawo kusvika kukurovedza, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye tsigiro youtano yendangariro nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru.
  • .Legitacy ne "Warrior" vs. "Guardian" Mifungo: Musangano unokura wenzvero unosianisa pakati pamadhipatimendi ayo anosakurira mamiriro ezvinhu e "kuchengeteka avakuru vakuru" (anoita kuti pave nekotsekano, kuita mazano, uye chiremera) uye "muchengeti" ndangariro (anoita basa, anobvisa chinetso, uye mubatanidzwa). Mahofisi anogamuchira nheyo dzinochengeta anoona zvichemo zvishoma uye kudzorwa zvishoma kubva kuna vanhu vose, kunyange kudzora mwero yeutsotsi.

Nzira Iri Mberi: Mubatanidzwa, Kuchinja, uye Kutanga Kuchengeteka

Tichitarira mberi, miitiro inoverengeka ichaumba kuchengetwa kwomutemo mumakore gumi anotevera:

  • Kudzorwa kwemazita-Drive neEthical Guardorms: Zvirongwa zvichapfuurira kutora maatomuki nokuda kwokushandiswa kwemitemo, asi zvinokarira murairo wakasimba zvikuru pamusoro pekuunganidzwa kwemashoko, tsvete, uye dziviriro dzakavanzika. Mamwe maguta akapfuudza mitemo inoda zvinyorwa zvakazvimirira zvemitemo yemasareki.
  • [[FLT: 0] Rovedzo yapamberi pezvisakiso nedzidzo: Rovedzo yechikoro chamapurisa yezvinobudisa nhau muUnited States inenge maawa 600 — ari pasi zvikuru perovedzo yaverwei vebvudzi kana kuti vazivi vechisiko chose. Vatsigiri veReformation vanoda nokuda kwezvikoro zvirefu zvine simbiso huru pakurebesa, utano hwendangariro, makwikwikwi, uye mutemo webumbiro remitemo. Nhamba inokura yamasangano zvino inoda kuti iwane vakuru vakuru vakuru vasonganiri kana kuti dhigirini rebasa ravo pamberi pebasa kana kuti mukati meri.
  • Kuparira kwapamativi ose eMasangano eTsvene: Mapurisa oga haagoni kupedza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwezvinodhaka, kusava nedzimba, chirwere chendangariro, kana kuti urombo. Nenzira inowedzera, madhipatimendi vashandi vanogarisana vagarikano mumapoka ezvoutano hwendangariro mumhinduro, kubatira pamwe namasangano edzimba, uye kutsausa mhaka dzakaderera kugadziridza purogiramu dzeruramisiro. Iyi mienzaniso inovavarira kuderedza uye kutaura nezvezvisakiso zvikuru zvoutsotsi.
  • Kuongorora nokuisa Kurongwa kweBajeti: Mamwe maguta anopa vagari vemo mubato wakananga mukushandiswa kwemari yemapurisa. Oakland, California, yakaita Dare ramapurisa rine simba guru nechiremera kugadza mutemo. Uku kuvandudza kunowedzera kujeka uye kupa nzanga inzwi rine revo mumabhaisikopo.

mhedziso

Mhindumupindu yokuchengetwa kwomutemo haina kukwaniswa. Nguva imwe neimwe yakavakirwa pabudiriro nokundikano dzeimwe pamberi payo. Nheyo dzaPeel dzekubvumirana nedzinodzivirira, kusimbisa kwaVollmer pasayenzi nedzidzo, kuraira kwekodzero dzavagari vemo nokuda kwokuzvidavirira, uye kushinga kwazvino uno nokuda kwokuona nokubatana. Kunzwisisa iyi nhau inobetsera vadzidzi navadzidzi kuva nenharo mumashoko akapoteredza. Nhau haisati iri kana porole yechirongwa chichifanira kuchinja, asi nzira yokudzora nayo kuchinja ikoko kutsika dzinobudirira, dzinonaka, uye dzinovimbwa nenzanga dzinobatira. Ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti mapurisa anoshanda zvakanakisisa apo vakuru vakuru vanoonekwa savachengeti, kwete varwi; apo mashoko anoshandiswa zvakajeka kuti atungamirire; uye apo nzanga dzine simba rechokwadi rokuumba sei nokugadzira nokuwana basa. Chivakwa chapa nguva yemberi chinoda kuvakanwa, uye kunzwisiswa kuti vagari venguva yemberi vanzwisise. — Kupridzimutsigirikidzwa.