Kusiya Kwakaita Mitemo Yakapetwa Kaviri Yakasiyana - siyana yeUnited States Nendima

Kududzira uye Kukodzerana Kunoita Nyika Nezvikamu Zviviri: Basa Rokudzivirira

Nepo Findst Amendment ichiisa uriri hwebumbiro remitemo, hurumende dzakasununguka kugovera dziviriro huru zvikuru kupfuura shomanene yomubatanidzwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakabatanidza maruramiro makuru engozi akapetwa kaviri mumirayiro yadzo kana kuti mirau, nepo dzimwe dzichitsamira zvikuru pamutemo wemhosva. Pasi apa kunzvera kune udzame kwemisiyano mikuru munyika dzose dzinomirira.

California

California inowanzorambidza kutongwazve pashure pekunge apiwa mhaka kana kuti kutenderwa. Zvisinei, hurumende yakaisa pachena kusingawirirani. Mumutemo weCalifornia, kana mukwiridzirwi akawanirwa mhaka duku, vangatarisanazve nemhosva huru kana kutenderwa kwapakuvamba kwakatendeutswa pakakwirira. Mukuwedzera, California inobvumira kutongwazve apo dare rinoregwa nokuda kwokuratidzira kudikanwa kwechinodikanwa / yakadai sedare rinosungirwa. California Supreme Court yakakurukurawo “mufambiro mumwe” wakatarisana ne“ kunzvera kuzhinji, kazhinji kazhinji kachishandisira musengwa weshamwari kupfuura dzimwe rondedzero. Ikoku kunoreva kuti pomero dzinomuka pachiito chimwe asi dzinoda zvinhu zvakasiyana dzingava dzinorambidzwa kana dzichibva mudare rimwe chetero.

Texas

Texas is known for its broad interpretation of double jeopardy protections. The Texas Constitution explicitly bars a person from being “twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.” Texas courts have applied this protection aggressively, particularly in cases where the state attempts to retry a defendant after a mistrial. Retrial is generally allowed only if the mistrial was caused by prosecutorial or judicial misconduct that was not provoked by the defense. In cases of manifest necessity—like a deadlocked jury—retrial is permitted. Texas also recognizes the “same transaction” test, meaning that multiple charges from a single criminal event may be considered the same offense unless each requires proof of a distinct element not required by the others.

New York

Mitevero yenjodzi mbiri yeNew York inosimbiswa zvikuru muMutemo wayo weCriminal Procedia. Hurumende inotevera “zvinhu zvimwe chetezvo” zvakabva .United States asi inowedzera miganhu yakawedzerwa. New York inobvumirazve dziviriro pashure pekukanganisa kana mukwirirwi akatenderwa kana kuti kana aiva nomusengwa wapamutemo. Zvikurukuru, New York ine gadziriro yechienzi inobvumidza nyika kukwidza kubviswa kwemhosva (mumiganhu yakaganhurirwa) pasina kuputsa njodzi mbiri. Hurumende inotambanudzawo dziviriro dzakati kuti kurasikirwa nechinhu kana vakarangarirwa kuva vanoregwa musikirwo wehurumende. Matare eNew York ave achisano kudzivisa vachuchitori vapo kubva pakudzo itsva kupfurikidza nokupomera mhaka kusingawiriranwa.

Florida

Mutemo wenjodzi mbiri weFlorida unoumbwa nezvose zviri zviviri bumbiro rawo remitemo nemitemo yakakura. Dare Gurusa reFlorida rakataura kuti dziviriro dzinopetwa kaviri dzinoshanda kumhosva dzinoparadzana bedzi kana dzikamuka kubva muchiito chimwe chete choutsotsi kana kuti kutengeserana. Zvisinei, Florida inobvumira zvirango zvinowedzerwa zvevanyajambwa vakaparadzana mutengi. Kuchinja kukuru: Florida inobvumira kutongwazve pashure pokunge kutenderwa kwachinjwa nemhaka yokuedza, asi mabhawa anodzivisa kana kuchinjwa kwacho kwakavakirwa paufakazi husina kukwana. Ikoku kunowirirana nomutemo womubatanidzwa wehurumende, asi Florida inozivawo rondedzero duku ye “kuvanganzi varambwi” somuenzaniso mumwe chete. [nomuenzaniso], kurambwa pashure penjodzi kungasarangarirwa sechikanganwe chikanganiso chakarurama uye chisingagoni kubvumirazve kutenderwa.

Illinois

Illinois inogovera dziviriro dzengozi mbiri mubumbiro rehurumende uye Illinois Compunt Systets. Hurumende inoshandisa “ufakazi humwe chetehwo”, ichibvunza kana ufakazi humwe chetehwo hwaizotsigira pomero dzose. matare eIllinois akadzivisa kukwirira kunotevedzana nokuda kwepomero dzakasiana - siana dzinoparirwa nomufambiro mumwe, kunyange kana dziine zvinhu zvakasiyana. Uyezve, mutemo weIllinois unorambidza kukunda apo kutonga kwapakuvamba kwakamiswa nemhaka yokufambiswa kwedziviriro kwechikanganiso chakavakirwa pakukwirira kwemhaka pamusoro pokuregeredzerwa (asina mukwidzi anobvuma). Illino anewo mutemo wechienzi uyo unobatanidza njodzi mbiri inongobatanidzwa mukutonga kwedare, uko kusati kwamboitwa mumimwe mitemo iyo inongova inongova inowirirana pashure pokutonga kwose.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts inowanzorangarirwa seimwe yenyika dzinodzivirira zvikurusa nokuda kwekodzero dzinopetwa kaviri. Massachusetts Declaration of Rights inogovera dziviriro dzakazvimirira nedzakakura kupfuura Find 5 Amendment. Massachusetts anoshandisa mufambiro weutsotsi wakadaro” mupimo, uyo unodzivisa kutsiva kwete bedzi mhaka imwe cheteyo inoitirwa mhaka asi mumwewo weimwe mhaka ipi neipi inoparirwa nomufambiro wetsotsi mumwe cheteyo, kunyange kana zvinhu zvacho zvichisiyana. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kana mukwidzirirwi akasunungurwa nokuda kwokutora motokari, Hurumende haigoni gare gare gare kuvatonga nokuda kwokugamuchira zvinhu zvakabiwa. Massachusetts anoganhura muganhuwo zvakasimba kushandiswa kwevareti seuchapupu mukuita utsotsi zvechipazwa munzanga dzougari, dzimwe nyika dzisina kudzivirirwa.

Mitemo Ine Dziviriro Dzisina Kuganhurirwa

Kuno rumwe rutivi rwemhosva dzacho, dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seAlabama neMississippi, dzinogovera dziviriro dzinosanoratidzira mutemo womubatanidzwa pasina futunuko huru. Idzi nyika kazhinji kazhinji dzinobvumira kutongwazve pashure pekutongwa kwakashata kwe “zvinodikanwa” uye dzinobvumira zvirango zvinowedzera nokuda kwemhosva dzemitemo dzakaparadzana dzinoitwa muchiito chimwe. Muidzi nzvimbo, [[FLT: 0] youchangamire hunoshandiswa zvizere, uye matare ehurumende haana kunyora zvimwe zvinodzivirira zvakateverwa nezviremera zvakasiyana - siyana. Vadzivisi muidziyo munyika dzinovimba zvikurukuru nomutemo wemitemo yehurumende, inogona kusiya miganhuro, zvikurukuru mudzidziso yamarudzi akawanda.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwemashiripiti: Puerto Rico, Guam, uye Virgin Islands dzeUnited States

Ndima dzeUnited States dzinoshanda mumabasa adzo amene omuviri negadziriro dzapamutemo, kuchitungamirira kukushandiswa kunoshamisa kwengozi kuviri.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico Constitution inorambidza zvakajeka ngozi yakapetwa kaviri, asi Couniver Common Code inobvumidza kutongwazve mumigariro yakati isingabvumirwi nenzira yakatanhamara munyika. Somuenzaniso, Puerto Rico inobvumira hurumende kukwidza mutongo wokusazviwanira kana dare rakaderera rakaita mhosho yomutemo, uye kana rikabudirira, mukwirirwi angabviswazve. Uku kubviswa kunokosha kubva mumutemo womubatanidzwa, uko chisarudzo chokusava nemhaka chakakwana chose chose chose. Mukuwedzera, Puerto Rico inoshandisa “kuedza kumwe cheteko”, asi namapako kuti hurumende ingapomerazve mhaka yemhosva kana kupomerwa kwokutanga kudzingwa pasina fungira mano akaipa apamutemo. Vatongi muPuerto Rico vanofanira kusanonzvera musiyano pakati pokurega uye pasina rusaruro.

Guam

Mutemo wengozi mbiri weGuam unosimbiswa muCode Annotechwated, uchisanoronda muenzaniso wehurumende asi nedzisingachinji dzinooneka. Guam inoshandisa “zvinhu zvimwe” zvakachinjwa. Zvisinei, matare eGuam akarangarira kuti hurumende yemo haisungirwi nedare rehurumende nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho, sezvo ndima dzinorangarirwa kuva zviremera zvakasiana mukati megadziriro yehurumende. Iyi inoreva munhu akasunungurwa muGuam Superior Court aigona kuedzwa nenzira yokufananidzira nedare romubatanidzwa nokuda kwechinoitika chimwe chetecho kana mufambiro womunzvimbomo nowehurumende. Guam anomanikidzirawo kusatongazve danda nokuda kwechiito chimwe pashure pechiito chimwe chetecho, sezvo ndima yacho inorangarirwa kuva pamutemo mukati pamutemo yetsika yemukwiripo, kunyange kana kusazvibata kwacho kusati kwakaitwa nenzira yogaro.

Virgin Islands yeU.S.

Virgin Islands yeU.S. ine muitiro wakavhengana wokukwereta kusiri dzose hurumende nehurumende. Revised Ornic Act of the Virgin Islands ine gadziriro dzakapetwa kaviri, asi ndima yacho inoteverawo mienzaniso yehurumende. Rutivi rwechienzi: USVI runobvumidza kutongwazve pashure pokutongwa kwapamutemo kana kupiwa maruramiro okusapiwa nemhaka kana kuti fufuro, chinhu chakaganhurirwa asi chaichoirwo asi chisingabvumwa mudzimwe nyika. Izvozvi zvinowirirana nomurangariro we “jeopardi ” muzvinoitika umo perero yokutonga yakatendwa. matare eUS.Ivi anoshandisawo“ mufambiro wakakwana” kana kuti aitwe nemhaka yemhosva dzakawanda, asi ave achidisa zvikuru kubvumira miedzo yakaparadza vanhu vakaparadzana munenge matsotsi.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinochinja - chinja

Kusiyana kwemitemo ine ngozi mbiri muhurumende dzeUnited States kwakabva mumanyuko anoverengeka:

• Mitemo yedziviriro yebumbiro remitemo: Dzimwe nyika dzine zvitsauko zvengozi zvakazvimirira zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura Findst Amendment.
• Mutemo weState: Mitemo ingarondedzera “mhaka imwe” kana kuti “ngozi inobatanidza” munzira idzo dzakasiana nomutemo womubatanidzwa.
• Kukura kwomutemo weCase: Tsvakaro dzomutemo dzemaidi akafanana dzinotungamirira kumiedzo yakasiyana, yakadai se “ufakazi humwe chetehwo,”“ kutengeserana kumwe cheteko,” kana kuti “mufambiro mumwe chetewo.”
• Kusarudza uye kodzero dzechiProsetation: Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira hurumende kukwidza kudzingwa kwakati pamberi porutongeso rwokupedzisira, rungagona kubvumira kutongwazve, nepo dzimwe dzichiganhurira chose chose kukumbira kwakadaro.
• [[[FLT: 0] Mitemo yedare:[[FLT: 1] Tsananguro ye “zvinodikanwa” inosiyana; dzimwe nyika dzinoda chinodikanwa chakaoma zvikuru kupfuura dzimwe, kuchitapura kana mukwirirwi achigona kugadziridzwa pashure pokunge atadza kuongorora.

Basa Rematare Asina Kururama uye Kufadza

Nzvimbo yakakomba yemhatsa ndeiyo inoitika pashure pekutongwa zvisina kururama. Mudare rehurumende nehurumende zhinjisa, kana kutongwa kusati kwaitwa nemhaka yedare rakasungirwa, vachuchisi vangapamurazve mukwiridziridziri. Zvisinei, kana kukanganisa kwacho kwakabva mumufambiro usina kufanira wakapiwa nemuchuchisi wakaitwa kuti ushandure, njodzi yakapetwa kaviri ingava muganhu. Zvitendero zvinosiyana pane zvinoitika zve “kunetsa...” Dzimwe nyika (mr., Massachusetts) dzinoshandisa kusazvibata kana zviito zvomuchuchisi zvakanga zvisina kunyanyokodzera kana kuti zvakaregeredzwa, nepo vamwe (g., Texas) zvinoda kuratidzwa kwevavariro dzakananga. Zvikangova zvikanganiso zvikatemwa zvakatemwa zvakapindwa zvapamhitwa zvakaenzana. Asi kana zvikaidzwa kuti zviitwe kuti zviitwe. Mirati mirayiridzo mirayiridzo mitsva, mirayiridzo mitsva inobvumira mitsva (muko) inotenderwa kuparadzwa.

Kuedza Vadziviriri Nevazivi

Nokuda kwavanopomerwa, basa remitemo yengozi yakasiana - siana inogona kuva nemigumisiro inoparira upenyu. Kufamba kwokubhuroka kunobudirira mune imwe nyika kungakundikana mune imwe. Magweta edziviriro anofanira kurayira vatengi kwete bedzi papomero asi pangozi yokupa mhaka dzinotevedzana nezviremera zvakasiyana- siyana kana kuti nokuda kwemitemo yakasiana----phastical mitations dzinomuka kubva mumufambiro mumwe chetewo. Munzvero dzakawanda dzehurumende kana kuti masimba enyika, vakwirirwi vangatarisana nemiedzo mumativi akawanda asati aparadzwa. uchangamire hwakasiana hwumwe hunogona kutevera chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwomurovereripo, uye masangano mashoma bedzi ehurumende (g., New York, California) akarega mitemo yemitemo yehurumende isati yatongerwa kudzorwa kwapamutemo nokuda kwechiito chapamutemo chapamutemo nokuda kwechibvumirano chapamutemo. [[FLT:]]