Kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzeroorano kwakapesvedzera zvikuru miitiro yokurera vana munyika dzakawanda mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Sezvo nyika dzichiwedzera kuenzana kweroorano, nzvimbo yapamutemo nokuda kwemhuri dzokurera inova yakabatana zvikuru uye inodzokororwa mumiganhu. Iyi mhindumupindu haisati ichingoratidzira bedzi mipimo yenzanga asi inotapura zvakananga upenyu hwavana vanomirira misha yechigarire nemhuri dzinotsvaka kuvagamuchira. Kunzwisisa kuti kodzero dzeroorano dzinobatana sei nokurera kwamarudzi ose zvinoda kuderera zvikuru mumitemo yapamutemo, miitiro yenhau, uye zvinetso zvinopfuurira munyika umo kusatongori marudzi ose anobvuma kuva ezvokuroorana kana kuti kubatana kwomuchato zvakafanana.

Nhoroondo Yekodzero Dzevakaroorana Nokurerwa Navana Vavo

Kwamakumi amakore, kurera mwana kwomunyika yose kwaidzorwa zvikurukuru nenzvimbo yeroorano yavabereki vanokarirwa. Mitemo yamagamuchidzanwa mukutumira nokugamuchira nyika zvakafanana yakafungidzira kuti vaviri vakaroorana vane mitezo yakasiana yokubereka nayo vakagovera mhoteredzo yakatsiga zvikurusa nokuda kwomwana. Vanhu vamwe navamwe kana kuti varoorani vasina kuroorana, kubatanidza vakwanyina voutevedzani vamwe chetevo, vakatarisana nemipingamupinyi yakakwirira kana kuti kubviswa chose chose. Chikarakadzo chokuti roorano () pakati pomurume nomukadzi (8) chakanga chiri chinodikanwa nokuda kwokuita mwana kuti ave mwana akarerukirwa nomutoo wakaoma uyo kazhinji kazhinji wakaisa mubatanidzwa wavabereki wapamutemo pamusoro pefariro yakanakisisa.

Mhinganidzo Dzapamberi Pekuenzana

Kuenzana kwemichato kusati kwavamba mukuvamba kwama 2000, varoorani vounzenza vamwe chetevo vakanga vasina nzira yokugamuchira nayo vachibva kunyika dzakawanda zvikurusa. Kunyange munyika umo kurerwa kwemhuri kwaibvira nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe, miitiro yamarudzi ose yaiwanzovharwa. Mufungo wakataurwa nenyika dzakawanda dzaigamuchira wakanga uri wokuti nyika yemwana yakabva kwakabva muchato yaigona kusaziva ukama hwevaroorani, hunogona kukanganisa viza, kuva mugari wemo, kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo. Ikoku kwakaparira kubata varoorani vaisagona kugamuchirwa nemhaka yokuti ukama hwavo hwakanga husingatengwi, bva vasingagoni kuzivikanwa nemhaka yokuti vakanga vasina kuroorana pasi pomutemo womunzvimbomo. Vamwe varoora, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yevatano, kana vasina kutarisanawo nezvipingamupingamupinyi.

Kuchinja Kwepakutanga uye Nguva Dzaishamisa

Nguva yokuchinja yakamuka nokunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwapashoma napashoma kweroorano yevatano yoga yoga munyika imwe. Netherlands yakava rudzi rwokunyoresa roorano yevatano yavanhu vose muna 2001, ichiteverwa neBelgium, Canada, Spain, uye dzimwe. Chitendero chitsva chimwe nechimwe icho chaibvuma wirirano yemichato yazvo nenzira inobudirira chakazarura mamiriro acho enyika dzose kuva varoorani voga vevatano. Zvisinei, kurera mwana wamarudzi ose kunotsamira pazvibvumirano zvavo vamene, kwete chete mutemo wemhuri. Pashure pekodzero dzeroorano dzakakudzwa, kutumira nyika dzakawanda (* kutumira idzo dziri muAsia, Africa, uye mativi eLatin America-894, sthill akaramba kuronga kurera vana kunoitwa nevarume voga voga voga voga. Hague Convention Contrationstion, iyo yakauya nesimba ra19959, yakananga kukuita kuti iendese, asi yakabva kudiroo yadzo yakatongedzerwa zvakananga nokuda kwekutevero, kuti iendese.

Mabhuku Apamutemo Anodzora Kugamuchirwa Kwavana Kwomunyika Yose

Kugamuchira kwamarudzi ose inzvimbo yakaoma inobatanidza zvikamu zvakawanda zvomutemo: Hague Convention, mitemo yemhuri yenyika yamavambo avana, uye mitemo yokutama yenyika inogamuchirwa. Kodzero dzeroorano dzinotapura rutivi rumwe norumwe nenzira yakasiana.

Kokorodzano yeHague Pamusoro Pokugamuchirwa Kwomwana Wokurera

Hague Convention inosimbisa kuti kurera vana vasiri vatevedzeri kunofanira kuva nefariro yakanakisisa yomwana uye kuti vatevedzani vose vanofanira kupa bvumirano yakafanira. Nepo isingaratidzi zvinodikanwa pamusoro penzvimbo yeroorano yavabereki vokurera, zvinofungidzira kuti nyika imwe neimwe ichashandisa mipimo yayo imene. Nemhaka yei, kugamuchirwa kwenyika yeroorano kuenzana kweroorano kunofanira kupesvedzera zvakananga kana varoorani vevatano imwe cheteyo. Asi kana nyika yomwana yamavambo achiziva kuva yakabatana, bvumirano yogadzingana inogona kuputsa, ichiparira kunonoka kana kuti kuramba. Varavi vanowirirana vanokwanisa kubvunza [FK:]

Mitemo Inokosha Yomunyika Nezvibvumirano Zvechibvumirano

Kunyange kunze kwechikamu cheHague, kurera vana kuzhinji kunoitika pakati pamarudzi maviri ane zvibvumirano zvemibatanidzwa. Zvibvumirano izvi zvinowanzoratidza zvinodikanwa zveroorano zvokutumirwa kwenyika. Somuenzaniso, nyika dzakadai seSouth Korea neEthiopia munhau dzinoda vabereki vanokarirwa kuroorwa kwechiverengero chiduku chamakore uye kuva vasina nhau yechatanuro, nepo zvichiva neroorano dzevatano dzakajeka. Mukupesana, Colombia neBrazil zvakava vakazaruka zvikuru pashure pokuita roorano imwe cheteyo yezvenyika kana kuti mibatanidzwa yevagari vemo. Muuyo ibasa rakavakwana: vaviri vanogona kugamuchirwa nyore nyore nyore munyika imwe vangavharwa kugamuchirwa norudzi rumwe.

Kuenzana Kweroorano Pakurerwa Nevabereki Vasiri Vako

Kukura kwekodzero dzeroorano kwakakudza zvakananga boka ravabereki vokurera vakakodzera.

Vaviri Vane Expression

Nokuda kwavaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo, nhambo dzemari, kuenzana kweroorano kazhinji kazhinji chinhu chimwe chapamutemo chinokosha zvikurusa mukusarudza kwavo kuva vanokwanisa kugamuchira munyika yose. Munyika umo roorano youtevedzani inozivikanwa, ava vanyakuroorana vanogona zvino kushandisa mumikoto mimwe cheteyo savaroorani vane mitezo yakafanana yokubereka nayo, vachiva nenzvero dzimwe chetedzo dzemari, uye kumirira. Nhengo dzinobva ku [FLT: 0] [[FLT]] maruramiro eHumantion [ [[FLT]] inoratidzira kuti nhamba yavaroorani vamwe vanogamuchirwa nenyika yose yakakwira pamutemo. Zvisinei, vanotarisana nezvipingamupingamupikirwa zvakasiana: zvinoda kunyorwa zvakawedzerwa, sezvinozivikanwa nenyika kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mubatanidzwa, kana kuti kukwidza kuisa kuzvipira kubereka mwana muroorano.

Varoorani Vasina Kuroora

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinotapurawo vakwanyina vasina kuroorana. Munyika dzakawanda, masangano okurera vana vanoda kuti varoorane kwenhambo yakatarwa (kazhinji kazhinji makore maviri kusvikira kumashanu) kuratidzira dzikamo. Nokuenzana kweroorano, dzimwe nyika dziri kusunungurawo zvinodikanwa zveroorano nokuda kwavakwanyina vane mitezo yakasiana yokubereka nayo, dzichiziva kuti ukama hwakazvipira hahusati huchirondedzerwa chose chose nerugwaro rweroorano. Bva mune dzimwe nharaunda, varoorani vasina kuroorana (zvichinova zvakafanana kana kuti zvinopesana) vachiri kutarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha, zvikurukuru kana vasingagoni kuroora nemhaka yeganhuriro dzapamutemo kana kuti chisarudzo chomunhu oga. Kubatanidza pakati pamaruramiro eroorano nokurera mwana womwana nokudaro kunotambanuko kupfuura LGTQ kumhuri dzose dzisina kuroorana.

Vabereki Vari Voga

Kodzero dzeroorano dzinotapura nenzira isina kunanga vabereki vari voga uyewo. Munyika umo roorano yakafanana isingabvumirwi napamutemo, LGBTQ mumwe angangogamuchirwa somunhu mumwe, asi kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana nenzvero huru. Nenzira inopesana, mumipimo yeroorano yakaenzana, vabereki vari voga vechimiro chipi nechipi vanowanzobatwa zvakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Zvisinei, kutumira nyika dzingaisa zvido zvavo vamene. Mamwe marudzi anotsamira zvikuru pakuisa vana navaroorani, pasinei zvapo nemitemo yenyika inogamuchirwa, inogona kuderedza mabanza nokuda kwevakumbiri vamwe.

Zvinetso Nemhinganidzo

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha, mhinganidzo dzakawanda dzinosara. idzi mhinganidzo dzinobva mukusawirirana kwapamutemo, kurambwa kwetsika, uye kuoma kwomuzvarirwo kwokugamuchira vana vakawanda.

Kusaziva Nyika Sedzinotumira Marudzi

Zvichida chipingamupinyi chikurusa ndeichi apo nyika yomwana isingazivi kuenzana kweroorano zvachose. Kunyange kana varoorani vevatano imwe cheteyo vakaroora nenzira yapamutemo munyika yavo, rudzi runotuma rungaramba kunyoresa kwavo chose chose nemhaka yokuti roorano yavo haina chimiro chapamutemo munzvimbomo. Ikoku kwakaitika kunyika dzakafanana RUSSIA , iyo inorambidzwa kugamuchirwa navaroorani vamwe vorudzi rumwe chete vomunyika ipi neipi, uye Gatalam], iyo inobvumira bedzi vakaroorana kurondedzerwa nebumbiro ravo renyika. Migumisiro inowanzova inoparadza: vana vanogona kuramba vachichengetwa mutarisiro, nemhuri dzinovakwa pachivambwa mumutemo.

Kusiyana Kwetsika Nechitendero

Kurera mwana womwana hakuitiki pasina chinhu. Tsika dzetsika nedzerudzidziso zvinopesvedzera zvikuru miitiro yenyika. Munyika zhinji dzechiKristu dzine miganhu mizhinji yevatano haisati ichingozivikanwa bedzi asi inorambidzwawo munzanga. Zviremera zvokurera vana muidzi nyika zvingava zvisingadi kuisa vana vane varoorani vouteve hwevatano imwe chete, kunyange kana mitemo yenyika inogamuchirwa ichikubvumira. Kukurira iyi tsvetedzo kunoda kukurukurirana, dzidzo, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidzwa kwemapoka enyika yose ayo anotsigira fariro yakanakisisa yomwana pamusoro penzvimbo yeroorano yavabereki.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kwemitemo Nemipimo Yakarongeka

Kunyange munyika dzinofambira mberi, kugonana kunogona kuvapo. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzeU.S. dzine mitemo inodzivirira masangano okurera vana vasiri vavo orudzidziso ayo anoramba kushanda navaroorani vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano, kunyange zvazvo mutemo wehurumende uchibvumidza rusaruro rwakadaro mumigariro yakati. Ikoku kunoreva kuti vaviri voukama hwevatano humwe chetevo munyika imwe vangava nenzira isina musiyano yokurera, nepo vaviri vari mune imwe nyika vachitarisana nokuramba kunobva kumasangano akawanda. Pachikamu chamarudzi ose, mipimo miviri inoonekawo: nyika ingagamuchira kurerwa navanhu vakaroorana vokuberekana kunobva kunyika imwe asi kwete imwe, kuchitsamira paukama hwekurukurirano kana kuti zvibvumirano.

Nzvero Dzapamhosva: Kuchinja Kuitwa Kwekodzero Dzeroorano

Kuongorora nyika dzakati kunoratidza kuti kodzero dzokuroorana dzinobatsira sei pakugamuchirwa kwevabereki vanobva munyika dzakawanda.

Marudzi Anofambira Mberi: Canada neNetherlands

Canada, iyo inonyoreswa pamutemo kuva vatano yakafanana muruwa rwose muna 2005, ine imwe yemitemo yokurera vana vakasiyana - siyana. Masangano eCanada okurera vana muvatano yokubereka vana kazhinji kazhinji anobata vakaroorana nevatano yakafanana navamwe vakaroorana, uye hurumende yeCanada inoshanda nokutumira nyika kuti ive nechokwadi chokuti kuva mugari wemo kwavana hakudzivisiki nemamiriro eroorano avabereki. Netherlands, piyona muuenzani hweroorano, ane chinyorwa chakafanana. Masangano okurera vana vari munyika dzose dziri mbiri ave akabatira pamwe chete nemasangano muSouth Africa, Philippines, uye Colombia kuti ipfuure kugamuchirwa kwevaroorani voga voga voga voga. [[FLT:][FLT] [1] Couniltion [FLD] paMagategionation:]

Nyika Dzinoganhurira: Russia nePoland

Russia inopa musiyano mukuru. Pashure pokuita kuti roorano yevatano yapamutemo ive yapamutemo mudzimwe nyika dzokuMadokero, Russia yakarambidza kurerwa kwose navakwanyina voutere kunobva munyika ipi neipi muna 2013, ichidudza chishuvo chokudzivirira vana kubva mu "zvisizvo" mamiriro ezvinhu emhuri. Ikoku nenzira inobudirira kwakagumisa kurera vana kwamarudzi ose kunobva Russia kupfurikidza neLGBTQ+ uye kurera vamwe kuoma kunoitwa navanhu vamwe navamwe vakaroorana nevokwavo, uye kugamuchirwa kwemarudzi ose muPoland. Nenzira yakafanana, Poland, isingazivi roorano imwe cheteyo yezve, inoda kuti vabereki vokurera varoora vawirirane makore maviri uye nenzira yakajeka vanopfuura maviri voga voga voga voga voga voga. Somuteveri wePoland inoshanda nevokwanyina vomunyika imwe cheteyo vanobva munyika dzakawanda.

Kariro Dzomunguva Yemberi Nezvinorumbidzwa

Mutevedzeri wekodzero dzeroorano anokarakadza kukura kunopfuuridzirwa, asi fambiro mberi mukugamuchirwa kwamarudzi ose ichada nhamburiko yamaune inobva kuvaiti vemitemo, mapoka ekodzero dzeroorano, uye masangano amarudzi ose.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwomutemo Nekokorodzano Yehague

Imwe nzira inovimbisa igadziridzo kana kuti dudziro yeHague Convention kuti ibatanidze zvakajeka vatano senzvimbo yakadzivirirwa muzvisarudzo zvokurera mwana. Nepo Kokorodzano ichiri kunanga pa "fariro yakanakisisa yomwana," kujekeswa kuti mugariro weroorano nechimiro chevatano zvinofanira kuva zvisati zviri mhinganidzo dzinozviitikira zvingagona kukurudzira masangano ari mitezo yawo. Nenguva ino, dzimwe nyanzvi dzakadana nokuda kwebvumirano yakasiyana inoda kutumira nyika kurangarira varoorani vose zvakaenzana, pasinei zvapo nechimiro chevatano chevaviri. ] ICF[FF]] [FLT]] yakarevesa nokuda kwemiitiro inobatanidza kuti vana vagadzikire shatina pamiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro.

Kutendeseka uye Kupindira Mumutemo

Masangano asingapinzi mhindu anopfuurira kumanikidza kuchinja kupfurikidza nedzidzo yavose. Muzvimwe zviitiko, varoorani voutere vakadenha mitemo yokurera vana inoganhurira mumatare, vachiwana maruramiro okugamuchira kunyika dzaimboashora. Somuenzaniso, muna 2017, vaviri vaviri voutere vamwe chetevo vakabva France vakatora mwana nokubudirira kubva Vietnam pashure pedare rakatonga kuti kuramba kweVietnam kwakaputsa kodzero yomwana kumhuri. Kukunda kwakadaro kwakagadza mienzaniso inokosha. Mapokata okusaita vana vanoshandawo nokutumira nyika kusimbisa kuperevera kwemhuri dzokurera mhuri dzinogamuchirwa uye betsero dzokuzarura masuo ezvibvumirano zvevatano zvakakwanyina.

Basa Remitumbi Yamarudzi Ose

Masangano akadai seDare reEurope reMarudzi eVanhu ne Dare reSangano reMarudzi reHwororopoka akabudisa mitemo yokuti nenzira isina kunanga inotsigira kodzero dzokurera vakaroorana vevatano imwe cheteyo kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kodzero kuupenyu hwemhuri. Sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzinotsigira zvibvumirano zvekodzero dzavanhu, izvi zvinotaura zvingamanikidza marudzi anozengurira kufungazve nezvezvinorambidzwa zvawo. Mukuwedzera, kuedza kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende yehurumende kunogona kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvinoda kuzivikanwa nevavariro dzokuwanana nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokurera vana, zvakafanana nokuti nyika dzakawanda zvino dzinoziva sei roorano nokuda kwokutama.

mhedziso

Simba rekodzero dzeroorano pamiitiro yokurera vana yamarudzi ose rakakura uye rakajeka. Kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kweroorano dzevatano dzakawanda dzakavharwa kare, kuchigonesa zviuru zvavana kuwana misha ine rudo uye kubvumira mhuri kusangana. Asi rwendo rwacho ruchiri kure nokupera. Miganhu inoramba iri mukutumira nyika dzinonamatira kurondedzero dzisiri dzose dzeroorano, uye kupesana kwetsika mumativi mazhinji enyika kunopfuurira kufambira mberi. Sezvo kuenzana kunova kwakakurumbira zvikuru munyika yose, tariro ndeyokuti kurera kwamarudzi ose kuchatevera sututi, kugamuchirwa kwapamhiko, kupfunga, uye kupfuudza mwana pakati pezvi. Pakupedzisira, kukura kwekodzero dzeroorano hakungori kunongova bedzi pamusoro pokuzivikanwa pamutemo; kuri kuvimbisa kuti mwana ari wose ane mukana wokukura, pasinei zvapo nokugadziriswa kwemhuri, kunoitwa navabereki, pasinei zvapo nokubatana nehurumende dzehurumende, kupfuurira kutsigira mamiriro ezvinhu enyika.