Kudavira Mashura Kunomborevei?

Kududzira kwemitemo idzidziso yedzidziso yetsika dzakare dzinotsvaka kutsigira revo yerugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo kune zvairidzwa naavo vakaritendera. Muzana ramakore rechi21, yazova imwe yenzira dzinopesvedzera zvikuru nedzinokakavadzana kuAmerica. Pfungwa huru yakananga: Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kushandiswa mukuwirirana nerevo yaro yavanhu vose yapakuvamba kunzwisiso kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yokutendeseka aizonzwisisa (8) pane kuva anodzokororwa navatongi kuti varatidze mipimo yazvino uno. Vatsigiriki vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unodzivisa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, unosimudzira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende, uye unochengeta mutemo. Vanotsoropodza kuti rinofanira kuvharira rudzi murevoka mufambiro wechinyaka unore uye kufuratira fambiro mberi.

Mavambo Echiito Chokutanga

Chiratidzo chamazuva ano chakabuda muma 1970 na 1980 sechiito chinorwisana nechinofungidzirwa kuva chiito cheWarren neBurger Courts. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakadai saRobert Bork naMutongi Antonin Scalia vakatsigira uzivi, vachiramba kuti vatongi vakadudzira Bumbiro remitemo muchiedza chemipimo yaiisa mungozi zvaida yavo. Chirongwa chacho chakawana uremuro nokugadzwa kwevatongi vepakutanga kubhenji rehurumende, vachiguma nokukwidziridza kwaMutongi Scalia kuDare Rapamusoro muna 1986. Nokufamba kwenguva, Chechi yepakuvamba yakaisa mungozi zvaidaviro yavo. “chinangwa chepakuvamba” chinonangidzira pamusoro peizvo vagadziri vacho vamene vaidavira, nepo“ revo yavanhu vokutanga inonzvera kuti rugwaro rwakanzwisiswa sei nevoruzhinji parationzi. Chinodzivisa kuoma kukurusa.

Chikonzero Nei Kutanga Kuchikosha Nhasi

Munhambo yekuparadzana kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, mavambo anopa kutaura kwokusatora rutivi uye kunamatira kumutemo wakagadzwa. Zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro-soro Renguva pfupi yapfuura kubva ku [[FLT] Dicoant of Columbia v. Heller (2008) paChinjo yeChipiri yeChimbichimbichimbi Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [[FLT:]] [2022]) pakubvisa pamuviri (202] gakava rakapfuuriro pamusoro pokuti kana dzidziso yapakuvamba inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu kana kuti yakapfupika. Kunzwisisa simba rouzivi kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anoronda maruramiro emitemo.

Kurerutsa Munhu Woga uye Kusunungura Mumwe Nomumwe

Vatsigiri vanoti kuomerera kuzvinorehwa neshoko rokuti rusununguko rwokutanga kunodzivirira nokuva nechokwadi chokuti rusununguko irworwo bedzi ndirwo runodzivirirwa zvakajeka kana kuti runogamuchirwa zvakakwana nevanotanga dare.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Yokutanga

Tsinhiro dzeFirst Amendment dzinowanzosimbisa donzo radzo guru: kudzivirira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokushandisa kworudzidziso kubva kuurongwa hwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, vatangi vakatsigira nguva dzose dziviriro dzakasimba dzemapato nokuda kwokurangarira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange kana kutaura kwacho kusingafarirwi. Mu [[FL:0] Confectives United v. Federal Commission [[FL:1] [2020]], Dare (* rinopa muganhu pamiganhuro yapakuvamba yemari yemari yezvamatongerwe enyika, richiita kuti revo yapakuvamba ifukidze kutaura kwakadaro. Zvisinei, vashore kushatisisa kushatisisa funga nezvezvo zvouori hwezvipo nerevo zvapakuvamba pamusoro pezvipo nerevo zvapakuvamba zvechitendero.[5]

Kugadziridzwa Kwechipiri uye Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Zvichida hakuna nzvimbo inoratidzwa mavambo ekodzero dzevanhu kupfuura Dare reChipiri reMitemo. Kwemakumi amakore, murangariro wakapararira wakanga uri wokuti kugadziridzwa kwakanga kwaidzivirira bedzi maruramiro echikwata akabatanidzwa nebasa rehondo. Mu Digatority of Columbia v. Helder[ [2008], Dare raPamusoro rakashandisa mutoo wetsika wapakuvamba wemiitiro yenhau yenhau, ((kunzvera zvikuru manyuko enhau kubva kunguva yokutanga yenhambo neyakare) kuti maruramiro eChimbishingiro chepiri chinodzivirira kodzero yomunhu oga oga nokuda kwepfumba mumusha. [Prectalsestem], nhau dzeChiviso chapakuvamba dzinodzorwazverwazve, dzinodzokororwazve nemitemo yenhau yapakuvamba. [52]

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Nerusununguko Rwavasina Kupiwa

Gakava gurusa pakati pedzidziso yapakuvamba nerusununguko rwomunhu rinomuka munzvimbo yakavanzika uye rinonzi “Roume] v. [[FLT:] kodzero. Bumbiro reMitemo haridudzi kodzero yavose yokuva voga, bva Dare Gurusa rakaziva imwe pasi pedzidziso yegadziriro yeIndaneti, inodzika zvisarudzo zvakafanana [[FL: 0]] R [v] v. [1073] na [[FLT] OF:] Ofell v. Hodges[FLT] [[FLT]] [idzo] (20]]) (20) mukuti mamiriro ezvinhu anoreva magariro. Vasingabvumirwi navanowana nguva hurusangurirwa navanowana mumitengurirwa navanotorerwa. Zvisarudzo) Zvisarudzo zvakakoso zvakakoshamira zviri pachena mumho zvakato mukurusa. Makushaiwa zvikurusa zvemugosero, magariro echipotomumumumumumumumutenziro, asingatongo aisati ari pasi penyika dzinotevene.[Fo

Kutsoropodza Kwokuvamba

Kutsoropodza kunowanzoitwa kunowira mumapoka anoverengeka.

“ Chinetso Chokufa”

Kana revo yeBumbiro reMitemo yakagadziridzwa pakugadziridzwa, neiko hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yapanguva imwe cheteyo ichifanira kusungwa nemirangariro yeboka duku ravanhu vakafa mazana amakore akapfuura?Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti chiKristu chapakuvamba chinowirirana nokutonga navakafa, vachifuratira idi rokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa ndokududzirwa nenzira yokusatendeseka. Vanodavira pakuvamba vanopindura kuti muitiro wacho umene unogovera gadziriro yokuchinja, uye kuti kuvimbika kurugwaro rwapakuvamba ndiko kuri hwirudzurudzuro yedare munzvimbo yokutanga. Kunyanguvezvo, kunyanguvezvo, chinetso chinoshanda chokunyora Bumbiro remitemo (kuchinja nokuregereka) mumakore anopfuura 230. Manyoro anongoita kuti uku kuoma kwakakomba nokuda kwenhau dzakadaro dzakavanzika, zvinhu zvemawadhimoni, uye kuenzana.

Kuziva Zvaireva Pakutanga

Tinogona sei kuziva nenzira yakarurama icho “revo yavanhu yapakuvamba” yegadziriro yebumbiro remitemo? Ufakazi hwenhau hunowanzova husinganzwisisiki, husinganzwisisiki, kana kuti husingawirirani. Somuenzaniso, revo yapakuvamba yesumo yeSecond Amendment yeMilitia (“Miritia inosanodzorwa, kuva iri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka...”) yave iri nhau yekurukurirano yenhau inotyisa. Nenzira yakafanana, Amendmenterlinement yechigumi namakumi mana yevimbiso" uye“ muitiro weda” wakanzwisiswa nenzira yakasiana neratifiers. Vadarist vanoramba kuti kunzvera kwenhau kwokushingaira kunogona kupa mhinduro, asi vanoramba kuti vatongi mumipimo isingadzivisi yenhau kuti vatsigire zvibvumiro zvavo zvinoda.

Kutanga Nokufambira Mberi Kwenzanga

Zvichida kutsoropodza kwamasimba makuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika ndiko kuti kudzongonyedza fambiro mberi yenzanga. Kodzero idzo vagadziri vasina kuisa muchiono . zvakadai sekodzero yokushandisa kudzivisa kubereka, kuroora mumitsetse yedzinza, kana kuti kupinda muroorano yakafanana nevatano yavanhu (kwakazivikanwa neMadare apashure mumurangariro wehurumende. Mu ] Oberge waita kuti [ revo], Mutongi Kennedy akafunga chiono chorusununguko sorusununguro. Vatsigiriki vakapesana, vachisimbisa kuti kuenzana kweroorano kunofanira kusarudzwa nemitemo. Vatsoropote kuti pakuvamba vangadai vakatsigira dzinza, (8] revo rechinjo yapakuvamba haisati yakanzwisiswa kurambidza kushatsa chikoro, sedzidziso yakaparadzana mudzidziso yakaparadzana. [FFoctalson]][3]]) inobvumirana namashoko enhau yapamutemo.

Kutanga Muzana Remakore rechi21: Dare uye Kupopotedzana Kunopfuurira

Kuzvidzora kwazvino uno kweDare gurusa rinochengeta mari kwaibatanidza vazvinzi vapakuvamba vanoverengeka revaClarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gormoth, Brett Kanaugh, naAmy Coney Barrett. Mirangariro yavo inowanzopinda mukunzvera kwakadzama kwakanyorwa neCento yeBumbiro remitemo namashoko. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukumutsidzirwa kwenyanzvi dzapakuvamba dzechijurisprudence munharaunda dzinopfuura muitiro woutsotsi nekodzero dzepfuti pfuti. Somuenzaniso, Dare rakagamuchirawo kurangarira kwapakuvamba mumiitiro yehurumende, kuparadza masimba, uye chiremera chamakuru. Kunangidzira ngwariro pagamuchidzanwa nerugwaro. Dare rakabvisa kudzoro mukudzikamisa kuidzwa uye kumipimo yakanaka yakabva mumipimo yapakuvamba.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nemiganhu Yokutanga

Chimwe chedenho hurusa nokuda kwekuvamba kwe21 muzana . Bumbiro reMitemo haritauri chinhu pamusoro peInternet, serura, kana kuti nzvero dzemichina. Vazivi vemavambo vanofanira kusarudza kana vachizoshandisa nheyo dzamashoko mukuwirirana ne(w) somuenzaniso, kubvunza kuti chii chinorambidza kweGamende yeChina paku “secha zvine mufungo nokubatwa kwapakati napakati" kwairehwa muna 1791 uye ipapo kutambanudzira mufungo iwoyo kumashoko azvino uno, kana kuti kumira kumira kumira pawirirano. Chiratidzo chapakuvamba chakatsigira revo yapakuvamba yekodzero uye chinoashandisa pasina kubvisa nheyo dzemitemo. Vatsoropote vanoramba kuti izvi zvinogona kubereka migumisiro isina ngozi kana kuti kudzorwa kwehurumende kugona kuoma kuonekwa.

Kutanga Nokufunga Kworuzhinji

Kukwira kwedzidziso yokutanga kwakagadziridzawo mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mapurezidhendi zvino anopa miuyo yakajeka yemisengwa yavo yokutonga kunzira yapakuvamba. Federalist Society inoshanda somuchengeti wegedhi, ichisimudzira vadaviri vemavambo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti voruzhinji veAmerica havaisi mavambo padzimwe mitoo yokududzira, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotsigira miuyo inodzivirira rusununguko rwakati pamusoro porucheno rwemiitiro. Uku kubvisa kunoparira dzvinyiriro mukati mevatongi vapakuvamba vangatsigira zvisarudzo nemiuyo isingafarirwi (g., kurova ganhuriro dzemari kana kuti kodzero dzokubvisa mimba) nemhaka yokuti vanodavira chaizvoizvo murairo webumbiro remitemo inoraira, kusingataurirwi nomurangariro wavose.

Nzira Iri Mberi: Kudzivirira Nokuvandudza Kuvamba

Vatsigiri vedzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvose zvakatanga kurongwa, vakataura kuti uzivi hwacho hahusi hwemazuva ose asi hunokwanisa kunatsiridzwa.

Kusimbisa Kugadziridzwa Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu

Nyanzvi dzezvokuvamba dzinogona kunongedzera kugadziriro yemitemo yokugadziridza senzira yakafanira yokuwedzera maruramiro. Somuenzaniso, Amendment yechi 19 (Nguva yevakadzi) uye Gadziriro ye 26 (zera ra18) inoratidza kuti vanhu vanogona kuvandudza Bumbiro remitemo apo panenge pane bvumirano huru. Masvomhu anotaura kuti vatongi vanotonga kodzero itsva murugwaro rupfupi kana kuti rudzo, kutsamira pamuitiro uyu wedemokrati. Chinetso ndechokuti kugadziriswa kwakaoma zvikuru, kunoda kuti mativi makurusa muCongress uye kusimbiswa nenhau nhatu dzechinayi.

Kufara Nokurerutsa

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemavambo dzinosiyanisa pakati pe “tsika dzekare” (dzinowirirana zvikuru nekariro dzakananga dzavavambi) ne“ mavambo matsva” (idzo dzinonanga parevo yapakuvamba yenheyo dzose). Somuenzaniso, vimbiso yeBumbiro remitemo ye“dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo” inogona kushandiswa kumigariro yazvino uno isingapokanidzi revo yayo yapakuvamba, kunyange kana nheyo yokuenzana isingafungidziri kushandiswa kwayo kuukama hwemitezo mimwe cheteyo. Iyi mavambo inochinjika zvikuru ingapa nzira yokudzivirira nayo rusununguko rwomunhu nepo ichiri kutsigira zviito zvokutonga zvakasununguka.

Udaviriri Mukuwirirana Navamwe

Mutsika, ustrist hahuwanzoshanda yoga. Kunyange vatongi vepakutanga havawanzovimbi vasandukire muenzaniso, kurangarira, uye zvikarakadzo kumiuyo yemitemo yavo. Vachiziva ikoku, vamwe vatsigiri vanotsigira nokuda kwe “mutendi” unobata revo yapakuvamba senzvimbo yokutanga asi vanobvumira zvimwe midziyo zvinodudzira kuiwedzera apo rugwaro runenge rusina kujeka. Mutoo wakadaro ungagona kuchengeta simba retsika dzapakuvamba nepo usati wadzivisa miuyo yadzo yakaoma zvikurusa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vatsoropo vanonyevera kuti nzvimbo zhinji dzokugara dzingabvisa mavambo etsika dzarwo.

Kupedzisa: Kuresa uye Kudzivirira Kusunungurwa Muzana Remakore Idzva

Gakava pamusoro pekuvamba haringabviri kupedzwa. Sezvo United States inonangana nedenho dzemanovhero (kuvambira pakusanzvera kwamabhii kusvikira kuungwaru hwokuisiira) mutoo wokududzira nawo matare uchaumba ukuru hwerusununguko rwomunhu oga kwezvizvarwa. Kurendanisa kunopa runako rwedzikamo, kutsiga, uye kuva pamutemo kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi kunoisawo mungozi kuingidzira rudzi rwacho kuzvinhu zvekare zvingasataura zvakajeka kuzvinhu chaizvoizvo zviripo. Nzira inovimbisa zvikurusa ingava chibvumirano chapakuvamba chinobvuma kudikanwa kwekurangarira kwenhau apo inoramba ichizaruka kuteve nokushandiswa kwenheyo huru kwenheyo huru. Pakupedzisira, dziviriro kwerusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe muzana ramakore rechi21 kuchatsamirawo kwete pauzivi hupi nohupi, asi pauchenjeri, kuzvininipisa, uye perero yaavo vanoshandisa simba rokutonga.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro penhau nokushandiswa kwemavambo, ona Constitution Center yeNational Constitution , STUSTUROGY[, uye [[FLT]] Vanderbilt Learch Review yeGenetic . [FLT], Brobert [inyaya yeMitemo] uye [FLT:] Yunivhesiticho yenhau yeChicago] pauko rapakuvamba renguva yemberi [FT:]