Chii Chiri Mutemo Unodzora?

Mutemo unodzora idare romutemo unodzora mibato yamasangano anodzora ehurumende. Aya masangano anoumbwa nomutemo kuti aite zvinangwa zvakati zvehurumende, zvakadai sokudzivirira mhoteredzo, kuvimbisa chengeteko yebasa, kana kuti kutungamirira misika yemari. Mutemo unobata nemiitiro iyo masangano anoshanda, mitemo yaanopa, uye mitemo yavanoronga, uye mashandiro avanoita zvisarudzo zvavo. Kusafanana netsotsi kana kuti kupfuudzira matare, mutemo unodzora unowanzoshanda kupfurikidza nematare chaiwo kana kuti masangano ezve, uchipa nzira inochinjika zvikuru nenyanzvi dzokuita nayo. Manyuko makuru omutemo anobatanidza Accured Act (AA) yehurumende muna 1946 uye miitiro yokutarisira, pamwe chete nezviito zvedare, uye zviteshinga.

Basa Rezvirongwa Zvehurumende

Masangano anotarisira ndiwo vatambi vakuru mugadziriro yomutemo wehurumende. Anoumbwa neCongress (kana kuti masangano ehurumende) kupfurikidza nokugonesa mutemo unovapa chiremera chokuita munharaunda yakati. Masangano anoita chaizvoizvo mabasa matatu makuru: kugadza, kudzikamisa, uye kuvimbisa. Mabasa aya anowirirana namapazu ehurumende egamuchidzanwa asi akabatanidzwa mukati mesangano rimwe, achimutsa mibvunzo inokosha yemitemo pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba. Kunzwisisa aya mabasa kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anofunda kuti mitemo yehurumende itsigire sei kupfuura madare.

Kutonga

Kugadza mitemo muitiro uyo masangano anotanga nawo mitemo inowirirana inoshandisa mutauro wedare. Munsi meAPA, kugadzirwa kwemitemo kukurusa kwehurumende kunotevera mutoo we "note natsinhiro": sangano rinobudisa mutemo unokarakadzwa muFederal Register, magweta avose, anorangarira mubatanidzwa, uye ipapo anopa mutemo wokupedzisira netsinhiro yehwaro nedonzo. Uyu muitiro unovimbisa kuva pachena negadziriro yavose. Dzimwe nguva unopawo mitemo kana kuti kutaura kwemitemo kusati kuchibatanidza zviri pamutemo asi kutevedzerwa kwesangano renhungamiro. Simba rokuita mitemo nesimba romutemo ndirimwe ramativi anokosha zvikurusa ehurumende.

Kumanikidzwa

Gadziriro dzinogombedzerwa kuwirirana nemirau yadzo kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kunzverwa, uye kuiswa kwezvirango. Kumanikidzirwa kungavamba nezvikumbiro zvisina kurongwa nokuda kwemashoko kana kuti zvikamu zvapamberi. Masangano mazhinji ane mapoka okutarisira akazvitsaurira ayo anonzvera kuputsa kunobvira ndokuunza zvichemo zvokutonga. Zvibvumirano zvinogona kubatanidza faindi yavagari vemo, kubviswa kwemhindu, kubviswa kwamarezinesi, kana kuti kunyorwa kwemhosva. Somuenzaniso, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mufambiro wokuteerera kudzorondoronzeswa pasi peCeoc Air Act uye zvinogona kubudisa zviratiso zvokutungamirira zvinoda chiito chapa.

Kuregerera

Kuparadza kunobatanidza basa resangano rokupedza nharo. Mumasangano ehurumende, vatongi vomutemo wehurumende vanotungamirira kunzwa kwakafanana nokuedza asi vanoshanda mumitemo inova pachena zvikuru. ALJ inopa chisarudzo chokutanga, icho chingakwidzwa kumusoro wesangano kana kuti dare resangano mukati mesangano. Zvisarudzo zvekupedzisira zvinogona kudenhwa mudare rehurumende, asi matare anopa chaizvoizvo kuzviisa pasi pezviwanwa zvechokwadi nedudziro. Adjudication inobvumira masangano kutanga unyanzvi munharaunda dzakananga uye kushandisa miraudzo kunhau dzakati kuti dzive.

Kumanikidzirwa Kwomutemo Unodzora

Vashandisi vemitemo vanotsamira pamhatsa yezvishandiso zvinosiyana zvikuru nemishonga yakarongeka nedare. Iyi miitiro inogadzirwa kuti ikurumidze uye ive younyanzvi zvikuru kupfuura kudzokororwa kwegamuchidzanwa, asi inomutsawo funganyo dzakafanira. Miitiro yehwaro inobatanidza:

  • Mitemo neMitemo yePurcession: Masangano anogona kunzvera nzvimbo, zvinyorwa, uye mufambiro kubvumikisa kuteererwa. Somuenzaniso, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA) inoita nzvero dzamabasa kumanikidza mipimo yekotsekano. Kunzvera uku hakubvumirwi uye kungatangwa nenyunyuto kana kuti chipfuro chakafanana.
  • Nhamba nemhosva dzevagari vemo:[ Zvirongwa zvingaisa zvirango zvemari nokuda kwokuputswa. Chitsama chinowanzoiswa nomutemo kana kuti negadziriro yakavakirwa paukombi hwekuputsa uye nhau yomupanduki. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) inoraira zvirango zvevagari vemo nokuda kwokushambadza kana kuti kukundikana kuzivisa.
  • License Revolution: Masangano mazhinji anodzora kudzorwa kwerezenisi rejeri (mutoo, kushandisa chikwata chesimba renyukireya, mishonga, kana kuti redhiyo paredhiyo). Kutyora kunogona kutungamirira kukudzima, kuvhara nomutoo unobudirira mubato unodzorwa. Ichi chishandiso chine simba nemhaka yokuti chinobvisa mvumo yepamutemo yokushandisa.
  • COP] ne Desist Orders: Zvirongwa zvinogona kubudisa mirairo yokumisa kupunzika kunopfuurira nokukurumidza. Kumira uye kumira kwemitemo inobva kuFederal Trade Commission (FTC), somuenzaniso, kunogona kumisa muitiro webhizimisi usina kururama kana kuti unonyengera pasina kumirira kutongwa kwokupedzisira.
  • [ Zvirevo zvakabvumirwa uye Zvibvumirano zvokugara: Zviito zvakawanda zvokutarisira zvinoguma nemisha umo sangano rinodzorwa rinobvumirana nezvirango zvakananga zvokuteerera kana kuti zvirango pasina kubvuma mhaka. Zvibvumirano izvi zvinowanzobatanidza zvirongwa zvokuteerera uye zvinodiwa.
  • Influcts neYamuro isingasaruri: Mirayiro yedare yehurumende kumanikidza kubvumirana kana kuti kudzivisa kuvadziko isingagadzirisiki. Somuenzaniso, EPA inogona kukumbira dare kuraira dare kuraira nzvimbo yakashatisa kumisa chisarudzo chinomirira kubviswa kwenhau yokutarisira.

Chisarudzo pakati peizvi chinotsamira paukombi hweputswa, chiremera chesangano, uye kudikanwa kwekumhanya. APA inoisa zvinodikanwa nokuda kweziviso, kodzero dzokunzwa, uye zvisarudzo zvakanyorwa kuti ive nechokwadi chezviito zvokuchengeta.

Nheyo Huru Dzokutonga Dzinokanganisa Kushanda Kwoutarisiri

Zvisarudzo zvakasiyana - siyana zvinochinja zvinhu zvakatanga kutevedzerwa nematare.

Defect: Mu [FT:] Chaveron U.S.A., Inc. Revolutions Defense Council, Inc., Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti apo mutemo unenge usiri wakarurama, matare anofanira kunonokerwa kududzira mutemo une mufungo. Iyi nharaunda yematanho maviri (chokutanga, itsika inoringaringashandisi? hungu, inoshandisa; kana isati iri rondedzero ine mufungo here?) yave iri nzvimbo huru yokutarisira mutemo kwamakumi amakore.

Domead Doctrine: Mu [[FLT:] United States v. [2001], Dare rapamusoro rakajekesa kuti Chevron refutunuka bedzi apo Dare rakapa chiremera kusangano kuita mitemo nesimba romutemo, uye kududzirwa kwesangano kwakapiwa mukushandiswa kwechiremera ichocho. Dzimwe rondedzero (dzikadai sezvinyorwa zvenhungamiro zvisina kurongwa) dzinogamuchira ruremekedzo rwapamberi zvikuru, rwakavakirwa pasimba rerondedzero kupwisa.

Auer Defect: Pasi [[FT:2] Auer v. Robbins (1997), masangano ane kodzero yokuderedza pakududzira mirau yawo amene isina kujeka. Iyi dzidziso inoziva kuti masangano ari munzvimbo yakanakisisa kujekesa mitemo yawo amene. Zvisinei, Dare rakapfupikisa iyi nguva pfupi yapfuura muzvinoitika zvakadai seKisor v. Wilki (209).

Inslain Ask Review: Matare anohwirudzura mitemo yesangano anoshanda "kunzvera zvikuru" pasi pomupimo woushinha hweAPA. Ikoku kunoda masangano kurangarira zvinhu zvinowirirana, kunzvera dzimwe nzira, uye kugovera tsananguro yezvisarudzo zvavo. Dzidziso inovimbisa kuti masangano haaiti nenzira yamaune.

Idzi nheyo dzinoumba nzira iyo masangano anodzika mitemo nayo nemhaka yokuti anotapura ukuru hwechiremera chesangano uye bviro yokuti zviito zvokutarisira zvichapukunyuka hwirudzuro yokutonga.

Nzvero Dzapamhosva Mumutemo Unodzora

Kuongorora nyaya dzakananga kunobatsira kuratidza kuti kushanda kwematare okutarisira kunoshanda sei uye kuti matare anoshanda sei nezviito zvesangano.

Charevron U.S.A. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (19984) Iyi mhaka yakabva kumutemo weEPA inotsanangura "Trandisms" pasi peIvhu raMaganho eEdeograph ra1977. EPA yakadudzira shoko racho kubvumira "mufungo usingadzorwi" wakabata chipata chose samanyuko mamwe, icho chakaderedza mitoro. Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira kududzira EPA', richisimbisa mufananidzo Chevron enhonce. Chino chamasangano anoratidzira sei masangano okutonga anogona kutsanangura nenzira isina kururama mitemo inodzo inodzorwa kupfurikidza nokupfuutsa nokudzika matare.

Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency (2007)
Munhau iyi, masangano anoverengeka nemhoteredzo akatsvaka chisarudzo chokudzora chokuti EPA inofanira kudzora mhepo inodziya muImba yemouse Act. EPA yakanga yaramba kudzora, ichiramba kutaura kuti sayenzi yakanga isina chokwadi uye kuti ine uchenjeri. Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti EPA rine chiremera pasi poMutemo wokudzora magasi egreenter uye kuti kuramba kwayo kuita chiito kwakanga kuri kunopesana kana kwakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvemitemo panzvimbo pokududzira. Mhaka yacho yakamanikidzirwa kupinda mukuita kuti pave nokudzorwa kwemitemo yetsika. Inogona sei kusimbisa basa rokudzika mibato yehurumende yehurumende.

United States v. Mead Corp. (2001)
Mead yakabatanidza rugwaro rwokugadza runodzora kubva kuU.S. Dare reCropulture Service. Chirango chacho hachina kupiwa kupfurikidza neziviso- uye dare asi sedudziro yamasanga. Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti mirau yakadaro haisati ibvumiri Chevronsei nemhaka yokuti haina simba romutemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, inogamuchira Skiddeence yakavakirwa pasimba rinonyengetesa. Iyi mhaka inokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa dare rezviito zvesangano: Kuita mutemo uye kuisadzo musero.

Zviitiko izvi pamwe chete zvinoratidza simba riri pakati pokungwarira kwesangano nokutarisira kwokutonga.

Mutemo Unodzora Mudzidzo Nokugadzirira Basa

Kunzwisisa zvakasimba mutemo wehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwemabasa okuteerera mutemo, basa rehurumende, mutemo wezvirongwa zvevoruzhinji, uye muitiro wepamutemo wepachivande. Zvikoro zvemitemo zvinowanzopa makosi mumutemo wokutarisira sorutivi rukuru rwezvidzidzo, asi kuudzidzisa zvinoda kuvimbisana zvinoshanda.

  • Kunzvera nokuongorora nzira dzechiSocratic End: Zviitiko zvechiratidzo zvakadai seChevron naMead zvinobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa dzidziso dzisinganzwisisiki. Vadzidzisi vanofanira kuisa ngwariro pamashoko echokwadi nemigumisiro yemitemo iri seri kwechisarudzo chimwe nechimwe.
  • Kuedza kutevedzera zvirongwa zvokutevedzera zvinopa vadzidzi ruzivo rwokupa uchapupu, kuongorora uchapupu, uye nharo dzemashoko pamberi peALJs. Ikoku kunokudziridza unyanzvi hwechinyakare hunodonongodzwa kumuitiro wokutarisira.
  • Zvirongwa zvokunzvera pamusoro peProgramu dzakananga: Kugovera nzvero panhamba dzesangano rokuchengeta, kuisa mitemo pachiteshi, kana kuti mitemo yokubvuma yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inobetsera vadzidzi kubatanidza rondedzero nokudzikamisa nyika chaiyoiyo. Federal Register na masangano manyuko makuru.
  • [[NHAU] Programu Dzemitemo Ne Internafts:[[FLT: 1] Kushanda namasangano efariro yehurumende kana kuti masangano avose anoshandira pamwe nawo (zvakadai sekiriniki dzemitemo dzemhoteredzo kana kuti mapoka edziviriro evatengi) zvinogovera ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwemaoko mukudzikamisa kudzora.
  • Kuranga: Mutemo woUdzori unobatanidza nezvemari, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye muitiro wavose. Kukurudzira vadzidzi kunzvera iyi batano kunopfumisa nzwisiso yavo ye nei masangano achimanikidzira mitemo yavanoita.

Vadzidzisi vanogonawo kubatanidza zvinoitika zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, zvakadai sezvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusorosoro zvinoganhura simba resangano rokutungamirira (mutoo, West Virginia v. EPA, 2022, pamibvunzo mikuru yedzidziso) kuchengeta gadziriro yazvino uno uye inonyandura kurukurirano.

Matambudziko Nenhau Dzazvino Uno Mukushanda

Nyaya iyi inoramba ichikurukurwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vehurumende.

  • Kudzorwa kwapamutemo ne "Major Questions" Doctrine: Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti masangano pane dzimwe nguva anopfuura chiremera chawo chomutemo, zvikurukuru apo anotungamirira nhau dzerevo huru yezvemari kana kuti zvamatongerwe enyika. Dzidziso huru yeDare Gurusa, sezvinoshandiswa mu West Virginia v. EPA [202]), inoda Dare kutaura zvakajeka apo rinopa chiremera panhau dzakadaro. Iyi sungiro yesangano.
  • Nhevedzo Inodikanwa Nhungamiro: Nepo kutonga kusiri kwapamutemo kupfuura kutonga kwedare, kuchiri kunofanira kugovera ziviso yakakwana nebanza rine revo rokunzwa. Kumuka kwechibvumirano chokutarisira pasina Article III inodzivirira kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro peruramisiro, zvikurukuru apo vanhu vanotarisana nezvirango zvakaoma.
  • Tsvakara neKuzvidavirira: Mamwe masangano anoshanda kupfurikidza nenhungamiro yamasanga iyo inofuratira kuziva- uye kuisa mitemo, kuderedza utariri hwavanhu. Kupfuudzira kwe "mirau inodudzirwa" uye "mashoko emitemo" anoita nzvimbo yachena inogona kudzikamisa kariro.
  • [ Kutora mutemo: Mitemo inotsamira paunyanzvi hweindasitiri kana kuti inoshanda navashandi vaichimbova vamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu ingada fariro dzemasangano anodzorwa kupfuura fariro yavanhu. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukumanikidzirwa kuduku kana kuti zvirango zvisina simba.
  • Resource Consmict: Masangano akawanda anochengeta mari haana vashandi vakakwana, mari, kana kuti zvinhu zvokunzvera zvokutarisira masangano ose anodzorwa nenzira inobudirira. Ikoku kunotungamirira kukuchengetwa kusingasaruri uye kungaderedza kudzivisa.
  • Kupasa nokuisa mubato: mirau inopfuudza uye yakaoma kukurira mabhizimisi maduku navanhu, kuchikuita kuve kwakaoma kuwirirana nokuzvidira. Ikoku kunogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu mugadziriro yokudzora.

Kugadzirisa zvinetso izvi kunoda kuti pave nokugadziridzwa kwemitemo, kutarisira matare, uye kugadziridzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

mhedziso

Mutemo unogovera gadziriro yokusimbisa muitiro wavose kunze kwemadare egamuchidzanwa. Kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo, zviito zvokudzikamisa, uye kuvimbisa, masangano anoita basa rakadzama rokutonga kuti vabati vemitemo havagoni kuita vari voga. Kunzwisisa mashandire ezvokuronga — kubva pamirayiro nefaindi yokubvuma mitemo uye mitemo yokutonga — zvinokosha kuti vanzwisise kuti mitemo yazvino uno inoshanda sei. Dzidziso huru dzedare dzakafanana neChevron uye dzidziso huru dzinoumba miganhu yesimba resangano uye dzinoramba dzichigadziriswa. Vadzidzi navadzidzisi, vachibatanidzwa nomutemo wokutonga panhau, kufunda, kuranga, uye kupesana kwazvino unovaka unyanzvi hunodikanwa kuti vadzorere nyika yakaoma. Sezvinopfuurira kukura uye zvinetso zvehurumende kutarisana nemitemo yehurumende, mitemo yehurumende icharamba iripo.