Kutanga uye Kusarudza Kwepamutemo Kwezvisarudzo Zvevatano Zveroorano Zvevatano

Chirevo chorudzidziso chinomira seimwe yemitoo inopesvedzera zvikuru inokakavadzana neyakakwidzana yemagamuchidzanwa mumutemo weAmerica. Mukurukurirano pamusoro peroorano youhuhuhuhuhu, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakaitirwa zvose zviri zviviri kudenha uye kudzivirira kuzivikanwa kwokuenzana kweroorano sekodzero yebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti mavambo anoshanda sei. (//inokosha sei vatsigiri vayo kuti vanzwisise nzvimbo yepamutemo yakaita zvisarudzo zvakadai se ] Obergefell v. Hods) (202015) uye kodzero dzinopfuurira kupoteredza LGBTQ.

Nyaya ino inonzvera zvitendero zvikuru zvemavambo, kushanda kwazvo kuChirongwa chaNineth Amendment’s Signsion and Aumement Clauses, mifungo mizhinji neinopesana mu bergefell[, uye kurukurirano youngwaru huru pamusoro pokuti umwari hwapakuvamba hunogona kuwirirana here nenzwisiso inobvisa rusununguko nokuenzana.

Kunzwisisa Kutanga: Mashoko, Kungwarira, uye Revo Yavose

Uzivi hwekare hahusi dzidziso imwe, inowirirana. Hunobatanidza mitoo inoverengeka inowirirana inogoveranwa kuzvipira kugadzira revo yebumbiro-mitemo panguva yokunatsa. Tsamba mbiri huru idonzo repakuvamba uye revo yavanhu.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

Chitendero chapakuvamba chinotsvaka kunzwisisa zvinangwa zvevagadziri vemichina yemichina yemichina yemarato neratifiers. Vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti mutoo uyu unotsamira pazvinyorwa zvenhau zvisina kukwana uye kusimudzira mirangariro yenyanzvi shomanene nokunzwisisa kwavoruzhinji. Revo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose, nokupesana, inonzvera kuti munhu ane mufungo panguva yeratiation angadai akanzwisisa sei rugwaro rwemitemo. Iyi shanduro, yakatsigirwa naMutongi Antonin Scialia uye nyanzvi dzakafanana naRandy Barnett, inodzivisa dzimwe nhoshoro dzenwoo yefungidziso dzakadzika mifungo apo ichiri kuturikira kunguva yakatsigarira kunguva yenhau.

Kusvika kwose kuri kuviri kunogoverana pfundo guru: revo yeBumbiro reMitemo haichinji nemirairo yenzanga. Kana maruramiro asina kunzwisiswa pakuvamba kuva anodzivirirwa, vatongi havafaniri kuasika kupfurikidza nokududzira. Uku kurwisana zvakananga nokurangarira kuri [[FLT: 0] Obergefell.

Chikonzero Nei Kutanga Kuchikosha Nokuda Kweroorano Yevatano Yakafanana

Mubatanidzwa we14th Amendment, wakatenderwa muna 1868, une Gungano yeChibvumirano chaClaus (Hapana Hurumende ipi neipi ichanyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo”) uye Filimite Protection Claus (“hakuna kuramba munhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo”). Vatsigiri veroorano vanobvumirana kuti aya mashoko eroorano anovimbisa kodzero inokosha yokuroora nokuda kwavaroorani vorudzi rumwe chete. Vadai vakabvunza: vakanzwisisa varatifi ve 1450th Amend Amend Amend Refement (hai) kana kuti“ dziviriro yakaenzana yedate-? ” Mhinduro inopa mhinduro, nokuda kwavana vazhinjisa, ndiapo, asi haisati iri mugumo wokubvunza.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Kubva paDOMA Kuenda Pamhepo

Kurwisana kwapamutemo pamusoro peroorano youhuhuhu husati kwavamba ne [[FT:0]bergefell. Kwakaumbwa namakumi amakore echiziviso, mutemo, uye murangariro wavanhu.

Kudzivirira Roorano Act (1996)

Congress yakapasa DOMA muna 1996, ichirondedzera roorano nokuda kwezvinangwa zvehurumende semubatanidzwa womurume mumwe nomukadzi mumwe. Chikamu 3 cheDOMA chakaramba kuzivikanwa kwehurumende kweroorano dzevatano dzakaitwa nenzira yapamutemo muhurumende idzo dzakanga dzanyoresa. chiito chacho chakanga chiri mhinduro yakananga kubviro yokuti Hawaii kana kuti dzimwe nyika dzaizoziva roorano dzoutevedzeri hwevatano imwe cheteyo uye kuparira betsero dzehurumende pasi peFilime neCreaste Claus.

[ United States v. Mhepo (2013)

Muchisarudzo 5-4, Dare Rapamusoro rakaputsa Chikamu 3 cheDOMA sechipunza mirau yeFindrement inodikanwa inoshandiswa kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Achinyorera voruzhinji, Mutongi Kennedy akasimbisa kuti chinangwa cheDOMA chaiva choku “paradza nokukuvadza” varoorani vorudzi rumwe cheterwo, nokudaro vachiisa “stagma” paukama hwavo. Chisarudzo chacho hachina kuraira kuti nyika dzibvumidze roorano yorudzi rumwe cheterwo, asi chakagadza pfundo nokuda kwedariro inotevera yokuzvidzwa.

Zvikamu zvechiNgezi zve Windsor zvakanangidzira ngwariro pakusavapo kwoufakazi hwenhau hupi nohupi kuti kuvimbisa rusununguko rweFitemendment kwakanzwisiswa kudzivirira ukama hwevatano hwechikamu chimwe chetecho. Kuramba kwaMutongi Scalia kwakapomera ruzhinji rwekuumba kodzero yebumbiro remitemo iyo “vanhu veUnited States vakanga vasingazivi kuti yakanga iri muBumbiro remitemo.”

Obergefell v. Hodges: Chisarudzo cheLand Land Chakasarudzwa

Mu Obergefell v. Hodges, Dare rapamusorosa rakati Dare reMitemo rechi 14 rinoda kuti nyika dzose dzitenderedze michato pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano imwe cheteyo uye kuziva roorano dzevatano dzakaitwa nenzira yapamutemo mune dzimwe nyika. Murangariro woruzhinji, wakanyorwazve naJustice Kennedy, wakatsamira pambiru mbiri: muitiro wakafanira wakaenzana nedziviriro yakaenzana.

Kurangarira Kukuru Kwavanhu

Mutongi Kennedy akazivisa zvina “magariro namagamuchidzanwa” izvo zvinoratidzira rudzi rukuru rweroorano: (1) maruramiro okusarudza kwomunhu oga pamusoro peroorano anoberekwa mumurangariro wokuzvitonga kwomunhu oga; (2) roorano inotsigira mubatanidzwa wavaviri musingawirirani neimwe ipi neipi; (3) inodzivirira vana nemhuri; uye (4) ibwe rinokosha renhevedzano yenzanga. Iye ipapo akagumisa kuti nheyo idzi dzinoshanda zvakaenzana kuvaroorani vorudzi rumwe cheterwo, nemhaka yokuti “maruramiro okuroora ndiwo maruramiro makuru orusununguko rwomunhu oga oga, uye pasi peChirongwa chakafanira neNhungamiro yaClaus Echinodzivirira vakaroorana vechine gumi namashanu pamitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano ingasarasikirwa neiko kwakarurama norusununguko irworwo.

Voruzhinji vakarambawo chibvumikiso chokuti rondedzero yeroorano inofanira kusarudzwa nemiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti kusiirwa kunyika, vachitaura kuti “kodzero dzendangariro dzingasaiswa kuvhoti; vanotsamira pamuuyo wokusarudza.”

Kusabvumirana Nepakuvamba

Mutongi mukuru Roberts, Justice Scalia, Mutongi Thomas, uye Mutongi Alito mumwe nomumwe akanyora kusabvumirana kwakaparadzana.

Kusabvumirana kwaJustice Scalia kwakanga kuri kwakananga zvikurusa. Iye akarangarira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo “harivimbisi maruramiro okupinda muroorano imwe cheteyo youtevedzeri” nemhaka yokuti “hakusati kuri kwapakuvamba kurava kodzero yokuroora kana kuti kuroorwa kwoudiri muGrandment.” Scalia akanyomba ruvimbiko rwavazhinji pa“ kubatira murairo” somurangariro wakasununguka, achinyevera kuti waizo “zviisa kupomero yedare kuhurumende yavanhu, kwete mitemo.”

Kusabvumirana kwaThomas kwakasimbisa kuti revo yapakuvamba ye “kusununguka” muChiitiko Claus yakanga yakaganhurirwa kurusununguko mukuzvidzora kwomuviri. Iye akataura kuti voruzhinji vakanga vashandura rusununguko kuva “chine mufungo kurondedzera roorano pasinei zvapo nokuti munhu anoona sei kwakakodzera,” murangariro waanoronda kusvikira kukubviswa kwerondedzero yomutemo.

Mutongi mukuru Roberts akaonesa kusabvumirana kwake mumiganhu yekutonga neganhuriro dzemuenzaniso. Iye akacherekedza kuti “kubatanidza kweDare kurukurirano dzokubereka nokuda kweroorano imwe cheteyo yokuberekana kunoshamisa kunopiwa kushaikwa kwoufakazi hupi nohupi hwokuti varoorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano yevatano sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura varoorani vevatano yakasiana kubereka vana.”

Justice Alito yakataura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo “haritauri kunhau yeroorano yevatano,” uye kuti mubvunzo wacho unofanira kuva wakasiyirwa kumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Akanyevera kuti chisarudzo chaizova nemiuyo inoparira miuyo mikuru yorusununguko rworudzidziso neratidziro yakasununguka.

Ko Kutanga Kugona Kubatanidza Roorano Yevatano Youtere Yakafanana Here?

Nepo kusabvumirana mu [[FLT: 0] Obergefell kazhinji kazhinji] kunodudzwa senzvimbo yapakuvamba yakananga, chiverengero chinokura chenyanzvi chinoramba kuti unistism(h) inonzwisiswa nenzira inowirirana zvikuru (hahusati huchiwirirana neroorano imwe cheteyo yovupombwe. Idzi “vadziviriri vepakuvamba” ve Obergefell[] vanotsamira panharo dzinoverengeka.

“ Dziviriro Yakanaka” Nzira

Vamwe vaiongorora zvitendero, kufanana naPurofesa Steven Calabresi, vanotaura kuti revo yokutanga yeSacial Protection Claus inorambidza rusaruro rwokuzvidira rwakavakirwa pavatano. Sezvo kurongwa kwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kuchiwanzowirirana nevatano, vanotaura kuti mitemo inobvisa vakwanyina vevatano imwe cheteyo muroorano rudzi rwekusarura vatano. Mumurangariro uyu, Ecult Protection Clause seyainganzwisiswa pakutanga yaizoderedza mitemo yakadaro, kunyange kana vagadziri vemiitiro yacho vasina kuisa mufungo ukama hwevatano hwevatano hwevatano humwe chetehwo.

“ Kodzero Dzepfungwa”

Chimwe chibvumikiso chinowana revo yapakuvamba ya “panguva yapamberi.” Purofesa Randy Barnett, mutangi mukuru, akarangarira kuti Ninth Amendment, yakabatanidzwa namaropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus, inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga rwakadzika midzi. Nepo Barnett asingatsigiri zvizere [[FLT:]] Obergefest[, akakarakadza kuti kodzero yokuroora munhu wechisarudzo chake ingava rusununguko rwakadaro, chero bedzi ichigona kuratidzwa kuva “yakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau ino yorudzi negamuchidzanwa.] [FLT:]

Kurenda No “Bumbiro Remitemo Ripenyu”

Nzira yechitatu, inombonzi “mitoo yapakuvamba yemavambo,” inodavira kuti rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo runobatanidza mipimo yakati iyo inoshanduka - shanduka sezvo nzanga inowana nzwisiso itsva. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza kweSeth Amendment pa “chirango chechisimba nechakasiyana - siyana” kwakanzwisiswa pakuvamba kurambidza zvirango zvinogumbura mipimo inopesana netsika. Vamwe vatangiri vekare vanotaura kuti rusununguko rwe1453 Demendment neult reconstment zvinewo muracrate division yaifanira kushandiswa kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva.

Matambudziko uye Kutanga Kufunga Nevamwe Munhau Yokuroorana Kune Vane Utano Hwakafanana

Kudavira pakuvamba kunotarisana nokutsoropodzwa kunokosha, kwose kuri kuviri kunobva munzanga yapamutemo uye kuvatsigiri vemitoo yokududzira inotsiva.

Chinetso Choufakazi Hwenhau

Vatsoropodzi vanoti nhoroondo yacho inowanzova isinganzwisisiki. Kuzivisa “revo yavanhu yapakuvamba” ye“ verberry” kana kuti “dziviriro yakaenzana” muna 1868 yakaoma zvikuru. Varatifidzi sezvingabvira vakanga vasina vavariro chaiyo pamusoro peroorano imwe cheteyo yevatano nevatano nevatano yavanhu. Vanodavira kuti roorano ye145th Amendment iri kubvisa pachena roorano imwe cheteyo yevatano youdia iri kuita chiratidzo chokunyarara, uko kunonyumwiswa nenzira younyanzvi.

Kufunga Nezvapakuvamba uye Zvapakuvamba

Kurendanisa hakusi nzira yose. Masangano mazhinji apakuvamba anogamuchira basa romuenzaniso mukududzira kwapamutemo. Somuenzaniso, Mutongi Scalia akavhotera kutsigira Roe v. Wade akatarira decisis kunyange zvazvo aidavira kuti chisarudzo chacho chakasarudzwa nenzira yakaipa. Kudzokororwa Obergefell[, mutsi wokutanga akazvipira angabvuma rwisano yechisarudzo nerevo yapakuvamba asi kunyange zvakadaro achichigamuchira somutemo wadzikatirwa. Uku kunyadzama ndiko musoro unodzokororwa mudzidzo yapakuvamba.

Kusakodzera KweMitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo

Vazivi vemavambo vanowanzotaura kuti kana nzanga ichida maruramiro asina kudzivirirwa pakuvamba, inofanira kupedza Bumbiro reMitemo(hakutsamiri padudziro yedare. Uku kutaura kwakadzora kusabvumirana mu [[FLT: 0] Obergefell[. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akacherekedza kuti “vatsigiri veroorano imwe cheteyo yetendi vakawana budiriro huru kupfurikidza nomuitiro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu” uye kuti kupindira kweDare kwakapfupikisa muitiro iwoyo.

Vashori vouyu murangariro vanotaura kuti muitiro wokugadziridza wakaoma zvikuru (kuwana matatu maviri edzimba dzose dziri mbiri uye mativi matatu edzimba dzomutemo), uye kuti maruramiro maduku akadzivirirwa kare nematare kunyange apo akanga asina tsigiro yakakurumbira. Kukakavadzana pakati pechiNgezi nekodzero shoma kunoramba kusingagadziriswi.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nemiuyo

Sezvo Obergefell, kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakakumbirwa munhau dzinotevera dzinobatanidza kusava nedivi rechitendero. Mu mastical Sighop, Ltd. Colorado Civil Rights Commission [2017]), Dare rakabvisa rwisano yepasi pevhu, panzvimbo pezvo rakasarudza kuti dare rakanga raratidza kuvenga rudzidziso. Zvibvumikiso zvepakuvamba zvakatsikirirwawo munhau dzinobatanidza pamutemo wepachena neFree Exex Claus Claus. Kupfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzevaroorani vete-tese , mukuedza kana kupfuurira kupfuurira kupindura kana kupfuurira kupfurikidza mativi ose omutemo.

Kupedzisa: Basa Reumwari Munguva Yemberi Yokuenzana Kweroorano

Gakava pamusoro petsika dzokutanga nedzevatano hadzisi renhauwo zvayo; rakava nerevo inodzokororwa sezvo mibvunzo mitsva inomuka.

Chinobuda mumabhuku apakuvamba chiono chakajeka zvikuru kupfuura kodzero dzakapfava dze “mavambo dzinorambidza roorano inowirirana nevatano” kana kuti“ mavambo anoibvumidza.” Mutoo unoda kunzverwa kwokungwarira kwamashoko, mugadziri, nhau, uye muenzaniso. Sezvo chikoro chapamutemo chinopfuurira kuchenesa rondedzero yemavambo, mugariro weLGBTQ pasi peMitemo icharamba uri nzvimbo inobvumikisa nokuda kwesimba rouzivi rokupedza maruramiro azvino uno pasina kurega misengwa yayo yenheyo. Kunzwisisa iyi kurukurirano kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kurangarira nheyo hurusa dzemitemo yemitemo iyo inorwisana nenhau dzapamutemo.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Bumbiro reMitemo pamusoro peKinayith Amendment, Mutongi Scalia’s anorevererwa muObergefell[, uye Randy Barnett [[FLT]]ticleticism nerbersion [[[FLT:]]. Mirangariro yokuwedzera inogona kuwanwa muna Steven Calbresi’s [[FT:]] yemagamendiro apakuvamba nerono yevatano yevatano yepachipameso] naMichenzi yeMiccolls [FLT] naMicrect: [FLT]