Pfungwa yokutora rutivi muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji inokosha. Inobatanidza nzira idzo vagari vemo vanopinda nadzo nehurumende yavo uye nzira dzokuita nadzo zvisarudzo. Zvisinei, miganhu yehurumende inogona kupesvedzera zvikuru kutora rutivi kwevagari vemo, kuumba nyika yedemokrase. Apo ganhuriro dzinoderedza mano avanhu okuvhota, kuungana, kana kuti kutaura norusununguko, nheyo chaiyo yemumiriri anodzora inodzikamisa. Kunzwisisa simba iri rinokosha mukudzivirira masangano edemocracy uye kuvimbisa kuti manzwi ose anonzwiwa. Nyaya ino inoongorora ukama hwakabatana pakati pehurumende nemitemo yehurumende inowirirana, kuongorora mamiriro enhau, mienzaniso yepanguva ino, uye unyanzvi hwokuita kuti igadzirike.

Kunzwisisa Kubatanidzwa

Kutora rutivi kweCovic kunonongedzera kunzira dzakasiana- siyana idzo vanhu vanogona kupinda nadzo munzanga dzavo ndokupesvedzera miitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza kuvhota, kupinda misangano yehoro yomutaundi, kukumbanira mapoka okunyoresa, uye kutora rutivi mukuramba. Utano hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kazhinji kazhinji hunoyerwa nemwero webvumirano yehurumende pakati pavagari vayo. Apo kutora rutivi kwakakwirira, hurumende dzinogamuchira zvikuru uye hadzidiwi; apo kunenge kwakaderera, ruvimbo rwavose runobvisa uye runoita zvisarudzo zvinobviswa nezvinodikanwa zvavanhu.

Tsananguro uye Kukosha

KUVA nechokuita kweCovic hakuganhurirwi kuzvamatongerwe enyika zvechisarudzo. Kunobatanidzawo mibato yakadai sokuzvipira, kubatira pamapazu omunzvimbomo, kupira kuzvikonzero, uye kupinda muhurukuro yavose. Izvi zviito zvinovaka dzimbahwe renzanga uye zvinosimudzira chinetso cheboka. Munzanga dzedemocracy, kutora rutivi kwakapararira kunovimbisa kuti mipimo yakasiana-- siyana yomutemo wavose uye kuti simba rinoramba richizvidavirira. Kunzvera kunobva kumasangano akadai se [FLT:] Pew Research Center[ nguva dzose] kunoratidza kuti mwero yakakwirira zvikuru yebvumirano yehurumende yehurumende inobatana nokubudirira kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika negutsika negutsika nehurumende.

Nhoroondo

Munhau yose, kutora rutivi kwenzanga kwakawedzera kupfurikidza namasangano enzanga negadziridzo dzapamutemo, kubva kusangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo kusvikira kunhimbe dzekodzero dzevagari vemo. Bva hurumende panhambo nenhambo dzinoisawo ganhuriro, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoruramiswa neitiro hanya dzechengeteko, nhevedzano, kana kuti kushanda kwokutarisira. Somuenzaniso, pashure penhambo dzenyongano, marudzi akawanda akagadza mitemo inoganhurira kuungana kwavose kana kuti kutaura. Iyi nhambo yenhau inosimbisa kusagadzikana pakati pemipimo yehurumende nedzoro, kuchikuita kuti kuve kunokosha kunzvera kuti ganhuriro dzazvino zvinotapura sei kutora rutivi nhasi.

Marudzi Okugoverana

Kunzwisisa zvimiro izvi kunobatsira kuona kuti chii chiri nyore zvikurusa kuganhurirwa nehurumende.

Zvimiro Zvegamuchidzanwa

  • Kuvhota musarudzo: Mutoo wakananga zvikurusa wokupesvedzera nawo, asi pasi peganhuriro dzakadai semitemo yemuvhoti nemhinganidzo dzokunyoresa.
  • Kupa hurukuro mumisangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo: Misangano yehoro yetaundi nokutongwa kwavose zvinobvumira mubatanidzwa wakananga panhau dzakadai sokuronga nokuronga zvivako nebhajeti.
  • Mapoka ekodzero dzehurumende : Masangano akadai semibatanidzwa, mapoka emhoteredzo, uye masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo anosimudzira manzwi akabatana.
  • Kushanda mubasa renzanga: Kuzvipira nokuda kwezvikoro kana kuti mibayiro isingashandi zvinosimbisa zvisungo zvomunzvimbomo namabasa.
  • Kubatanidza kana kuti kutora rutivi mukuramba [[[FLT: 1]: Kuratidzira pachena kwave kuri chishandiso chechinjo yenzanga, asi kunogona kuganhurirwa negadziriro dzemvumo negadziriro dzegadziriro.

Zvimiro Zvazvino Uno

Unyanzvi hwemagetsi hwakawedzera kubatanidzwa munzvimbo itsva. Mikumbiro yepaIndaneti, zvirongwa zvemasangano enhau, uye dzimba dzinodokuva dzemataundi zvinoita kuti vanhu vakwanise kuvimbisana zvikuru, zvikurukuru kune vaya vane mikana yokufamba kana kuti kutadza kufamba. Zvisinei, hurumende dzakaganhurirwawo kutora rutivi pachishandiswa kombiyuta, kuongorora, uye kuisa zvinhu mungozi. Zvimiro zvazvino uno zvinofanira kudzivirirwa serutivi rwenzanga yenzanga.

Ganhuriro Dzehurumende Dzokutora Rutivi

Miganhu yehurumende inogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda, kubatanidza mitemo, mitemo, uye mitemo zvinoganhurira nzira iyo vagari vemo vanogona kuita nayo mabasa omunzanga.iyi ganhuriro inogona kuva netapuro huru pakukwanisa kwavanhu kutora rutivi mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvepamutemo Nezvokutonga

Mitemo inoganhurira kusvika kwokuvhota, yakadai sezvinodikanwa zvemuvhoti zvakasimba kana kuti kubvisa mapepa anovhota, inoita zvipingamupinyi zvokudzora. Nenzira yakafanana, mirau pakutsigira mari yenhimbe inogona kuganhurira mano amasangano anopa minda yokukwikwikwidza nefariro dzakanaka. Mune dzimwe nyika, mitemo inodzivisa mari yokuvhota yokumwe yakaderedza basa renyika. Iyi mhinganidzo yapamutemo inowanzodzivirirwa semipimo yokudzivirira perero yemusarudzo kana kuti chengeteko yamarudzi, asi inogona kubvisa nenzira inodzora manzwi.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvehurumende

Kunyange pasina ganhuriro yakajeka, miitiro yebhureaucracy inogona kudzivisa kutora rutivi. Gadziriro dzakaoma kunzvera, mafafitera mapfupi okunyoresa, uye kushaikwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzinoisa mitoro isingaenzaniswi pakuwana mari yakaderera nenzanga duku. Brennan Center yeChirevo chaMakuru [ yakabvumikisa kuti zvipingamu zvakadaro zvokudzora zvinodzorwa zvinodzorwa nokuderera.

Kutya uye Kutya

Muhurumende dzine udzvinyiriri, mapoka ezvokukurukurirana nehurumende anowanzoshandiswa. Kunyange munyika dzinosarudzwa nehurumende, kudzorwa kwematongerwe enyika kana kuti kurwisa kubatanidzwa kwevapfuri kunogona kumisa kuvimbisana kwehurumende. Iyi mhinganidzo isingachinjiki yakaoma kuyera asi inotapura zvikuru kutora rutivi.

Kurambidzwa Kwehurumende

Miganhu yehurumende pakutora rutivi kwenzanga inosiana zvikuru, asi mapoka anozivikanwa navose anobatanidza ayo anotapura kuvhota, kutaura, kuungana, uye mubato wesangano.

◯ Kushandisa Mitemo

Mitemo yeID yezvokuvhota inoda zivikanwo chaiyo, kazhinji kazhinji nemipimo yokugamuchira kwakakomba. Vatsigiri vanoita nharo kuti vanodzivisa kubiridzira, asi fundo dzinoratidza kuti vanotapura zvikuru vashoma, vakwegura, uye vavhoti vakaderera. MuUnited States, inotaura kuti mitemo yeID yakaoma yakaona kuderera kukuru pakati paaya mapoka. Somuenzaniso, New York Times Nzvero dzekunzvera kwakawana kuti mutemo wevhotera waTexas wakader wakaderedzwa ne 2-3 mativi okuverenga akataputirwa.

Ganhuriro Dzokurwisa

Mitemo yezvipo zvematongerwe enyika uye mari inogona kudzora munhu anogona kutsigira mari yemari yezvouori. Kunyange zvazvo mimwe mitemo ichivavarira kudzivisa uori, ganhuriro dzakanyanyisa dzinogona kudzvinyirira midzi inopa mari yemasangano maduku. Ukuwo, kubvisa mirayiridzo kunogona kubvumira vanhu vakapfuma nemasangano kuti vadzore zvirongwa zvamatongerwe enyika. Kudzikamisa kuona nokuwana zvinhu zvinokosha kuti zvichengetedze kumira mberi.

Miganhu Pagungano Ravose

Hurumende dzinowanzoda mvumo dzokuramba, kuisa ganhuriro, kana kuti kurambidza marudzi akati okuratidzira. Iyi ganhuriro inogona kushandiswa kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana, zvikurukuru nokuda kwenhau dzenharo. Munyika dzakafanana neRussia, kushora mitemo yehurumende kunoparadzirwa nguva dzose, uye varongi vanotarisana nezvirango zvapamutemo. Kunyange munyika dzinosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuda Kutaura Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika inoganhurira kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza mitemo yokuvenga kutaura uye chengeteko yenyika, inogona kushandiswa kunyaradza vatsoropodzi.

Mitemo Pamasangano Asina Kukodzera Kugadziriswa

NGO dzinowanzotarisana nemitemo inoganhurira pamusoro pokunyoresa, mari, uye kushuma. MuHungary, mutemo unonangidzira NGO dzinoda kupiwa kunze kwenyika wakamanikidzira vazhinji kuvhara kana kuti kudzosa. Iyi mirau inoganhurira mano enzanga yevagari vemo okutsigira, kugovera mabasa, uye kukurudzira vagari vemo, nokudaro ichideredza kubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo.

Migumisiro Yokubatanidzwa Kusina Kuganhurirwa

Kana hurumende ikarambidza vanhu kuita chimwe chinhu, migumisiro yacho inogona kuva yokusvika kure. Kuvimbisana kushoma kunoita kuti pave nokushayikwa kwechiratidzo, kusawirirana pakati pehurumende nevanhu vainoshandira, uye kuderera kwenguva refu kwehurumende inotonga hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

Kuparadzwa Kwemadhimoni

Kusakendenga kwehurumende, kusavimba nehurumende, uye kuzvidavirira kwakaderera zvinotungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvemitemo zvinobatira vashoma pane zvakawanda.

Kusaenzana Kwakawedzerwa

Mapoka akaganhurirwa ane ganhuriro huru yeganhuriro dzokutora rutivi, kufutunura mativi aripo. Somuenzaniso, mitemo yemavhoti inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vanhu vashomanene, ichideredza pesvedzero yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika panhau dzakadai sedzidzo, dzimba, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano. Uku kugamuchirwa kunoparira kusaenzana, sezvo avo vanotova vasina kusununguka vasina kutaura zvakawanda mumiitiro inovatapura.

Kusawirirana kweMutemo

Kana vanhu vashomanana vachibatanidzwa, mitemo inoratidza zvinokosheswa nevoruzhinji vanoshingaira. Mitemo yezvakatipoteredza, mambure okudzivirira nzanga, uye zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvingaregeredzwa kana vabatsiri vavo vakanyaradzwa.

Nzvero Dzokuganhurirwa Kwehurumende

Kuongorora nyaya dzakaitika kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inoita kuti vanhu vabatane sei panyaya dzakasiyana - siyana, uye kuti zvinonyatsooneka sei kuti vanhu vanokwanisa kudzora miganhu yavo.

Fundo 1: Mitemo Yenhau muUnited States

Mitemo yeID yezvokusarudza yakagadzirwa munyika dzinoverengeka muU.S., ichida kuti vanhu vape zvimiro zvakati zvokuvhota. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi mitemo inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mapoka mashoma, vakwegura, uye vanhu vakaderera. Somuenzaniso, muAlabama, mutemo wa 2011 wakavhara mahofisi akawanda eMotor Vehles muminhamba ine urombo, ichikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti vagari vemo vawane maID. Nzvero dzakaona kuderera muvhotera munzvimbo idzi. [[FLT: 0]] ACLUU yakadenha mitemo yakadaro mudare, ichisimbisa tapuro dzaromazamisitiri.

Fundo Yenhau 2: Ganhuriro Pakurwisana muIndia

MuIndia, nepo bumbiro remitemo richivimbisa maruramiro okuungana kworugare, hurumende yakashandisa nenzira inowedzera gadziriro neChikamu 144 cheChiratidzo cheCriminal Procedure kurambidza kuungana munzvimbo dzavose. Mukati mokuramba kwavarimi 2020, zviremera zvakashandisa masimba aya kuganhurira kuratidzira panzvimbo dzinokosha pedyo neNew Delhi. Mitemo yakadaro inoganhurira mano evagari vemo okutaura kusabvumirana nemitemo yakadai sokuchinja kwezvekurima, kuderedza kubatanidzwa kwenzanga uye kurukurirano.

Fundo 3: Nzvimbo Yebic muTurkey

Turkey yakava nokuparara kukuru kwenzvimbo yehurumende kubvira muna 2013, nokuparadzanya kwaNGOs, vatori venhau, uye vatsigiri vezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo inorwisana ne "ugandanga" uye "kudzosa purezidhendi" yave ichishandiswa kunyaradza vatsoropodzi. Maererano House yeFreedom[, rusununguko rwevagari vemo rweTurkey rwaderera zvikuru. Chinongedzero ichi chinoratidza kuti ganhuriro dzemitemo dzinogona sei kubvisa nzanga yevagari vemo yakabudirira yakare, nemiuyo inotapura pakutora rutivi rwehurumende nekurukurirano yavose.

Zvirongwa Zvokuwedzera Basa Rokutora Rutivi

Pasinei nokuti hurumende iri kutadza kuita zvimwe zvinhu, pane nzira dzinogona kubatsira kuti vanhu vakwanise kugarisana nevamwe.

Kuronga uye Kuvaka Munzanga

Masangano e Grasroot anogona kukurudzira vagari vemo kunyange mumigariro inoganhurirwa. Zvitatiso zvakafanana nokunyoresa kwesuo nomuvhoti, nzanga, uye nhimbe dzokuziva vanhu zvinobetsera kupfuudza mhinganidzo dzetsika. Somuenzaniso, masangano akadai seLeague of Women Voters anoitisa kurudziro yokunyoresa kusingatsigiriki munzvimbo dzinotapurwa nemitemo yeID inoganhurirwa. Kuvaka mibatanidzwa mumapoka anobatanidza mapoka kunosimbisa inzwi uye kuwedzera kuzvitsigiro.

Kutendeseka uye Kunyengedzwa Mumutemo

Mitemo inoganhurira mudare inzira inokosha. Masangano erusununguko rwavagari vemo anowanzotonga mitemo yeID inovhota, miganhu yemari yenhimbe, uye miganhu yedare. Kukwidziridza matare kunogona kushandura kana kuti kugadziridza ganhuriro, kudzorera kutora rutivi. Somuenzaniso, Brennan Center akakunda mhaka mukurwisana nemitemo yokuvhota uye yokuvhota, achidzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwamamirioni.

Mashandisiro Anoita Zvemagetsi uye Kumhanya

Zvisinei, maturusi aya anotarisanawo nokuongororwa uye kuiswa muzvinhu zvine mwero. Kushandisa kurukurirano yakavanzika uye nzvimbo dzinoshandiswa zvakanaka kunogona kuwedzera kuchengeteka. Mazano akaita seChinjo.org akaunganidza mamiriyoni kubva panhau dzinodzivirira mhoteredzo kusvika kukodzero dzevanhu, zvichiratidza simba rokubatanidza vanhu negadziriro dzemichina.

Kuvaka Kunobvumiranwa Kwakasiyana - siyana

Kubatanidza vamiririri vekodzero dzakasiyana - siyana (kubva pamasangano ebasa kumasangano ezvitendero). Kubatanidza kunogona kugoverana zvinhu, kushandira pamwe, uye kumanikidza hurumende. Sangano rekodzero dzevanhu rinoratidza kuti chivako chinogona sei kuita kuti mitemo ichinjike, kunyange kana hurumende ichiramba.

Basa Redzidzo Mukubatanidzwa

Dzidzo inoita basa rinokosha mukusimudzira kutora rutivi kwenzanga.

Dzidzo Yemiviri Muzvikoro

Zvikoro zvinogona kubatanidza dzidzo yehurumende nedzidzo yazvo yepashure pechikoro nokudzidzisa kukosha kwemabasa okuvhota uye ehurumende, kukurudzira zviitiko zviri kuitika, kukurudzira vadzidzi kuti vatore rutivi mukudzora kwomunzvimbomo, kusimbisa basa rokuva nyanzvi uye kuita mabasa, uye kugovera mari yokubatsira vanhu.

Kudzidza Kwevakuru Nokurava Nokunyora

Kunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvinobudiswa mumapepanhau uye zvemapepanhau zvinoda kuziva kuti zvinoda kuzivikanwa sei kuti zvizivikanwe sei kuti zvivepo zvinobatsira sei.

Kudzidza Kwakavakirwa Munzanga

Zvirongwa zvokuongorora uye kudzidza basa zvinobatanidza zivo yepfungwa nezvinoitwa nevagari vemo chaivo. Somuenzaniso, vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti neNGOs kuti vadzidze mhinganidzo dzemuvhoti vozotaura mhinduro. Kusvika kwemaoko kwakadaro kunopa simba vanhu vanopinda kuti vave vatsigiri munzanga dzavo.

Kukurira Dzimbiso Dzehurumende

Pasinei zvapo neganhuriro, vagari vemo namasangano vakatanga gadziriro dzokutsungirira dzokuchengeta kutora rutivi kwenzanga.

Mazai Anoparira Kusava Nechokwadi

Masangano enzvimbo dzinogara anowanzochinjira kuganhuriro kupfurikidza nokushandisa mikoto isina kurongwa. Munyika dzine zvirambidzo zvokuramba, vagari vemo vangashandisa kurinda kwakanyarara, kuisa mifananidzo, kana kuti nhimbe dzenzanga kuti varatidze kusabvumirana. Mapepanhau epasi pevhu muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira akachengetedza mashoko akapararira munhau.

Dzvinyiriro Yamarudzi Ose Netsigiro

Masangano enyika dzakawanda nehurumende dzokumwe zvinogona kushandisa dzvinyiriro yokubvisa ganhuriro. Kushambadza, kutaura kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende, uye mari nokuda kwenzanga yavagari vemo zvinogovera tsigiro. Zvisinei, kuvimba netsigiro yokunze kunogona kumutsa nharo uye kungasava kunobudirira nguva dzose. Mitengo yeEuropean Union kazhinji kazhinji inoumba kuva mutezo pakuchinja zvinhu, uko kwakakurudzira mamwe marudzi kuvandudza nzvimbo yenzanga.

Kunyora nokuona bhaisikopo

Kunyora ganhuriro dzehurumende nemiuyo yadzo kupfurikidza nemishumo, mapepa, uye zvirongwa zvemashoko zvakazaruka zvinofumura kushatisa uye zvinozivisa umbadzi. Zvikamu zvakafanana Ushahidi mishumo yamasimba masimba akasarudzwa kana kuti kunzvera, zvinoparira ufakazi hwenhimbe. Mitemo yakadaro yokuona kunoumba kuzvidavirira uye inodzivisa kudzvinyirira kwomunguva yemberi.

mhedziso

Mitemo yehurumende pakutora rutivi yehurumende yakakura uye yakasiyana - siyana. Nepo izvi ganhuriro zvichigona kudzivisa kuvimbisana, kune nzira dzakawanda dzinogona kushandiswa kusimudzira kubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti manzwi ose anonzwiwa mugadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Dzidzo, zvirongwa zvenzanga, kuronga, uye zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvinokosha mukukurira miganhu uye kusimudzira utongi hunogutsa. Kudzivirira nokuwedzera kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda kunoda kungwarira pamwero yose(8) kubva muzviito zvogaro zvogaro zvakati kuti pave nokushandira pamwe chete kwenyika dzose. Sezvinoratidzwa nenhau, madhimonicracycracy anobudirira apo vagari vemone vanokwanisa kutora rutivi rwakasununguka; apo ganhuriro dzinoiswa, zvibvumirano zvehurumende inodzosarira mberi. Kunzwisisa izvi, tinogona kushanda kugadziriro kunzvimbo dzokutsigira kunzvimbo dzamabasa panzvimbo dzokudzora kutsigira kubatanidzwa mubatanidzwa munzanga.