Nzvero dzokuvhota dzinomirira chishandiso chinonyengera chakasiana mukutsigira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusafanana nenzvero dzapamutemo dzakagadzirirwa kuunganidza murangariro wavanhu usina kusarura, kumanikidza kuvhozhokera kunorongwa kuti kushandure nzwisiso, kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama, uye vavhoti vanonyengera kupfurikidza nemibvunzo yakatakurwa kana kuti inonyengera. Simba ravo rinowira nomutoo wakasiana-----shaiana panzanga duku neyakasiana, uko vanoshandisa pamutemo kudzivirira kuvadziko, uye kusavimba navanhu. Nyaya ino inonzvera vadzori vezvokunzvera, kushandiswa kwavo kwenhau nekwazvinovapo napanguva ino mukurwisana navanhu vasina dziviriro, miuyo yedemocracy, uye zviito zvedzidzo zvapamutemo zvinowanika kukurira kuvadziko dzavo.

Kunzwisisa Kushatisa: Tsananguro Nokusiyana Kunobva Muuipi Hunoparadzirwa

Papfundo rayo rokunzverwa, nzvero inomanikidzirwa inhimbe yokutengesa pafoni kana kuti yemiitiro inonyepedzera senzvero. American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR) inorondedzera nzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika senzira inoshandiswa kuvhota kuti uparadzire mashoko akaipa kana kuti anotsausa pamusoro pomubhadharo kana kuti nhau. Yakasiana nenzvero dzesayenzi yapamutemo, inosunda kuvhotera kusaedza kuunganidza mashoko akarurama; panzvimbo pezvo, ivo vanobvunza mibvunzo ine revoro yakadai se, “Ungava sezvingabvira zvikuru kana uchiziva kuti vakanga vapomerwa mhaka yemutengi??” Mhoshoro yesayenzi yesayenzi ingava yenhema chose chose, asi inoparira kupanikira mundangariro yevota.

Masangano okunzvera anotevedzera mipimo yorumano yemipimo yetsika, kubatanidza mienzaniso yakatevedzana, mashoko emibvunzo akajeka, uye kuziviswa kwomutsigiri wenzvero. Nzvero dzechipukuto, mukupesana, kazhinji kazhinji dzinotsigirwa namatare ezviito zvezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mapoka okunzvera anoshora asina fariro muuremu hwakarurama. Anowanzosvika nhamba huru zvikuru yevhoti (pane mazana ezviuru) anoshandisa foni dzinodzorwa kana kuti kushambadza kwapaIndaneti, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti vavariro yacho yakazadzwa, kwete kuenzanisira. khowudi yokunzvera yetsika inoshurikidza zvakajeka muitiro wacho, ichitaura kuti “kunzvera kwoumborovhara kwamabasa nokuda kwokunzvera kwakatendeseka.

Kushanda Kunoita Kushatisa

Kunzverwa kwokumanikidza kunoshanda kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka yakafanana:

  • Mibvunzo yakaoma: ine kutaura kwakaipa kusingabetseri, kwakadai sokuti “Unotsigira Candidate Smith, uyo akabatanidzwa nemhosho?” Kunyange pasina utsotsi.
  • Kuenzana kwenhema: Mitemo inokumbirwa kuenzanisa nzvimbo yomukwikwidzi nokunyanyisa kana kuti chimiro chakarongeka chinobva kumutsigiri.
  • Mitauro inokurudzira: Mutauro wakagadzirirwa kunyandura rutyo, hasha, kana kuti nyumwiro unoshandiswa, kazhinji kazhinji kudenha funganyo dzedzinza kana kuti dzetsika.
  • Kudzokorora kwapakarepo: shoko rimwe chetero rakaipa rinodzokororwa mumhete dzakawanda kana kuti kushambadza, kusimbisa murangariro wenhema wokuti kutaura kwacho kunotendwa navose kana kuti kunoshumwa.

Nemhaka yokuti nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa hadzina kudzorwa sokushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika mumativi mazhinji, dzinoshanda munzvimbo yachena yemitemo. Shanyo dzacho kazhinji kazhinji dzinovamba nomunzvero yemitemo yakafanana ne “Iyi nzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika,” asi vavhoti vashomanene vanoziva kudzvinyirirwa. Nzvero 2020 nePew Research Center yakawana kuti anenge mumwe muvashanu veAmerica akashuma kuti akagamuchira icho chaidavira kuti chakanga chiri nzvero yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo gare gare gare yakava nzvero yezvokumanikidzwa. Fug yakacherekedza kuti unyanzvi hwakadaro hwakasvika nokukurumidza kuva vhotera mumaruwa akakwirira avagari vakakwirira. [[FLT:]] Pew'n .

Kupararira Kwevaduku Nevanhu Vakasiyana - siyana

Nzvero dzokumanikidza hadzina kupiwa nenzira yokuzviitikira nechomumwe chete,() dzinonangidzirwa namaune kunzanga umo kutya, kusavimba, kana kuti mikaha yemashoko zvinoita kuti vavhoti vave vanotapurwa zvikuru. Vaduku nenzanga dzakaderedzwa, kubatanidza Black, Latino, Asian, Inficive, uye vagari vemo vemo, vatarisana nenhau refu yokushandisa zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kubva kukudzvinyirirwa kwomuvhoti kusvikira kumashoko anobva mudzinza. Kuvhotera iwedzero yazvino uno uno.

Nyanzvi dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakanzwisisa kare kuti rudzi nedzinza zvinogona kuva zvisakiso zvine simba. Mukati mama 1980 nama 1990, “Muitiro wokuMadokero” wakashandisa mutauro unonyorwa zvakanaka pamusoro pegarikano, utsotsi, uye maruramiro ehurumende kufadza funganyo dzedzinza dzavachena. Nhasi, kumanikidza kunzvera kunoshandisa khwero dzakafanana dzinojeka zvikuru zvokuti dzinoita kuti tsvusvusvuke mirangariro asi dzisinganzwisisiki zvakakwana. Somuenzaniso, mushanyi angabvunza, kuti:“ Munoziva here kuti Candidate Jones ane batano iri pedyo nenzanga yeSpain uye anoda kupa vatami vose vasina mapepa??” Chikarakadzo ndechero chokuti batano dzakadaro dzakafanana dzakajeka zvakakwana kuita kuti shate mirangariro ivewo zvayo yekuva shanduko yavanhu yokutama.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Nemano

Zviitiko zvakawanda zvakatsikirirwa zvinoratidzira kuvadziko yakaparira nzvero panzanga shomanene:

  • Nhamba yaPurezidhendi: Mukati menhimbe yaBarack Obama, yakadzorwa mubato muOhio nePennsylvania yakabvunza kana vvuti vvutani vaizotsigira “mutema ari muMuslim” (kutaura kwenhema). Kudana kwacho kwairondwa kuboka rinotsigira Hillary Clinton, kunyange zvazvo boka rairamba kuita jambwa. Muuyo, zvisinei, wakanga uri wokusimbisa mirangariro inokuvadza pakati pevachena.
  • 2016 Nhuro neMasilamu-American Voters: Mumavhiki pamberi pesarudzo, kusunda nzvero kwakanangidzira nzanga dzeArab-America neMuslim muMichigan, vachibvunza mibvunzo ine mibvunzo pamusoro pe “chiIslam chevamiria” uye kubvunza batano dzavadaviri kumaSulumbi. Mapoka akashuma wewedzero mutsinhiro dzechiIslamophobic uye kuderera mukunyoresa kwevota pakati pavaMuslim.
  • 2020 Understript yeAsia yeAmerica: Munyika dzinoverengeka, vavhoti veAsia vanorongera vatema vanotaura zvenhema kuti mutengi “akatsigira kuparadza bhizimisi remhuri yenyu” kana kuti“ danidzo dzokugumisa kubvumwa.] Dzakashandisa mhatsa yezvinoitika zveAsian American kuparadzanisa nzanga (ona Asian American Journal of Psychology nokuda kwetsananguro).

Michina Yendangariro Nenzanga

Nzvero dzinobudirira munzanga dzakaderedzwa nemhaka yokuti dzinoshandisa tsvedzero dzinosimbisa zera [ uye muboka/panze-boka masimba[. Apo muvhoti anonzwa atokudzorwa negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzvera kunosunda kusimbisa kunyumwira kwavo [1] kuti mutendi kana kuti mubato anorwisana neboka ravo (anogona kunzwa akavimbika zvikuru kupfuura mashoko anobva kumasangano makuru ehurumende. Mukuwedzera, nzanga zhinji dzakawana rusaruro chairwo kundangariro dzinooneka zvikuru kutyisidzirwa. Kuvhotera kwezvombo zvinokamuranisa zvombo zvinorinda.

Masangano anonzvera magariro avanhu anowedzera tapuro. Vanogamuchira nzvero inosundwa norunhare vangagoverana “mashoko” panzvimbo dzamagariro kana kuti mapoka eFacebook, umo anopararira asina kunyorwa. MaSalmorime anoisa pakutanga kuvimbisana pamusoro pokururama anowanzosimudzira zvinhu zvakadaro, zvikurukuru apo anobatanidza mutauro unonyandura mirangariro pamusoro porudzi kana kuti rudzidziso. Nzvero 2021 kubva kuUniversity yeCalifornia yakawana kuti kusunda - police kwakanga kuri sezvingabvira zvikuru kugoveranwa pakati pemitezo yamapoka endudzi akaoma kupfuura pakati pevagari vemo vose, kuchiparira [[FLT:] mirwiso yemirangariro pamusoro porusaruraganda kana kuti rudzidziso.

Migumisiro Yakanyorwa

Kunzanga shomanana, migumisiro yacho inosanganisira kuderera kwenguva refu kwechivimbo chezvamatongerwe enyika, kuderedza kubatanidzwa kwevanhu, uye kurwisana kwenzanga kwakawedzerwa.

Kuparara Kwechivimbo

Apo nzanga inowana kuti yanangana nenzvero inomanikidzirwa, “‘ zvikurukuru iyo inoshandura kuzivikanwa kwedzinza kana kuti kworudzidziso inogona kuva huru. Vachakuru vangagumisa kuti gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inoiswa mukurwisana navo. Nzvero yakaitwa neBrennan Center for Justice muna 20222 yakawana kuti Black naLatinovhotation avo vakanga vagamuchira kuvhota kunonyandura kushumwa kunyanyooneka kwokuvimba musarudzo uye mumapoka makuru ose ari maviri aienzaniswa naavo vasina. Chivimbo ndicho chediro yedemocracy [, bva vanomanikidzira kushanisa kushata kupfurikidza pakati pamapoka ayo aitofanira kubatanidzwa.

Muchina Wamagetsi Wakaderera

Imwe yetapuro dzinokuvadza zvikurusa ndi kudzvinyirirwa kwevhoti kusingashandiswi. Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunoparadzira shoko rokuti “mativi ose ari maviri akafanana” kana kuti kuti mumwe anovhotera ane utsinye hwepachivande kuboka duku. Vaya vanodavira kuti uku kutora rutivi hakubetseri. Kana kuti kumanikidza kunogona kuparira kutya kupinda nzvimbo dzokuvhotera kupfurikidza nokubatanidza kuvhotera kungozi. Muenzaniso, runhare runobvunza kuti “Unoziva here kuti kuvhotera kwaCma kuti X - X angagona kutungamirira kunzvimbo dzeICE munharaunda yako? Nzira dzakadaro dzakanyorwa munzanga dzeLatino muArizona neTexas. ZVIK yakashuma zviitiko zvakawanda apo kuvhotera kwakashandiswa kudzosa. [FFOct:]

Kunyandura Kupesana Nokunetswa

Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kunogonawo kuzivisa kuti rwisano dzenzanga dziripo. Kupfurikidza nokupa rimwe boka mashoko enhema pamusoro perimwe, ivo vanoisa mubatanidzwa pakati pevhozhokero. Somuenzaniso, nzvero inomanikidzira ingaudza Blackvhotey kuti mutsigiri weLatino “tsigiri anochengeta mutemo profilling” uye kuudza varavi kuti muBlack asc as “vractist interations religin.” Muuyo idiction iyo inoparadzanisa nzanga dzingaumba nzanga dzisati dzadaro. Mumaguta anoverengeka, miitiro yakadaro yakabatanidzwa kuwedzera muutsotsi hweruvengo nemubatanidzwa wepaipi wevatano inonetsa.

Mabhuku Apamutemo Neamapurazi

Kunyange zvazvo mashoko eFirst Amendment achitaurwa nezvawo ari epamutemo, anoramba achitaurwa zviri pamutemo muUnited States, anodzivirira kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika, kusanganisira kutaura kwenhema, chero bedzi kusiri kuzvidza kana kuti kubiridzira.

Mitemo Yazvino

Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inodzora marobhaks pasi peScommersumer Protection Act (TCPA). Rwiyo dzinodzorwa dzine “shoko rezvamatongerwe enyika” dzinofanira kuziva sangano rinotsigira, asi mutemo haudi kuti shoko racho rive rechokwadi. Dzimwe nyika dzakagadza mitemo yakananga zvikuru. Somuenzaniso:

  • [[FLT: 0] New Hampshire ganhuriro dzakajeka dzokunzverwa dzinoitwa mukati memaawa 48 esarudzo uye dzinoda kuti runhare rupi norupi runyorwe senzvero inosunda kana ruchiratidzira mashoko asina kunaka.
  • North Carolina inoda kuti nzvero dzose dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzibatanidze kunyora mukurumbira wemari akabhadhara shanyo, asi kuchengetwa kwapamutemo kune utera.
  • California yakarangarira mabhiri ayo angarondedzera kunzvera kwokusunda sorudzi rwekurukurirano yokusarudza, nokudaro kuchida kuwanwa kwamanyuko okushandisa mari.

Pamwero womubatanidzwa, Honest Ads Act yakakarakadzwa asi haina kupfuudzwa. Kwaizoda zviteshi zvemichina kuchengeta shopu yavose yokushambadzira kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uko kungagona kubetsera kuziva nhimbe dzakabatanidzwa dzetsvina yomuitiro wokufambisa. Pasina kujeka kwakadaro, kunoramba kwakaoma kuronda kudzosa kuvhota kudzokera kuvavambi vadzori vavo.

Zvinetso Zvokumanikidza

Vachuchisi vanotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinoverengeka. Chokutanga, vanzveri vanowanzoshandisa masangano emashekeri ebhomba, makadhi orunhare anobhadharwa, kana kuti mibatanidzwa inodokuva yakavanzika kuvanza kuti vazivikanwe. Chechipiri, kuratidza kuti mubvunzo wakaitirwa kutsausa panzvimbo pokungova mubato wokuva mupfupi mukuru wakaoma zviri pamutemo. Chechitatu, vakawanda vanomanikidza vavhotisitiri vemapepa vasingadi kushuma runhare kuzviremera. Semugumisiro, zviitiko zvishomanana zvakaguma nefaindi kana kuti kudavira.

Mipimo Yokudzivisa: Nzira Iyo Nzanga Dzinogona Kuzvidzivirira Nayo

Kubva pakutadza kurapa kwepamutemo, kudzidzisa uye kugadzirisa nzanga zvinokosha.

Kuverenga Nekunyora uye Dzidzo

Masangano asingapinduri akadai se , , [[FT:2] common Cream [, uye Bhegi yeMakadzi [[[FLT:] [FLT]] inopa masuwa pakuzivisa kuvhota. Zviratidzo zvokunyevera zvinosanganisira:

  • Chikumbiro chacho hachitsvaki mashoko anokosha okuverenga vanhu kana kuti kubvunza mibvunzo mishomanene zvikuru.
  • Mibvunzo inovamba nefungidziro yakaipa kana kuti kushandisa zvidudziro zvinoshatirisa mirangariro.
  • Muridzi worunhare anoedza kukukurumidzisa kupindura uye haagoveri nhamba yokudzokazve.
  • Chikumbiro chacho chinotaura nezvomunhu anenge achirwisana naye kana kuti nyaya yacho nenzira inoita sekuti ari kurwisa, kwete kungobvunza.

Vatungamiriri venzanga vanofanira kukurudzira vavhoti ku nokukurumidza [ ndokushuma nhamba ku FCC kana kuti dare rasarudzo rehurumende. Zviziviso zvebasa ravose pazviteshi zvenhau zvamadzinza(mapepanhau, uye manyuko enzanga mapeji]) zvinosimbisa mashoko aya munzira dzakakodzera mutsika.

Zvinokurudzirwa Nemitemo Yavapumburudzi Nevatungamiriri

Makambani enzanga anogona kutora matanho asingazivikanwi. Facebook, Twitter, naTik Tok vanofanira kuisazve maakaundi epaposita kuti aendese mabhii etsvimbo, kunyange kana zvirimo zvisingaputsi zvakajeka mitemo yokuvenga. MaSango emitemo anogona kugadziridzwa kuti agadzirise mapango anozivikanwa anoshandisa nzira dzokuisa muchetura. Uyezve, masangano emitemo anofanira kupfuudza mitemo inoda kuti kana kuti paIndaneti ine mashoko pamusoro pomutengi kana kuti boka rinofanira kubatanidza batano kumanyuko emashoko emashoko iwayo. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo yakadaro ingatarisana nedenho dzinozivikanwa nedare, inotanga mutemo wokuzvidavirira.

Panzvimbo yenzanga, zvitendero mumapoka amadzinza zvinogona kugoverana uchenjeri pamusoro penhimbe dzokukandira nokushambidzira. Apo rimwe boka rinoziva mutoo, kungwaririra masangano akabatana anogona kudzivisa unyanzvi hwokushanda munzanga dzakawanda. Rapid-response resource, dzakadai seidzo dzinoshandiswa kubvisa mashoko mujaho 2020, dzinogona kunyandurwa kubudisa ruramiso dzavose mukati mamaawa.

mhedziso

Nzvero dzechibharo dzinopfuura zvikuru kunetsa; chombo chamaune mukurwisana nokuenzana kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokuvhozhokera nzanga shomanene nedzinoderedzwa nenzanga dzinonyengera, kutumira kunotsamira pakutya, dzinosekesa chivimbo, dzinodzvinyirira, uye mapoka akakura enzanga. Nepo gadziriro dzapamutemo dzichiramba dzisina kusimba uye dzichiva zvakaoma, nzanga dzinogona kurwisa kupfurikidza nedzidzo, kungwarira, uye kuvaka mubatanidzwa. Kuziva kunzvera kwokuedza kwadziri kwadziri panzvimbo peyero, iri nhano yokutanga kukudzivirira perero yesarudzo nechiremera chomuvhoti ari wose. Pasi pokuziva kwakadaro, pesvedzero yokuedza kusingatauriki kuchapfuurira kuumba miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika pandyiko inotonzwiwa.