Gadziriro yapamutemo inogona kunzwa yakajeka uye ichityisa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavatsigiri navashingairi vari kurwira chinjo yenzanga. Kunzwisiswa kwakajeka kwemiitiro yapamutemo, mashoko, uye zvivako zvesangano hakusi umbozha (hwusiri mudikanwa hunoshanda nokuda kwokubudirira kwekushandisa. Pasina zivo iyi, kunyange nhimbe dzinoshingaira zvikurusa dzinogona kudzongonyedzwa nemhosho kana kuti kupotsa mikana. Nyaya ino inogovera kupfupikiswa, kupfupikiswa kwemativi makuru egadziriro yapamutemo, yakagadzirirwa kushongedzera vatsiri nezvishandiso kuti vadzore matare, mutemo, uye zvishandiso zvapamutemo nokuda kwetapukumirano inogarira.

Kubva kuvafundisi vematare kusvikira kumifungo yerondedzero, tichanzvera kuti gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinoshanda sei, kuti nhau dzinofamba sei mugadziriro yacho, uye uko vashingairi vanogona kuwana tsigiro yakavimbika. Nharidzano ndeyokubvisa chinowanzooneka sechikamu chenhau ndokushandura zivo yapamutemo kuva chisakiso chine simba nokuda kwebasa reruramisiro yenzanga.

Kunzwisisa Kunyoreswa Kwemitemo

Gadziriro yapamutemo inovakirwa pamitemo, matare, uye masangano izvo zvinodzora nzanga yose. Mitemo inoumbwa navanogadza mitemo, inodudzirwa namatare, uye inomanikidzirwa namasangano makuru. Kumushingairi, kunzwisisa iyi nzvimbo yamativi matatu younyanzvi inhano yokutanga kukubatanidzwa negadziriro yacho nenzira inobudirira. Pasi apa tinoputsa zvikamu zvikuru.

Marudzi Omutemo Anotapura Unyengeri

Mutemo hausi chinhu chimwe chete, unowanzokamurwa kuva mapoka, chimwe nechimwe chine mitemo yakasiyana - siyana nenharo:

  • Mutemo wezvokurairidzira - Mitemo inopiwa namasangano emitemo (Chorfor, matare ehurumende, matare eguta). Izvi zvinobatanidza zviito zvekodzero dzavagari vemo, mitemo yemhoteredzo, uye mirau yokuvhota. Vatsigiri vanowanzoshanda kupesvedzera mitemo mitsva kana kuti kudenha iripo.
  • [[FOL:0] Mutemo weCommon - Mutemo wakatangwa kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare (pamberi). Munharaunda zhinji “‘ zvakadai sezvinhu, zvibvumirano, uye matorts (] mirau yechisarudzo inoumba mutemo nokufamba kwenguva. Kunzwisisa muenzaniso kunokosha pakuitisana nharo mhaka.
  • Mutemo weCunistigation - Wakavakirwa pabumbiro remitemo renyika (umh., Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S.). Irori rinodzora maruramiro makuru, kuparadzana kwamasimba, uye ganhuriro dzechiremera chehurumende. Zvinetso zveMitemo chishandiso chakafanana mukutapura.
  • Mutemo unodzora - Mitemo nezvisarudzo zvinoitwa namasangano ehurumende (mutoo, EPA, FCC). Vabati vemitemo vangapinda mukuita tsinhiro kana kuti denho dzezviito zvesangano mudare.
  • mutemo wamarudzi ose – Treatys, kokorodzano, uye mutemo wetsika zvingakumbirwa mumibato yekodzero dzevanhu nemhoteredzo (imo, Universal Declaration of Human Rights).

Somuenzaniso, chirongwa chokuvhota kodzero chingasanganisira mutemo wehurumende (Voting Rights Act), mutemo webumbiro remitemo (chikamu chinodzivirira chakaenzana), uye mutemo wokutarisira (mitemo yedare rinovhota).

Zviratidzo Zvedare Nemhosva

Matare akarongwa munhevedzano, uye kuziva kwokunyora nhau yacho kunokosha.

  • matare echimurenga [ - Kunotanga kunzwiwa mhaka. Ufakazi hunopiwa, matare anobetsera amatare angasarudza maidi, uye vatongi vatongi panhau dzapamutemo. Mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa weU.S., aya matare eRuwa.
  • [ matare eAppleta[ - Zvisarudzo zvehwirudzuro zvematare. Haanzwi ufakazi hutsva; anosarudza kana zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakaitika. Matare eFederal Ghekita reZvikumbiro ndiwo mwero wepakati.
  • [[[FORT:0] Dare reMitemo – Dare rokupedzisira. Rinosarudza kuti imhakai dzokunzwa (Certiori). Mitongo yaro inosunga matare ose akaderera.

Mukuwedzera, kune matare chaiwo (muchib., dare remitero, dare rinobhuroka) uye gadziriro dzedare rehurumende dzinowirirana. Juriscion(chiremera chedare chokunzwa nhau) inotsamira pazvinhu zvakadai senzvimbo, nhau, uye masangano anobatanidzwa. Mutsigiri anoronga nhimbe yenyika yose angada kurangarira zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzedare rehurumende nerehurumende.

Manyuko Omutemo: Kwokuwana Mitemo

Mutemo unobva mumanyuko akawanda, uye kuziva nzira yokuwana nayo zvitsama zvikuru zvapamutemo unyanzvi hunoshanda. Manyuko makuru anobatanidza:

  • Stailling - Rakabudiswa mumitemo yerusando uye rakabatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo rakajeka (imo., United States Code, kodis code).
  • Mitemo – Rakabudiswa muzvinyorwa zvehurumende (mutoo, Federal Register) ndokuunganidzwa muBumbiro remitemo reFederal (CFR).
  • mutemo weCUUS - Rakabudiswa muvatori venhau vedare (muchib. Mishumo yeDare Rapamusorosoro). Mabhuku epaIndaneti asingabhadharwi akadai seGoogle Scholar nenzvimbo dzedare redare anopa mukana wokuwana.
  • – Mutemo mukurusa; unowanika mudura rezvinyorwa zvehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo dzakafanana ne Legal Information Institute.

Vanoda kuongorora zvemitemo havafaniri havo, asi kunyatsoziva zvinhu izvi kunobatsira pakushanda nemagweta kana kugadzira zvinhu zvokushandisa pakunyora.

Zvirongwa Zvepamutemo Nezvinoitwa

Kunzwisisa bhasikoro renhau (jeel - ol) kubva pakutanga kusvika pakukwirira(h] vatsigiri vokuronga nguva chaiyo, mari yokuronga, uye kudzivisa misungo inozivikanwa navose.

Kumutsa Mhaka: Kunyunyuta, Zvikumbiro, uye Kumira

Nhau dzavagari vemo zhinjisa dzinovamba apo mupurisa (mubato anouya nokuda kwechakavanzika) anoisa nyunyuto kana kuti chikumbiro mudare. Gwaro racho rinoronga hwaro hwapamutemo hwenhau yacho neyamuro inowanwa (kuvadziko yemari, murairo, ziviso). Kuunza mhaka, mupurisa anofanira kuva akamira kukuvara kwakakotsekana kunoparirwa nomukwiridzirwi uyo dare rinogona kugadzirisa. Activorictic kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoronga vapusssssssssss kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti zvinodikanwa zvinomira zvinoitirwa zvinosangana, zvikurukuru muzvinoitika zvemhoteredzo kana kuti maruramiro avagari vemo.

Pashure pokuronga, mukwirirwi anogamuchidzwa nenyunyuto uye anofanira kupindura mukati menhambo yakatarwa. Kukundikana kupindura kunogona kuguma norutongeso rwapamberi pechisarudzo chapanguva dzose. Iyi nhano yetsika kazhinji kazhinji ibanza rokutanga rokudzinga kana kuti kurukurirano dzokugadzikisa.

Kufamba, Kunzwa, uye Kuwana

Kana nyaya yacho yangoitika, vanhu vanoinyora panzvimbo imwe chete vanokumbira dare kuti ritonge nyaya dzakati.

  • [ COM] kurasa[ - Argues kuti kunyange kana maidi ari echokwadi, mutemo hautsigiri nhau yacho.
  • [[FT:0] Commentaution nokuda kworutongeso rwechipfupiso[[FT: 1] - Argues kuti hakuna gakava rechokwadi reidi rezvinhu uye kuti pati yacho ine maruramiro okutonga senhau yomutemo.
  • [[FT:0] . . . . kumanikidza[[[FLT: 1] – Kukumbira dare kumanikidza rumwe rutivi kuti ribudise ufakazi mukati mokuwana.

Kuwana kwapamberi pedare kunoitwa kuti vanhu vakurukure mashoko kupfurikidza nebvunzurudzo, zvikumbiro zvezvinyorwa, uye zvibvumirano. Kune vanorwira kurwira, kuwana kunogona kuva chishandiso chine simba chokuwadzanyura ufakazi hwechakaipa, asi kunoisawo misengwa yokuzivisa magwaro anokosha. Kunzwisisa chinowanikwa (uye chinodzivirirwa neropafadzo) kunokosha.

Kutongwa uye Kupfuura

Kana nyaya isingagadziriswi nokungomira, inoenderera mberi kutongwa. Mudare rinotongwa mutongi anosarudza zvose zviri zviviri chokwadi nomutemo; mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi, vatongi vanosarudza maidi. Pashure porutongeso. Pashure pomubatanidzwa, varasikirwi vanganyora misikanzwa yepashure pedare vobva vakwirira. Zvikumbiro zvinonangidzira ngwariro pazvikanganiso zvapamutemo, kwete maidi anodzokororwazve.

Kuronga zvinhu zvakanaka panguva, kuongorora nhau, uye kukurudzira vanhu kuita zvemitemo, kunoratidza kuti vanhu vazive kuti vari munyika ipi, kunofanira kunge kuine ngozi.

Kuongorora Kunokosha Kwemitemo Nokuda Kwevatsigiri

Iyi ndaza yakawedzerwa inopfuura zvinhu zvinokosha kuti isanganisire pfungwa dzinoshandiswa kakawanda pakufadza vanhu.

  • [[[FOL:0] Platotiff – Mubato anotanga kukwirira mhaka.
  • [ Defantint – Pungano iri kupiwa mhosva kana kuti kupiwa mhosva.
  • [ Rigation – Muitiro wose wokuita chiito chapamutemo mumatare.
  • Injuct – Murayiro wedare unoda kuti pabato riite kana kuti rirege kuita chiito chakati. Mirayiro yokuzivisa [ inotsvakwa pakuvamba kuchengetedza mugariro womunguva yakamirira kutonga.
  • Amicus Curiae – "Nhevedzo yedare"; chikamu chisiri chegoverwo chinopa unyanzvi hupfupi kana kuti nharo. Masangano eActicist anowanzonyora mipfupi kusimbisa tapuro huru dzesocial.
  • Class Action - A kukwirira mhaka kunoiswa nemumiriri nokuda kweboka guru ramashoko anozivikanwa navose. Ichi chishandiso chine simba apo kuvadziko inotapura vanhu vazhinji (mutoo, kunyengera kwevatengi, kushatiswa kwemhoteredzo).
  • Kumira[ – Kodzero yapamutemo yokukwirira mhaka, inoda kuvadziko, kudzoresa, uye kugadziriswa.
  • Chiratidzo - A chisarudzo chedare chisati chaitwa chinotungamirira nhau dzomunguva yemberi. [[FTL:2] SStaras decisis[ idzidziso yemuenzaniso unotevera.]
  • [[[NUMBO:0] yeCertiorari – murayiro wechisarudzo weDare Gurusa wokuhwirudzura chisarudzo chedare rakaderera. Chinenge bedzi 1% yezvikumbiro zvinopiwa.
  • [ Subpoena – Murayiro wapamutemo wokubudisa magwaro kana kuti kupupurira. Vashandi vangagamuchira zvipunu uye vanoda kuziva kuti vangada kupindura sei.

Kuziva mashoko aya kunobatsira vanorwira kukurukurirana zvinobudirira nemagweta, zvinhu zvinonyengetedza, uye kunzwisisa nyaya dzinotemwa nematare.

Kushandiswa Kwakanaka Kwetsika Yepamutemo Yokuchinja Kwenzanga

Kutsigira mutemo uye kuwiriranisa vanhu kunowanzopindirana, asi kunoda mazano akasiyana - siyana.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mutemo Pamhosva Dzematare

Iparation inobatanidza kuunza nhau zvikurukuru kutanga muenzaniso mutsva wapamutemo kana kuti kumanikidzira maruramiro aripo nokuda kweboka guru. Mienzaniso ine mukurumbira inobatanidza Brown v. Board of Education[ [[FLT]] (kufunga) uye Obergefell v. Hodges [Ufananidzo rwomuchato]. zvinoitika zvinoda chaizvoizvo:

  • Kusarudza nokungwarira vapfuri namaidi akasimba neanonzwira tsitsi.
  • Dzidziso yakajeka yepamutemo yaitsigirwa nemitemo yaivapo kana kuti yaitsigirwa nemitemo.
  • Kuronga nemapoka okudzora, zvinobudisa nhau, uye nhimbe dzemitemo.
  • Kumirira pamutemo kwakakwirira, kazhinji kazhinji kumafemu asingabudiriri pamutemo kana kuti makiriniki epamutemo.

Chinyorwa hachisati chiri chiri chose chakakodzera pesvedzero. chitsama chezviwanikwa nemiuyo hazvizivikanwi. Asi kana chikabudirira, chinogona kuchinja mamiriro enhau epamutemo nokukurumidza.

Amicus Apfupi Sematurusi Okushandisa Zvokunyengera

Kunyange kana sangano risiri mubatanidzwa mumhaka, rinogona kupesvedzera chisarudzo chedare kupfurikidza nokuisa mamicusie pfupi. Iyi mipfupi inogovera mashoko okuwedzera, nzvero yemifungo, kana kuti zvimwe zvitendero zvapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, kodzero dzedzimba dzingaisa mupfupi mutongo pamusoro pemitemo yokubvisa migariro yakaderera. Amicu mipfupinduro iduku, nzira yakakwirira yokupinza nayo mirangariro yenhau mugadziriro yedare.

Matare anowanzodudza mipfupi, zvikurukuru apo anopa mashoko asati ari muchinyorwa. American Bar Association[[FLT: 1] inogovera nhungamiro pakushandisa aicus.

Kubatana Nenyanzvi Dzezvemitemo Nezano ReproBono

Vaiti vemibato havawanzova namadhigirii omutemo, asi vanogona kuwana unyanzvi hwapamutemo kupfurikidza nesonganiro. Mafemu emitemo akawanda namagweta anopa probo masangano eruramisiro yenzanga. Masangano akafanana ne ACLU uye [FLT] .[FLT]]

Pavanoshanda nemagweta, kukurukurirana zvakajeka pamusoro pezvinangwa zvenhimbe, nguva, uye kurovha mari zvisiri zvepamutemo zvinokosha.Magweta anodzidziswa kuderedza ngozi dzepamutemo, nepo vanorwira kudzvinyirira vanhu. Kushandira pamwe kunobudirira kunoda kuremekedzana uye kunzwisisana nzira.

Zviwanikwa Zvevatsigiri Nevaiti Vezvinhu

Sezvineiwo, pfuma yakawanda iripo kuti itsigire vatsigiri pamwero uri wose(kubva pakodzero dzokunzwisisa kusvika pakuwana kumiririra.

Kubatsira Kwapamutemo uye Kubatsira kwePro Bono

Nokuda kwavanhu namasangano maduku ane bhajeti yakaganhurirwa, masangano eyamuro apamutemo anopa betsero yapachena kana kuti yakaderera munhau dzavagari vemo (muremo, imba, mhuri, kutama). .Legal Services Service Corporation purogiramu dzemari muU.S. kuwedzera, hurumende dzakawanda namasangano ebhari dzinoshandisa mabasa eprobono. Masangano eAcligist anogonawo kutsvaka betsero kumafemu asingapinyi pamutemo se [[FLT:]] Kumaodzanyemba kweMutemo wourombo kana kuti [FLT:] Immargistl Center [FF]

Zvinyorwa Zvepamutemo Nenhungamiro ZvepaIndaneti

Manyuko asingabhadhari eInternet akaronga kuti mashoko emitemo ashandiswe pachishandiswa urongwa hwehurumende. Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzinosanganisira:

  • [ .LT yoRuzivo (LII)[[FLT] - yakapinzwa neCornell Law School; inopa tsananguro dzomutauro wakajeka dzemisoro yepamutemo nokuwana Dare repamusorosoro reU.S.
  • USA.Gov Services – As conrence yehurumende nebetsero yapamutemo isingapinduri.
  • [ Justia - Zvinopa mutemo wenhau wapachena, mirau, uye mirayiridzo yemitemo yenzanga.
  • [[[ITRAWU:0] .org – As rendiro dzeyamuro yapamutemo nehurumende.

Dzakawanda dzenzvimbo idzi dzine zvikamu zvakananga zvokutsigira, zvichifukidza misoro yakadai semabudisirwe enhau, nzira yokupindura nayo kudare, uye nzira yokuwana nayo zvimiro zvedare.

Kurovedza Nenzvimbo Dzokushandira

Masangano anoverengeka anopa mapurogiramu okurovedza papamutemo kuranga vasiri varapi. Somuenzaniso:

  • [[Nto:0] American Bar Association’s Commission on Public Infation Law inogovera mawibinar pamari anogadziriswa.
  • Varevi veNational Law Guid vanomhanya "Ziva kodzero dzako" rovedzo nepurogiramu dzenzveri dzapamutemo nokuda kwokuramba.
  • Zvikoro zvemitemo zvomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji zvinogamuchira zvirongwa zvenzanga pamusoro pomutemo wemuridzi, maruramiro okutama, kana kuti kodzero dzokuvhota.

Vashingairi vazhinji vanowana kuti chirongwa chokupera kwevhiki pamiitiro yedare yemitemo chinodzivisa zvikanganiso zvinodhura gare gare.

Kuramba Uchiziva uye Kubatanidzwa

Mutemo unochinja nguva dzose(manyoro matsva) mirau yedare inosimudzirwa, mirau yedare inoputsa muenzaniso, uye masangano anofanira kupa mitemo mitsva. Vatsigiri vanofanira kuchengeta munwe wezvinoitika zvemiitiro yemitemo zvinowirirana nevavariro yavo. Kunyoresa kumitemo yemasangano akadai se [[FLT:] ACLU[[FLT]] kana [FLT:]

Uyezve, vanorwira kurwira hurumende vanogona kupindurawo panguva dzinotaurwa nevanhu nezvemitemo inokarakadzwa, ($) ibasa repamutemo rinobvumira munhu wose kupa mhinduro.

Gadziriro yemitemo haisati iri nhare isingadzoreki; igadziriro yamasangano anogona kudzidzwa nokupinzwa nenzira inobudirira. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa gadziriro, kugona kushandisa mashoko makuru, kuwana zvinhu zviripo, uye kusonganirana nenyanzvi dzemitemo, vatsigiri navatsigiri vanogona kuchinja mutemo kuva simba reruramisiro. Iyi zivo haivimbisi rukundo.