Hwaro Hwechiremera Chomubatanidzwa Nepesvedzero

Mufundo youpenyu hwomunharaunda nokudzora, misiyano mishomanene yemifungo ine musiyano unoshanda zvikuru somusiano pakati pesimba nechiremera. Kubva padzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo kunodzidzisa sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, magariro avanhu, mufambiro wesangano, uye rondedzero yapamutemo (idzi mashoko ane nzvimbo dzapakati, bva inowanzosimbiswa muhurukuro yezuva riri rose. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vanoronzeswa, kunzwisisa uko simba rinoguma nechiremera zvinovamba hachisi chishandiso chendangariro bedzi; kunoumba nzira iyo vanhu vanodudzira nayo zviito zvehurumende, zvinodenha migariro yesangano, uye kutora rutivi mumasangano ehurumende. Nyaya inopa kunzvera, manyuko ose ari maviri, mazasipi, makwarangiro avo, uye mirangariro yavo chaiyoiyo yenyika mukati mezviwiriranwa.

Kurondedzera Simba Mundima Dzebic

Simba, pamwero waro mukurusa, isimba rinopesvedzera kana kuti kudzora mufambiro wavamwe, kunyange mukurwisana nokuda kwavo. Iro boka resimba renhau renhau nerokusatora rutivi. Nhaka yakaisvonaka kana kuti yakaipa, asi irondedzero yesimba resimba rewirirano. Munzanga, simba rinoshanda mumativi akawanda uye rinooneka muzvimiro zvose zviri zviviri zvinooneka uye zvakavanzwa. Mutevedzero wezvamatongerwe enyika Steven Lukes akarondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira "mativi" esimba: kugadzira simba (mano okuumba mitoo yemiuyo), marongedzero (mano okusarudza (mano okuwana mativi anoparira kurangarira), uye simba retsika (mano okuumba zvose zviri zviviri mifungo yavanhu uye zvakavanzika zvokuti vanogamuchira nhevedzano yazvinovapo kana kuti zvisarumbidzo). Kunzwisisa uku ndiko kunokosha nokuda kwezvido zvavo kuti vazive kuti vazive.

Manyuko Esimba Munzanga

Chirongwa chinoshandiswa zvikuru, chakabva kune nyanzvi dzemagariro evanhu John French neBertram Raven, chinotaura nezvezvinhu zvishanu zvikuru zvinobva mumabhuku acho:

  • Simba reProfection rinotsamira pamano okuisa zvirango, zvirango, kana kuti simba romuviri. Muupenyu hwevanhu, ikoku kunooneka zvikurusa musimba rehurumende ramasimba masimba apamutemo(* masimba ehurumende, chiremera chehondo, uye simba retsika rokuranga.
  • Simba repabudiriri rinobva pasimba rokuparadzira zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadai semabasa, zvibvumirano, zvikarakadzo zvemitero, kana kuti kuzivikanwa navanhu. Mapoka anoshuva anowanzopa simba remubayiro kuti achengete migumisiro yakanaka.
  • Simba reLegitimate rinowana nzvimbo inozivikanwa kana kuti basa mukati meboka ravakuru. Iri boka rinopindirana zvikuru nechiremera, sezvatichanzvera pasi apa, asi mugadziriro yesimba rinonongedzera kukodzero dzetsika dzinobatanidzwa nehofisi yakati.
  • [ Simba reCrept rinobva muzivo chaiyo, unyanzvi, kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Masayendisiti, nyanzvi dzemari, uye vaongorori vemiitiro vanoshandisa simba apo zvipupuriro zvavo zvinoumba zvisarudzo zvemitemo kana kuti murangariro wavanhu.
  • Simba rakakomba [ rinovapo kubva pasimba romunhu oga, chivimbo, kana kuti zita. Varongi venzanga, vanoshinga, uye zviverengero zvinoremekedzwa zvinoratidzira simba apo kutsigira kwavo vateveri pasina nzvimbo ipi neipi yetsika yomurairo.

Marudzi aya haasati ari akasiana. Meya, somuenzaniso, panguva imwe cheteyo anochengeta simba rapamutemo kupfurikidza nehofisi, tuso kupfurikidza nokudzora zvibvumirano zvemanisiparati, uye simba rinobvira kana iye akasanofanana. Kuziva kubatanidzwa pakati paaya manyuko kunokosha kunzvera kuti pesvedzero inoshanda sei chaizvoizvo munzanga.

Kunzwisisa Chiremera Sesimba Rakakodzera

Chiremera rudzi rwakananga rwesimba runosiyaniswa nounhu humwe hunokosha: kuva pamutemo. Apo tinotaura kuti mumwe munhu "ane chiremera," hatingorevi bedzi kuti anogona kumanikidza kuteerera asi kuti ivo vanorangarirwa sevane maruramiro okuita kudaro. Uku kunzwisisa kwokururama kunoshandura simba risingagamuchirwi kuva chimiro chinogamuchirwa munzanga chepesvedzero, uye ndiko kunoparadzanisa mutongi nemutongi anochenjerwa, mukuru mukuru wemapurisa kubva kuboka reboka. Muzivi wenzanga Max Weber akagovera simba rakatanhamara rechiremera chinoramba chiri chehwaro yetsikano kufundo yazvino uno yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Marudzi Matatu Echiremera

  • Chiremera chenhau chinogara pachitendero chakasimbiswa muutsvene hwetsika dzekare namaruramiro aavo vakagarwa nhaka simba kupfurikidza neaya magamuchidzanwa. Hurumende, madzimambo edzinza, uye dzimwe zviremera zvorudzidziso zvinowana chiremera chazvo mumienzaniso iyo inodzokera shure. Mumifungo yehurumende, chiremera chamagamuchidzanwa chinoratidzirwa mumasangano akafanana nedzimba dzapamusoro dzenhaka (h.g., Imba yaMadzishe) kana kuti mabasa emiitiro akadai samadzimambo emitemo yapamutemo.
  • Chiremera chechiFarmasi chinobva pamavara omunhu omunhu akasiyana - siyana. (Hwembere, utsvene, simba risingapinduri, kana kuti chiono chokuchinja. Nhoroondo, nhamba dzakadai saMartin Luther King Jr., Mahtma Gandhi, naFranklin D. Roosevelt akashandisa chiremera chesimba resimba resimba rakatanhamara iro raipfuura nzvimbo dzavo dzetsika. Zvisinei, Weber akacherekedza kuti chiremera chesimba rinokwenyengedzerwa nemhaka yokuti chinotsamira pabudiriro inopfuuridzirwa yomutungamiriri uye magnetic; apo mutungamiriri anofa kana kuti anokundikana, chiremera chinofanira "kuitwa chaitwa" muchimiro chikuru zvikuru.
  • Chiremera chomubatanidzwa chehurumende chakavakirwa mugadziriro yemitemo yakarongwa, miitiro, uye mitemo inoshanda zvakaenzana kumitezo yose yenzanga. Ichi chimiro chikuru chechiremera muhurumende dzazvino uno nehurumende dzinotonga. Simba rinoshandiswa kwete nemhaka yaiye ane nzvimbo yebasa asi nemhaka yebasa rimene negadziriro yapamutemo inorondedzera masimba aro. Vagari vemo vanoteerera mukuru mukuru wemotokari kwete nemhaka yorutyo kana kuti ruvimbiko asi nemhaka yokuti vanogamuchira kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro yemitemo iyo inobvumira mukuru mukuru mukuru kutungamirira bhizimisi kutungamira.

Kusiyana Kukuru Pakati Pesimba Nechiremera

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunoshongedzera vagari vemo nezvinhu zvinoda kufungwa nezvazvo kuti vaongorore kukumbira uye zviito zvemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika.

Kwakabva Mutemo

Musiyano mukurusa uri mukuva wapamutemo. Chiremera nguva dzose chinova nesimba rinogamuchirwa munzanga kupfurikidza nemitemo, tsika, kana kuti kubvumirana kwakakurumbira. Simba, mukupesana, rinogona kuvapo pasina kuva nesimba ripi neripi rakadaro. Mupi akapfuma anopa mari yenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika angashandisa pesvedzero huru pamitemo, asi pesvedzero iyoyo haisati ichiwana maruramiro epamutemo omuvhoti womutemo. Ikoku hakuiti simba romupi retsika mupfungwa yetsika, asi kunoreva kuti rinobva mupfuma panzvimbo pokubvumirana.

Kugadzirwa Kwakaitwa Nokuumbwa

Chiremera chinowanzoitwa kuti chive chakarongwa mukati megadziriro dzakajeka dzesangano. Mabumbiro emitemo, mitemo, uye rondedzero dzebasa dzinoparira miganhu yakajeka kumativi ose ane chiremera pamusoro pezvinhu nemigariro. Simba imvura zhinji zvikuru. Mibatanidzwa yemasanga, ukama hwomunhu oga, dzvinyiriro yemari, uye dzimbahwe renzanga zvose zvinoparira simba rinoshanda kunze kwemikoto yapamutemo. Mutezo wechiduku ungashandisa simba rinokosha kupfurikidza nokuwana mashoko kana kuti batano dzomunhu oga, kunyange zvazvo chiremera chake chapamutemo chiri chiduku zvikuru.

Kugadzikana uye Nguva Yakareba

Chiremera hachiwanzotsiga kupfuura simba nemhaka yokuti chakasimbiswa mumasangano anobatira munhu oga oga anobatira pamutemo. Huru hweUnited States hwakaramba huri nzvimbo ine simba kwamazana maviri amakore, pasinei zvapo nokuti ndiani arimo. Simba, zvikurukuru kana richitsamira paukama hwomunhu oga kana kuti papfuma, rinogona kupera nokukurumidza. Mudaviri anorasikirwa nesimba apo mutendi wavo anorega kutsigira mari; sangano rokuramba rinorasikirwa nesimba apo ngwariro yavose inochinja kunzvimbo iri yose.

Kuzvidavirira Nevasingadzorwi

Chiremera chine mipimo yokuzvidavirira yapamutemo. Vakuru vakuru vanoziviswa vanotarisana nesarudzo, vatongi vanotarisana nehwirudzuro yedare, uye vatongi vanoshanda mungetani dzemurairo. Simba, zvikurukuru apo rinoshandiswa namasanga, kazhinji kazhinji rinonzvenga ganhuriro dzakadaro. Mutevedzeri wenhau unoumba murangariro wavose kupfurikidza nokufukidzwa kwenhau unoshandisa simba rakati nokuzvidavirira kwakarongwa. Kuziva iyi mikaha pakati pechiremera chetsika nesimba chairoiro kunokosha nokuda kwokugona kuravararira vanhu.

Simba Nechiremera Mukutonga Kwehurumende

Gadziriro dzedemocracy dzakavakirwa panheyo yokuti chiremera chinofanira kupiwa kupfurikidza nesarudzo dzapachena nedzakarurama, nesimba rinoparadzirwa mumasangano akawanda kudzivisa mutambi upi noupi kudzora. Bva kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakakura, ukama pakati pesimba nechiremera hwakaoma uye hunodenhwa.

Kakavadzano Pakati Pechiremera Nesimba Risina Kusarudzwa

Chimwe chedenho huru yokutonga kwazvino uno inyanduko pakati pechiremera chapamutemo chavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa nesimba risina kurongwa ravatambi. Vatarisiri vehurumende, vatongi, vachengeti vebhangi vepakati, uye vakuru vakuru vakuru vanotungamirira kazhinji kazhinji vane chiremera chinokosha chokuita chisarudzo, bva havazvidaviri zvakananga kuvavhoti. Munguva ino, mapoka ezviwanira hanya zvinosanorongwa, vatsigiri vesangano, uye vapfumi vangashandisa simba rinokwikwidza kana kuti rinopfuura iro ravamiriri vakasarudzwa. Uku kupesana pakati pechiremera chapamutemo nepesvedzero chaiyoiyo kunowedzera kuva nomuitiro wekutsigira mari yebhizimisi, kuoneka kwapamhizha, uye kusimbiswa mitemo yetsika.

Apo Chiremera Chinova Simba: Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwehofisi

Nemhaka yokuti chiremera chine maruramiro, avo vanochirangarira vanotarisana nomuedzo wenguva dzose wokutambanudzira kusvika kwavo kupfuura miganhu yacho yakafanira. Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwechiremera kunoitika apo mutarisiri anoshandisa nzvimbo yavo yapamutemo kushandisa simba munzira idzo dzisingatenderwi nomutemo kana kuti tsika dzenzanga. Mienzaniso inovambira paunyengeri huduku hunonyengedzwa noushati hwegadziriro. Naizvozvo Vagari vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira, vachitarisira kana vanhu vane chiremera vari kushanda munzvimbo yavo yapamutemo kana kuti vachishandisa nzvimbo yavo kuunganidza simba risingaverengeki.

Simba Nechiremera Muchibvumirano Chomubatanidzwa

Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe nenzanga vanotsvaka kuita musiano muupenyu hwapachena, kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pesimba nechiremera hakusi kudhura kwedzidzo nejee, hakusi chinhu chinoshanda. Kuvimbisa kwenzanga kunobudirira kunoda vagari vemo kuziva uko kune pesvedzero yechokwadi uye kushandisa zvose zviri zviviri zvimiro zvechiremera zvakarongwa uye masimba asina kurongwa.

Kuvaka Simba Rinounganidza Kupfurikidza Nebasa Ramagudzanzwi

Kushanda kwekodzero dzevanhu, kushanda kwevashandi, uye mamiriro okunze epanguva iyoyo zvose zvinoratidza kuti zvinoitwa neboka rimwe chete zvinogona sei kuchinja maonero evanhu, kumanikidza kunoitwa nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kuchinja kwemasangano aya.

  • Simba reNartification
  • Simba rekuziva []
  • Simba reDispurection
  • Simba rezvokugona

Kufamba kwemagwaro kazhinji kazhinji kunovamba nesimba duku rakarongwa asi kunounganidza simba sezvarinokura, pakupedzisira richishandurira simba iroro muchiremera chinozivikanwa kupfurikidza nemitemo inowana, chinjo dzamasangano, kana kuti rukundo rwekusarudza.

Kushandisa Chiremera Nenzira Yokungwarira

Avo vane nzvimbo dzechiremera() vakasarudzwa navakuru vakuru, vatongi, vatarisiri, mitezo yedare rechikoro, vakuru vemapurisa (_vane ganhuriro yakasiana yemisengwa. Chiremera chisina uchenjeri kana kuti chinodzorwa chinopinda nyore nyore muudzori. Chiremera chine mutoro chinoda, kuti:

  • Tractive pamusoro pemiitiro yokuita zvisarudzo uye zvikonzero zviri seri kwezvisarudzo
  • Ubhangi [ kupfurikidza nokushuma kwenguva dzose, utarisiri hwakazvimirira, uye kudavira kumativi ose
  • Chiratidzo [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] pamusoro peganhuriro dzezivo yomunhu uye maruramiro emirangariro inopesana
  • Chibvumirano chokuratidza kururama kwetsika, kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoshandiswa nguva dzose uye icho chinotapura mapati ane banza rokunzwiwa

Zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvecobic zvinosimbisa nheyo idzi zvinobatsira vadzidzi kwete kungoda kodzero dzavo chete asi kushandisa chiremera kana vakazovatungamirira.

Zvidzidzo zveChedical Case

Nyaya dzinotevera dzinoratidza kuti simba nechiremera zvinoshanda sei pane zvakasiyana - siyana zviri kuitika munzanga.

Mhaka 1: Chikoro Chikuru uye Mubatanidzwa Womudzidzisi

Mukuru wechikoro chapamusoro ane chiremera chakarongwa pamabasa echikoro, kubatanidza chiremera chokugadza zvirongwa, kugovera zviwanikwa, uye kugombedzera miitiro yokuranga. Zvisinei, mubatanidzwa wavadzidzisi une simba rinokosha kupfurikidza nebvumirano dzinowirirana, mano okunyora zvichemo, uye kubatana kwemitezo yawo. Chiremera chomukuru chinodzorwa nesimba romubatanidzwa, uye utungamiriri hunobudirira hunoda kukurukurirana, kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uye kuremekedza basa remubatanidzwa. Mukuru mukuru anobata chiremera chavo sezvichakurumidza kuwana kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvinokwikwidzana uye pesvedzero yavo inoshorwa.

Chinoitika 2: Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo Nenzanga Zvinoronga

Mumaguta akawanda, masangano enharaunda namasangano enzanga anoshandisa simba rinopfuura zvikuru chiremera chawo chakarongwa. Boka ravagari vemo rinoronga nenzira inobudirira rinogona kuvhara basa rokubudirira, kutsigira mari yakachengeteka nokuda kwepaka, kana kuti kumanikidza dare reguta kuchinja mitemo. Simba ravo rinobva muzivo yenhau dzomunzvimbomo, ukama nevashandi veguta, ngwariro yezvinobudisa nhau, uye mano okuunganidza vavhoti. Dare reguta rine chiremera chakarongwa chokuita zvisarudzo zvokupedzisira, asi sangano renzanga reshavvy rinogona kuumba zvisarudzo izvozvo vasati vambosvika vhoti.

Chinoitika 3: Pesvedzero Yesangano Mumari Yemunhimbe

Chichitevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reU.S. mu Citizens United v. FEC (2010), makambani navapi vakapfuma vakawana mano okushandisa mari isina kuganhurirwa pamibato yezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nePURCS. Iyi chisarudzo hachina kupa ava vatambi chiremera chipi nechipi chetsika pamusoro poubati ushe; havagoni kuvhota kana kuti kuva nehofisi. Zvisinei, simba ravanoshandisa kupfurikidza nemipiro yazvirongwa, zvitsauko zvazvimiriro zvakazvimirira, uye mabasa okusimudzira. Chino chakatanhamara zvakajeka kuti chiremera chapamutemo nesimba chairoicho zvinogona kukwira zvinoshamisa, kumutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pomureza wehurumende yehurumende neutongi.

Mugumisiro: Chikonzero Nei Izvi Zvichisiyanisa Zvinhu

Musiano pakati pesimba nechiremera haisi pfundo duku. Irenji iro vagari vemo vanogona kunzwisisa naro kuti ndiani chaizvoizvo anodzora, kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, uye uko kuzvidavirira kunovapo. Muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda, chiremera chinombofanira kupiwa navanhu ndokudzorwa nomutemo, nepo simba richifungidzirwa kuva rinoparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Bva chinhu chaichoicho chinoshatisa: simba rinoungana mumakona asingadaviriki, uye chiremera chinogona kushandiswa nenzira yokuzvidira.

Vadzidzi vanogona kuziva kuti simba rinobva kupi, vachiziva kusiyana kuripo pakati pechiremera chepamutemo nesimba remhuka, uye kunzwisisa kuti kufambisa uswa hunovaka sei simba kubva pasi kwakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuita basa rehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Havagoni kukanganisa zvikuru, uye vangakwanisa kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavire, uye vangangoda kuita basa rakaoma asi rinokosha rokuzvitonga.

Zvishandiso izvi zvinotsamira pakuti ndiani anozvishandisa, nokuda kwezvinangwa zvipi, uye nokuganhurira kupi. Vagari vemo vanonzwisisa zvishandiso izvi vanogona kurayira kuti chiremera chishandiswe nenzira ine mufungo uye simba iroro rigoverwe zvakarurama.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy’s pa musengwa wezvamatongerwe enyika, Oxford Handbook of Political Theory's shoory of simba nechiremera [[, uye rugwaro rwakatanhamara [[FLT] Signegne : Maonere aro [[FLT:] naS] naS, kuwedzera, U. Dare redzidzo rinopa kupetwa kwa [[FLT:] mutemo semanyuko echiremera [[FLT]