Sumo: Hwaro Hwokuvamba Kwokuvamba Kwerevo Yavanhu Vose

Chitendero chekare, muchimiro chazvo chazvino uno, mutoo werondedzero yebumbiro remitemo unotsvaka kuwana revo yavanhu yekare yerugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo panguva yayakatenderwa. Iyi rondedzero inoreva kuti mashoko eBumbiro remitemo anofanira kupiwa revo yokuti mutemisvusvuro, mutezo wavanhu vose wakadzidza ungadai wakanzwisisa kuva wave kuva apo akaitwa. Kusafanana nezvimiro zvapakuvamba zvetsika dzakanangi zvakanangidzirwa pavavariro dzetsika dzemaFrames, revo revo yapakuvamba revo yavose murevo yezvakanyorwa sezvo zvainzwisiswa pachena. Uzivihwu hwakava rumwe rwezvinopesvedzera zvikurusa.[5] uye magariro emitemo yeAmerica, zvisarusarudzo, uye kupfuumbidzadzadza dare reEspenst Coust Coust protem pamusoro pebust com sycration pamusoro pebust.

Chimiro chikuru chakavakirwa parugwaro chakapfava asi chakasimba: Bumbiro reMitemo rinowana chiremera charo mumuitiro wokuita kuti zvive zvakasiana, icho chakanga chiri chiito chavose. Vanhu vakagamuchira Bumbiro reMitemo vakaita kudaro pahwakavakirwa panzwisiso yavo yerevowo zvayo yorugwaro. Naizvozvo, kuva vakatendeka kumugariro wechinyorwa chapakuvamba somutemo mukurusa, vatongi vanofanira kuchidudzira mukuwirirana nerevo yavose yavose, kwete mukuwirirana nekariro dzapachivande kana kuti kariro dzomugadziri upi noupi chaiye. Iyi rondedzero inonzvera nheyo, kubudirira kwenhau, kudzivirira, critiques, uye kushandisirwa kunoshanda kwerevo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose, vachipa chiono chikuru nokuda kwokunzwisisa iyi rondedzero yapamutemo.

Mapfundo Oruzivo Rwokutanga Rwokuvamba Rwevoruzhinji

Kunyora Nokuramba Kufunga

Revo yapakuvamba yavanhu inosanovhengana nokugamuchira mashoko emagwaro. (murangariro wokuti vatongi vanofanira kududzira magwaro apamutemo mukuwirirana nerevo yavo yakajeka panzvimbo penhau yomutemo kana kuti zvinangwa zvisati zvataurwa. Zvisinei, revo yapakuvamba yavose inopfuurira kupfurikidza nokududza kuti revo yakafanira iripo panguva yapanguva yapamagwaro. Ikoku kunoitsaura kubva pazvose zviri zviviri “donzo rapakuvamba” revo (inotarisisa kuvavariro dzetsika dzetsika dzeFramers) uye“ chiTsunga pamutemo chemitemo yemitemo” (inobvumira revo kushanduka-njiso renguva yakati). Chinjo yakaitika muma 1980 na 1990, apo nyanzvi dzapamutemo dzakadai . Julice Anton Sclatia [FF] uye [FT][FT][3]

Mugadziriro iyi, muturikiri anobvunza, kuti: “Chii chaizosakisa munhu akasanodzidziswa muna 1788 (kana kuti 1791, kana kuti 1868, kuchitsamira pagadziriro) icho aya mashoko akanzwisisa kuva anoreva?

Chikonzero Nei Revo Yavanhu Ichikosha Nokuda Kwokururama

Simbiso parevo yavose inobva muchiono chakati choufakazi hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Bumbiro reMitemo rakatenderwa nekokorodzano munyika, idzo dzakaumbwa navagariwo zvavo nenhume dzakasarudzwa. Ava varatifi vaigona kuwana mashoko akavanzika aJames Madison kana kuti Alexander Hamilton; vakatsamira parugwaro rwavose netsananguro dzinopiwa muzvinyorwa zvakadai seFederalist Papers. Nokuda kwavanamavambo, nzira bedzi yokuremekedza nayo ukurusarudza kwavanhu vose ndeyokududzira rugwaro rwacho sezvarwaizonzwisiswa naikoku. Uku kuwirirana kwechidudziro chemitemo yemitemo kukuita chiito chaichoicho chenhau chakakurumbira, kunosimbisa pfungwa yokuti Bumbiro remitemo iko rinongova basa renzanga panzvimbo pokuita muitiro.

Kufambira Mberi Kwenhau uye Zviverengero Zvinokosha

Kutanga Kwedzidziso Yokutanga Muzana Remakore Rechimakumi Maviri Rapera

Kunyange zvazvo kuitira hanya nzwisiso yapakuvamba kwakavakirwa zvikuru mumutemo weBritain neAmerica, sangano razvino uno rapakuvamba rakaratidzirwa mukupindura chiito chinozivikanwa cheWarren neBurger Courts. Muma 1970, Attorney Edwin Meese III akapa nhevedzano yehurukuro dzinotsigira “chinangwa chapakuvamba.” Uku kuberekwa kwapakuvamba kwakatarisana netsoropodzo yakakomba nokuda kwokuva zvose zviri zviviri mudentinati nedzoudzvinyiriri. Mumhinduro, nyanzvi dzakavamba kuvandudza rondedzero. Chinyorwa cha 1985 naMutongi William Brennan .Critiocticism chakarumbidza chibvumirano chekare se “chipfekedzo chapakuvamba.” uye chinotaura kuti chitekiso chipenyu chakanyorwa.

Mutongi Scalia Nokuchinja Kunoita Kuti Vanhu Vave Nezvavanoreva

Munhu mumwe anopesvedzera zvikurusa mukukudziridzwa kwerevo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose akanga ari Mutongi Antonin Scalia. Akagadzwa kuDare Rapamusorosoro muna 1986, Scalia akajekesa nenzira yakananga mutoo wokunyora namavambo mumirangariro yake namanyoro omuraudzo. Mubhuku rake ra1998 A Concutter of Postry, akatsaura pakati pedonzo rapakuvamba nerevo yapakuvamba: “Ndiwo mutemo unodzora, kwete vavariro yoMudzori. Scialia akarangarira kuti revo yepakutanga” i “revo ine mufungo yorugwaro kuna avo vakaigamuchira. Mirangariro yake muzvinoitika [FLT:] [F2]] . [FLD [FT] VT] [200]

Mipiro Yavamwe Nyanzvi

Kupfuura Scalia, sangano redzidzo rakakudziridza kurehwa nerevo yavanhu vose yapakuvamba. Randy Barnett[ ye [FLT:] [FLT]] inopa muganhu weConstitution [[[[FLT:]] [2004] yakapa mupiro basa rakakomba pakududzira, kusimbisa kuti revo yavanhu vose inopa zvikonzero bedzi zvehwirudzuro. [FLT:] [FLT] [FFT] [10] , inopangwa namasimba apakuvamba omwo.[FFFF]

Mitoo: Nzira Yokuziva Nayo Revo Yavanhu Vose Pakutanga

Zvishandiso Zvemitauro Nezvenhau

Kuziva revo yavanhu yapakuvamba ibasa renhau neremitauro. Vatongi nenyanzvi vanoshandisa marudzi akasiana - siana amanyuko: maduramashoko kubvira panguva yamavambo (muchirevo, Samuel Johnson a 1755 naNoa Webster’s dikidikimasidhia), nharidzano yeFederalist Papers neAntifererarist, manyoro enhau mukokorodzano dzehurumende, mapepanhau namapepa, mashoko omutemo anozivikanwa navose, uye mashoko akapoteredza etsika nemitemo. Vavariro yacho haisati iri yokuwana vavariro imwe asi kuvandudza nzwisiso yamashoko inoshandiswa navanhu vose.

Somuenzaniso, mu Heller, Mutongi Scalia akashandisa manyuko okuvamba-era kuratidza kuti chitsama chamashoko “kuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo” chainzwisiswa kuva chinonongedzera kumaruramiro omunhu oga kuva nezvombo, kwete hacho chisarudzo chakabatana chakabatana chakabatana chakabatana nebasa remauto. Akanzvera mutauro wakafanana muziviso dzehurumende dzekodzero, Blackstone’s [ Comment, uye mashoko apakuvamba eAmerica. Muuyo wakanga uri chisarudzo chezvokubatana.

Denho Yemamiriro Ezvinhu Akachinja

Imwe tsoropodzi inopfuurira ndeyokuti revo yavanhu yapakuvamba haigoni nguva dzose kugovera mhinduro dzakajeka apo ruzivo rwazvino uno kana kuti gadziriro dzenzanga dzisina kuvapo pamavambo. Vanyori vemavambo vanopindura kuti muturikiri anofanira kushandisa nheyo yapakuvamba pamwero wakakwirira wetsika. Somuenzaniso, First Amendment inovimbisa “rusununguko rwokutaura” inoshanda kuzvinobudisa mashoko zvazvino uno seInternet nemhaka yokuti pfungwa ye“steki" haina kuganhurirwa kuruzivo rwakati. Chinokosha ndecho kuziva nheyo iri pasi pomutezo (g., kudzivirira mufambiro unorevesaidzwa) ndokuishandisa kumashoko matsva pasina kuchinja revo yorugwaro. Uyu mutoo uyu unowanzodanwa [[FLT:] mitoo yapakuvamba [FLC], kuedza kuti munhu ane mufungo ashandise sei mamiriro ezvinhu ose angaita kuti ashande mamiriro ezvinhu asingazivikanwi.

Dziviriro Dzokuvamba Kwerevo Yavanhu Vose

Kutonga Kwehurumende Nesimba Rose

Vanodavira mavambo vanotaura kuti kunamatira kurevo yavanhu yapakuvamba ndiyo nzira bedzi yokuva nechokwadi chokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoramba riri chirambidzo chapamutemo pahurumende. Chiremera cheBumbiro reMitemo chinobva kuvanhu vakaritendera; kuchinja kuti revo isina revo yetsika iri kutsiva kuda kwevoruzhinji vevatongi nokuda kwezvinodiwa nevanhu vane chiremera. Iyi kurukurirano inowanzobatanidzwa nokuzvipira kumutemo: mitemo inofanira kugadzwa uye kuzivikanwa mberi zvokuti vagari vemo vanogona kuwirirana nomufambiro wavo. Vatongi pavanodudzirazve Mutemo kuti varatidze mipimo yazvino uno, vanozvidza zvose zviri zviviri kuzivisa nokuzvidavirira kwoutongi.

Kurovedza Ungwaru Hwokutonga

Chikumbiro chikuru chezvapakuvamba ivimbiso yazvo yokuganhurira kuita chiito chokutonga. Kupfurikidza nokuraira vatongi kushandisa mupimo wakagadzwa wenhau, mavambo anoderedza ngozi yokuti vatongi vachaisa zvisarudzo zvavo zvomunhu oga zvetsika. Kurarama mukuwirirana nebumbiro remitemo, mukupesana, kunopa vatongi rusununguko rukuru rwokurava kodzero itsva kana kuti ganhuriro murugwaro. Chitendero chapakuvamba hachidzivisi chisarudzo chokutonga nguva dzose chinoda rutongeso / asi chinodzosa nokudzosera uchenjeri kupfurikidza nokugovera donzo, chiratidzo chepanze. Mutongi Scalia anorondedzera zvakakurumbira ikoku se “kutsvaka nyasha” dzepakuvamba: chinodzivisa Dare remitemo kuti risangovawo zvaro mufananidzo wetsika dzomuturikiri.

Kugadzikana Nokutsiga

Kudzikama kweBumbiro reMitemo chinhu chakanaka chavanhu. Kududzirazve nguva dzose kwakavakirwa pakuchinja kwezvizhinji zvenzanga kunosekesa basa reBumbiro reMitemo segadziriro inotsiga yokutonga. Chitendero chorudzidziso chinogovera chibatiso chakatsigiwa, chichibvumira mutemo kukura kupfurikidza nomutemo nerangariro yehurumende nepo zvichichengeta misengwa mikuru yechinyorwa chapakuvamba. Kupfurikidza nerevo yavanhu vose yapakuvamba, vatsigiri vapakuvamba vanotaura kudaro, tinokudza nzanga yebumbiro remitemo iyo yakatsungirira kwamazana maviri amakore.

Zvinetso Nezvinetso

Kusaziva Nhoroondo

Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndechokuti revo yavanhu yapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji haigoni kuzivikanwa kana kuti inodzivisa zvakakwana. Rurimi runoshanduka, uye revo dzakawanda dzinobvira dzingavapo panguva yokuvaka. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzera kumienzaniso yakadai se 144th Amendmentment’s Rootitions kana kuti Immunites Classiase, umo ufakazi hwenhau hunokurukurwa zvikuru. Mutongi anogona sei kusarudza nechivimbo pakati pokuvakazve kunokwikwikwidzana? Vazivi vemavambo vanobvuma kuti zvimwe zvirongwa zvinoparira kujeka zvikuru kupfuura zvimwe, asi ivo vanotaura kuti mutauro wapamutemo zvikurusa we 1445 perfementment’s Religimendimendices. Kupfuurirazve, chitambudzo chetsa kutsanangura hakubvumidzikisi revo yapakuvamba chose chose chose; kunoraira sei bedzi nokuda kwokunzvera kwamano kwenhau?

Chinetso Chokusaenzana Kwetsika

Zvichida chizivikanwo chine simba zvikurusa chetsika ndechekuti mavambo aizochengeta mativi asina kururama echinyorwa chokuvamba, zvakadai souranda, kuderera kwavakadzi, kana kuti kurambwa kwounzi hwakaenzana. Nepo achibvuma kuti revo yapakuvamba yapachena yapakuvamba yegadziriro dzakadai seTh3-Fithths Clauslaus kana kuti Fugitive Slave Claus akanga ari akaipa, vanodavira kuti maDesclee apakuvamba (Threnting Amendmentments, 1450, uye 15th) anochinja zvikuru revo yapakuvamba yeBumbiro remitemo uye akasika misero mitsva kuunganidzo kuunganidzo. Kuyera pakuvamba hakusati kuchitongori kusingaregi kuwirirana. Naizvozvo kurukurirano inochinjika kurevesa mipimo yavanhu yapakuvamba. [5]

Kushandisa Kunosarudzwa Nokutonga

Vamwe vashori vanopomera kuti kudavira pakuvamba kunoshandiswa nenzira inosarudzwa navatongi vane mwero (vanowanzoparadza mutemo unofambira mberi asi vanofuratira apo kwaizotsigira miuyo yakasununguka. Vanyori vemavambo vanopindura kuti rondedzero yacho haitsigiri nheyo uye kuti kuchinja kupi nokupi kukundikana kwevatongi, kwete rondedzero. Kunyanguvezvo, nzvero dzetsika dzinokarakadza kuti kurangarira kwechinjo kwapakuvamba kunowanzooneka zvikuru muzvisarudzo zvinotsigira miuyo isingachinjiki. Iyi inonyandura kuti kudavira kwapakuvamba ipfungwa yezvamatongerwe enyika inova nzira yokududzira nayo.

Udaviriri Mumuitiro: Zvisakiso Zvechiratidzo

[[FOL:0] Ditional of Columbia v. Heller (2008)

Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa mukurumbira chinoreva vanhu vose ipfungwa yeMutongi Scalia yevakawanda Heller, iyo yaidavira kuti Second Amendment inodzivirira kodzero yomunhu kuva nepfuti mumusha. Nzvero yaScalia yakanzvera rugwaro runoti “Asanosanosanotarisirwa Militia, kuva iri madikanwa kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu kuchengeta nokutakura Switima, haasati achizodziviswa. Iye anowana jambwa neripi, achitaurawo kuti mashoko“ vanhu vanongedzerwa kuvagari vose, uye “vatai neArms" zvinorehwa kuti vave nezvombo zvehondo kana kuti zvishandiswe. Iye akavimba zvikuru nemashoko okutanga, uye kupfuudzira pamutemo, uye kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira kwenhau kwenhau.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022]

Mhaka huru yeChipiri yeChinetso chePendeko, Bruen, yakakudza mutoo wetsika wapakuvamba. Mutongi Thomas anorangarira kuti kururamisa murairo wepfuti, hurumende inofanira kuratidzira kuti “yakabatana negamuchidzanwa renhau rorudzi urwu remitemo yepfuti.” Iyi yakabatanidza pachena revo yavanhu mudzidziso yebumbiro remitemo, ichida kuti vatongi vaongorore mashoko enhau kubva munguva yokuvamba neConfinson. Murangariro wakaita gakavaramazwi pamusoro pokuvambwa kweiyi nzvero yenhau uye kana kuchisimbisa kutonga panzvimbo pokuvamanikidza.

Mimwe Mienzaniso

Kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakaonekawo muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza Chigadzikiso chaClaus ( Thoowen yeGreece v. Galloway), Commerce Classias ( United States v. Lopez[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]]]NFIB v. Seberius), uye ukurumbiso hwesimba ravakuru. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, ruramisiro anonzvera kurangarira kana mutemo uchidenhwa mukati rondedzero yapakuvamba yorugwaro.

Pesvedzero Inopfuurira Yechimiro Chokutanga

Revo yapakuvamba yakabva pamicheto kunzvimbo huru yehurukuro yapamutemo yeAmerica. Iyo haisati ichasirizve rondedzero inochengetwa bedzi navadzidzisi vetsika; inoumba nguva dzose nharo dzavaridzi, vanamabharani vemitemo, uye vatongi veDare Rapamusorosoro. Vatongi vose vari vaviri vakasununguka navane mwero zvino vanobatikana noufakazi hwapakuvamba, kunyange kana pakupedzisira vakaramba mitoo yapakuvamba yakazara. Rondedzero yacho yakapesvedzerawo kududzirwa kwemitemo mudzimwe nyika dzakakurumbira dzemitemo, dzakadai seAustralia neNew Zealand, umo gakavaro dzakafanana pamusoro pekutendeseka kwamashoko dzinoitika.

Kutsoropodza kunoramba kwakasimba. Mutongi Stephen Breyer, mubhuku rake Active Liberty, akarangarira kuti mavambo ari pasi pebasa rokuita chisarudzo chedemokrasi nemhindumupindu yebumbiro remitemo. Dzimwe nyanzvi, dzakadai se Jack Balkin , mutsigiri we “chipo chinorarama chapakuvamba” chinobatanidza revo yapakuvamba nokuvakwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Pasinei zvapo neidzo idzi, mavambo akabvumikisa kuva akasimba zvikuru.

Zviri pachena kuti pfungwa yokuti vanhu vekuAmerica vaireva zvapakuvamba yachinja zvachose kuti vataure sei nezveBumbiro ravo remitemo. Kuti munhu wose anenge achida kunzwisisa kuti utongi hweAmerica hwakatanga sei, zvinokosha kuti anyatsoita sungano nedzidziso dzepakutanga.