Gadziriro yapamutemo yeAmerica inoshanda pamakwara maviri akasiana - siana, uye utsotsi. Chinova chimwe nechimwe chine mitemo yacho chimene, miitiro, uye miuyo. Nepo nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzichivavarira kutsigira ruramisiro, dzinosiana zvikuru mumarangiro adzinoita. Zvirango zvavagari vemo netongerwo dzoutsotsi zvinobatira mabasa akasiyana - siyana enzanga, kuisa mitoro yakasiana--- siyana yezvibvumikiso, uye kuparira miuyo yakasiana zvikuru nokuda kwaavo vanobatanidzwa. Kunzwisisa iyi miuyo haisati iri bedzi rovedzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo; ine mirangariro chaiyoiyo nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotarisana nechiito chapamutemo, kufunda mutemo, kana kuti kungoedza bedzi kunzvera kudzorwa kwemitoro yezuva riri rose. Nyaya inopa kunzvera kukuru kwezvirango pakati pezvirango dzavagari vemo nekuita utsotsi, kubatanidza midziro yavo dzenhau, dzidzo, uye miuyo inoshanda.

Hwaro Hwokupiwa Chirango Kwevagari Vemo

Zvirango zvevagari vemo zvinomuka pamagakava ezvikwata zvevanhu voga, nzanga, mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano ehurumende zvinozivisa kuti mumwe munhu akaputsa basa, akaputsa chibvumirano, kana kuti akaparira kuvadziko. Kusafanana nemhosva dzoutsotsi, idzo dzinounzwa nehurumende kuti dzirange mufambiro unonzi unokuvadza kunzanga, zviito zvehurumende zvinotangwa nebato rakakuvadzwa (mutongi) rinotsvaka mushonga. Vavariro huru yomutemo wehurumende haisati iri yokuranga asi kuita kuti boka rakakuvadzwa rive rose, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nebhadharo kana kuti murayiro wokuita (kana kuti kurega) chimwe chinhu.

Marudzi Ezvakaipa Zvevagari Vomunyika Imwe Chete

Mutemo wehurumende unobatanidza zvakaipa zvakawanda, kubatanidza:

  • Kupedzisa chibvumirano: apo mumwe munhu anokundikana kuita misengwa yaro pasi pebvumirano inomanikidzirwa pamutemo.
  • [[[FOL:0] :[ zvikanganiso zvavagari vemo zvinobatanidza kuvadziko yomunhu oga, kuregeredza, kuzvidza, kana kuti kuvadziko yezvinhu.
  • Kuputsa mutemo: Kusawirirana nemirau yehurumende, yakadai semirau yemhoteredzo, mipimo yekotsekano yebasa, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvokushuma mune zvemari.
  • [[[FLT: 0] kukakavadzana kwomutemo wemhuri:[ kurambana, kuchengetwa kwavana, uye kutsigira zvinhu.
  • [[[FOL:0] pembedzo:[ kusabvumirana, nhau dzinonetsa dzinobatanidza muridzi, kana kuti rwisano dzokuva muridzi.

Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, dare rinoronga kupedza gakava uye, apo kwakakodzera, kudzorwa kana kuti kuitwa chaikoiko. Zvirango zvavagari vemo zvinobatanidza zvikurukuru faindi yemari, kudzorerwa, mirairo, kana kuti mimwe mishonga inotenderwa. Kudzorwa hakutongovi muuyo wakananga munhau yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo kuzvidza dare (muchib., kuramba kuwirirana nemurairo wedare) kunogona kutungamirira kunguva yokuiswa mutorongo.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Zvichida musiyano mukuru zvikuru pakati pomutemo wehurumende newematsotsi mutoro wezvibvumikiso. Munhau dzevagari vemo, mupurisa anofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yake kupfurikidza ne kurangarira ufakazi.

Somuenzaniso, mukusaitira hanya kunoparirwa netsaona yemotokari, muparadzi anongova zvake anoda kuratidza kuti kunobvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti kutyaira kwokusangwarira kwomukwirirwi kwakaparira kuvadziko. Mukwiri angarairwa kubhadhara kuvadziko kunyange kana pane panikiro dzakati pamusoro penhevedzano chaiyoiyo yezvinoitika. Iyi mupimo uri nyore zvikuru kugutsa kupfuura mupimo woutsotsi we "Kurega panikiro ine mufungo."

Kusaruramisira Kwevanhu: Zvakanakira, Zvakakuvadza, uye Kubatsira Kunoruramisira

Zvirango zvevagari vemo zvinongobatanidza izvi:

  • [[FOM: 0] Kukuvadza:[[FT: 1] Mari yakagadzirirwa kufukidza kurasikirwa chaikoiko, zvakadai semabhiri okurapa, mari yakarashikirwa, kana kuti ndyiko dzokugadzira zvinhu.
  • Mibayiro yemari yakawedzerwa yakarehwa nokuranga kusazvibata kwakaipa ndokudzivisa mufambiro wakafanana munguva yemberi. Kukuvadza kwokuranga hakuwanzowaniki uye kunoda chibvumikiso cheutsinye, kunyengera, kana kuti kuregeredza kukuru.
  • Injucts: Dare rinoraira kuti paitwe chimwe chinhu (mutoo, kubvisa chivako chine ngozi) kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu (mutoo, rega kubudisa kutaura kunozvidza).
  • Mubato weSangano: Murairo unogombedzera boka kuita musengwa webvumirano, zvakadai sokutamisa zvinhu zvakasiana.

Pfundo guru rokunzwisisa nderokuti zvirango zvavagari vemo hazvigumi nechinyorwa choutsotsi. Zvisinei, zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yakakomba, kubatanidza kuparadzwa kwemari kana kuti kuvharwa kwebhizimisi. Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame, Cornell Legin Information Institute yetsika dzevagari vemo [ inogovera hwaro hwakaisvonaka.

Kunzwisisa Zvirango Zvematsotsi

Mukupesana, mitongo youtsotsi inoiswa nehurumende apo munhu anowanirwa mhaka yemhosva — chiito chinorambidzwa nomutemo uye chinorangarirwa kuva chinokuvadza nzanga yose. Kupomera mhaka kweutsotsi kunotangwa nomuchuchisi wehurumende, zvakadai segweta reruwa kana kuti muchuchisi wehurumende, anoshanda nokuda kwe "vanhu." donzo romutemo woutsotsi kuranga vaiti vezvakaipa, kudzivirira mhaka dzomunguva yemberi, uye pane dzimwe nguva kuvandudza mutadzi.

Zvikamu Zvoutsotsi

Utsotsi hunowanzorongwa noukombi:

  • Kuputsa kuduku: Kupunzika kuduku, kwakadai sematikiti emotokari kana kuti kurasa marara, kunowanzorangwa nefashoni bedzi. Hakuwanzobatanidza nguva yomujeri.
  • Misdemers: mhosva dzakakomba zvikuru dzakadai sekuba tunhu tuduku, kudenha kusingadzoreki, kana kuti kusafamba zvakanaka. Tsvaka rezvikwereti rinogona kubatanidza kusvikira kugore rimwe mutorongo, kuchengetwa, uye faindi.
  • Tsamba:[ Imhosva dzakakomba zvikurusa, kubatanidza kuponda, umbavha, kudenha muvatano, kutengesa mirimo, uye kubiridzira. Kutenderwa kwamano kunotakura zvirango zverinopfuura gore rimwe mutorongo, faindi huru, uye kazhinji kazhinji nduramo yemiuyo yokuzvibaira.

Kurongwa kwemhosva kunotapura kutongwa, mutongo unobvira, uye kodzero dzinopiwa mupomeri.

Mutoro Woufakazi Mumhosva Dzeutsotsi

Mupimo woutsotsi woufakazi ` kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo.

Nemhaka yokuti zvitendero zvoutsotsi zvinogona kutorera vanhu rusununguko rwavo, Bumbiro Remitemo rinopa vakwirirwi dziviriro dzamagamuchidzanwa dzakawanda, kubatanidza maruramiro okutonga, maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara, kodzero yegweta (inorongwa pandyiko dzehurumende kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kubhadhara imwe), uye dziviriro panjodzi yakapetwa kaviri (kuva akatongwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe chete).

Zviratidzo Zvoutsotsi

Apo mupomerwi anowanirwa mhaka, mutongi (kana kuti pane dzimwe nguva vatongi) anoisa mutongo.

  • Kuisa mubato: Jail (pamifungo yakaipa) kana kuti jeri (pamifungo). Urefu hunotsamira paukombi hweutsotsi, nhau youtsotsi yomukwirirwi, uye nhungamiro dzapamutemo.
  • Chirango: Chinotsiva kusungwa uko mutadzi anoramba ari munzanga anotarisira, achidzorwa nemigariro yakadai secheki dzenguva dzose, kuedzwa kwemirimo, kana kuti nguva dzokusvika pamba.
  • [[[FT:0] Mirango: Zvirango zvokusashanda zvinobhadharwa kuhurumende, kazhinji kazhinji inoshandiswa sechirango chokuwedzera.
  • Basa rekomupiyuta: Basa risingabhadharwi nokuda kwesangano risingapinduri mhindu kana kuti rehurumende, rakarehwa nokuripira nzanga.
  • Restitution: kubhadharwa kwanyajambwa nokuda kwokurasikirwa kunoparirwa zvakananga neutsotsi.
  • chirango chorufu: Mune dzimwe nyika, nokuda kwemhosva dzakaipisisa zvikuru dzakadai sokuponda kwokutanga.

Kusiyana nezvirango zvevagari vemo, kutenderwa kwemhosva kunoita kuti pave nechinyorwa chenguva dzose chinokanganisa basa, dzimba, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye marezenisi enyanzvi. U.S. Department of Justice’s Criminal Division[[FLT: 1] inogovera zvinhu zvakawanda pamiitiro yehurumende yokutonga.

Misiyano Huru Pakati Pezvirango Zvevagari Vemo Nezvirango Zveutsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo masangano acho ose ari maviri achikonzera migumisiro, anosvetuka nenzira dzinokosha.Pazasi pane kuenzanisa kune udzame kunenge kuine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaoma.

Kusikwa Kwechigumbu

  • Civil: inobatanidza kuputswa kwebasa kana kuti chibvumirano. Chiito chinounzwa nomunhu kana kuti sangano rinotaura kuvadziko.
  • [[FT:0]

Donzo Rokupfuurira

  • [[FT:0] Kivil: Kupedza gakava nokutsiva munhu akuvara. Chirango chingaranga kusazvibata kwakanyanyisa, asi muripo ndicho chinangwa chikuru.

Migumisiro

  • [[FT:0] :[[FLT]

Mutoro Woufakazi

  • Civil: Kufungisisa ufakazi (kunenge kuti).
  • [[[FT:0]

Kupinda Mumitambo Kunobatanidzwa

  • [[FOL:0] [[FLT]Priff (boka rapachivande) mukurwisana nomukwirirwi.
  • [[FT:0]

Kusvika Kumba Yokutambira

  • : Mapati angachengeta zano, asi hurumende haigoveri gweta kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kubhadhara chimwe (kunze kwezvimwe zvinoitika zvakafanana nomusengwa wehurumende).

Kudzivirirwa Kuviri Kwengozi

  • Haadzivirirwi nengozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Mukwirirwi anogona kupomerwa mhosva kunyange pashure pokunge asunungurwa mudare ramatsotsi nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho chiri pasi penhau.

Iri pfundo rokupedzisira rinokosha. Somuenzaniso, O.J. Simpson akasunungurwa pakuponda mudare routsotsi asi akawana ane mhaka yorufu rwakaipa mudare ravagari vemo.

Kunyanyisa uye Kufambidzana: Kurevererwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Neutsotsi nokuda Kwechiito Chimwe Chete

Chiito chimwe chinogona kuparira zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nemhosva. Muidzi "nhau dzinoitwa nenzira yebhizimisi", hurumende ingatonga nemhosva apo nyajambwa (kana kuti boka rapachivande) anoisa panguva imwe chete mhaka yavagari vemo. Mienzaniso inozivikanwa navose inobatanidza:

  • Fraud: Kambani inobiridzira vatengi vemari inotarisana nemhosva dzinobva kuBato reRuramisiro nemhosva dzehurumende dzinobva kuvaronzesi vanotsvaka kubhadharwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Assault: Mupari mhaka angapomerwa kudenha kana kuti bhatiri mudare routsotsi, nepo nyajambwa achikwirira nokuda kwendyiko dzokurapa namarwadzo nokutambura mudare ravagari vemo.
  • Kuputsa kwetsika: Sangano rinorasa tsvina ine chepfu zvisiri pamutemo rinogona kuripiswa neEPA (chirango) ndokutongerwa pasi peCease Water Act (mutongo worupo), nepo vavakidzani vangapa mhaka nokuda kwokukuvadzwa kwezvinhu.

Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakatsigira ratsigirazve kuwirirana kwebumbiro remitemo kwokutonga kwavagari vemo noutsotsi, kana mhaka yacho ikasaputsa kodzero dzeFind 5 Amendimension yomukwiridziridzirwo pakodzero dzokuzvipopotera. American Bar Association’s jast jamp ment jamplat system [ inopa nhungamiro pamusoro pokuti iyi miitiro inowirirana inobata sei.

Migumisiro Yacho: Apo Mutongo Wehurumende Unonzwa Somutongo Woutsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo zvirango zvavagari vemo zvisingatapurwi nechinyorwa chetsotsi, zvinogona kuva zvinoparadza. Rutongeso rukuru rwavagari vemo runogona kurovha munhu kana kuti bhizimisi. Rubhadharo rwokudzosa, rwakadai serwokuiswa neSecurence and Exchange Commission (SEC) kana kuti Federal Trade Commission (FTC), runogona kusvika mamiriyoni emadhora. Muzvimwe zviitiko, kurasikirwa nehurumende kunobvumira hurumende kutora nzvimbo pasina kutenderwa kwoutsotsi (muitiro unoita kuti vatsoropodzi vapise mutsetse pakati pechirango chevagari vemo necho.)

Uyezve, dzimwe nhau dzehurumende, dzakadai sokudzingwa kwemhosva dzinotongwa nevanhu vasiri vagari vemo, dzinogona kuparira migumisiro youpenyu hwose yakakomba zvikuru kupfuura mitongo mizhinji youtsotsi. Musiyano pakati pechi "chivhil" ne"mhosva haugari wakajeka, uye kunzwisisa mifungo inokosha kumunhu upi noupi anotarisana nechinetso chapamutemo.

Mashoko Anoshanda: Zvamunofanira Kuziva

Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe navadzidzi vanodzidza mutemo, vatsvaki vanoverengeka vanoshanda vanobuda muiyi enzanisiro:

  1. [[FLT: 0] Nguva dzose rangarira zvakakomba kukwirira mhaka kwavagari vemo. Kunyange zvazvo pasina ngozi yetorongo, rutongeso rwavagari vemo runogona kuguma neripiso, bheji, uye kuparadzwa kwemari. Kudzivirira sumo yavagari vemo kunoda ratidziro yapamutemo yakafanana nemhaka youtsotsi.
  2. pasi pano kutsigira kuti haugoni kumanikidzwa kupupurira mumhaka youtsotsi (Fith Amendment), asi mumhaka yehurumende, ungadikanirwa kupindura mibvunzo(* uye mhinduro dzako dzinogona gare gare kushandiswa mudare utsotsi. Bvunza negweta usati wataura muchinoitika chipi nechipi chapamutemo.
  3. Zivai mitemo yeganhuriro. Zvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzoutsotsi zvine ganhuriro dzenguva yokunyora. Kurega nguva yokusvika kunogona kuganhurira nhau yacho chose chose.
  4. Kana ukatarisana nezvose zviri zviviri mhaka yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi nokuda kwechiito chimwe chetecho, unoda gadziriro dzakasiana. Kuzvidzivirira kwoutsotsi kunobudirira hakungoerekani kwakudzivirira panjodzi dzavagari vemo, uye kugarwa kwehurumende hakudzivisi pomero dzoutsotsi.

Nokuda kwefundo yakadzama, Cornell LII peji pamusoro pokutongerwa utsotsi inogovera kuputsika kune udzame kwemitsetse inosarudzwa, kubatanidza nhungamiro dzomubatanidzwa.

mhedziso

Mutemo wemitemo unosiyanisa zvikuru zvirango zvevagari vemo netongero dzeutsotsi, uchiratidza fariro dzakasiyana - siyana dziri padziri. Mutemo wevagari vomunyika inopedza kukakavadzana kwepachivande uye unotsiva vanyajambwa nemari kana kuti zvirango, uchishandisa mupimo wakaderera weufakazi. Mutemo wematsotsi unoranga vatadzi nokuda kwenzanga, kazhinji kazhinji uchivanyima rusununguko, uye unokumbira mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa wezvibvumikiso zvokudzivirira vasina mhaka. Nepo gadziriro mbiri pane dzimwe nguva dzinobatanidzwa, madonzo avo, miitiro, uye miuyo zvinoramba zviri zvakasiana.