Masangano eElectoral anoumba vara rokumirira hurumende yedemokrasi. Pakati pawo, mitoo mikurusa yesayenzi inowana chigaro chimwe chete (8) apo muvhoti anoratidzira mavhoti akawanda zvikurusa munyika yose, anoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, United States, India, Canada, uye mamwe mazhinji. Asi aya masangano ane miuyo yakasiana zvikuru necheteko paanosarudzwa. Makumi amakore esayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika anoratidza kuti gadziriro hurusarudzo dzinodzivisa nenzira yakarongwa vakadzi nedzinza, dzinza, uye vanhu vaduku vorudzidziso vari mumitumbi yeparamendi. Kunzwisisa uhu hahusiwo dzidzowo zvayo; ine miuyo chaiyoiyo yemiuyo, ruvimbo rwenzanga, uye pamutemo rwemasangano ehurumende. Iyi nyaya inonzvera kuti masangano makuru esayenzi anotapura sei miratisitisitisipo yavakadzi nevo, kuhwirudzura, uye kurangarira ufakazi huzhinji hunogona kupfumisa.

Zvirongwa Zvikuru Zvevanhu Zvipi?

Mitemo yavanasanhe vamabhinya imomunosarudzwa mukundi mumwe parusarudzo rukurusa. Chinjo inozivikanwa zvikurusa ndeyekutanga-kare-post (FPP), inoshandiswa munyika dzinopfuura 40. Dzimwe gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru dzinobatanidza gadziriro mbiri (dzinoshandiswa muFrance nokuda kwokuvhota vvumbiso dzemitemo) uye vhoti yokutsiva (inoshandiswa muAustralia nokuda kweImba yaVamiririri). Muzvinoitika zvose, mukwikwidziridziridziridzi musuo rekuhwinainwa (Hwedzero yezvikamu zviviri).

Rutivi rukuru rwemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa mikuru iruwa. Nemhaka yokuti munhu mumwe bedzi anokunda, iyi gadziriro inoita makwikwi akakwirira nokuda kwechiverengero chakaganhurirwa chezvigaro. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anofanira kusarudza nokungwarira vadaviriri avo vanodavira kuti vanogona kukwirira kumuchinjikwa wakafara wevavhoti muruwa irworwo. Uku “kufunga kunotora nguva dzose” kazhinji kazhinji kunotusa vada kupfurikidza namapoka makuru echiverengero chavagari vemo, varume vanobva mudzinza kana kuti voruzhinji rwerudzidziso. Ndyiko yokurasikirwa nechigaro yakakwirira, naizvozvo mapoka anokombamira kunzvenga ngozi dzinofungwa. Ikoku mukusarudza kunovakwa kwakananga mumikana yokudaridzira nokuda kwavakadzi uye vaduku kuti vapinde muhofisi yeparamendi.

Michina Inobatanidza Masangano Ezvishandiso Nemifananidzo

Kusarudza Nokuchengeta Suo

Mumiitiro yavakuru, mapoka anoshanda savachengeti vemasuo. Vanodzora avo vanooneka pabhorati, uye zvisarudzo zvavo zvokusarudza zvinoumbwa nezvikarakadzo zvekusarudza. Nzvero dzechisarudzo muFPTP dzinoratidza kuti mapoka anowanzoisa miganhu mitsva mumitezo inoisa miganhu michena neyokukura. Muruwa rwakasiyana-pakati, mativi haagoni kushandisa tikiti rakadzikama kuvimbisa mhatsa yemitezo yavanhu. Iyi “mubato unobatira ganhuriro” inosimudzira kusaenzana kuripo. Kupfuurezvi, nemhaka yokuti mitezo mimwe nemimwe inosarudzwa inotsiva mitezo inosarudzwa bedzi, mapoka haagoni kushandisa tikiti rakadzikama yakaenzana. Muruwa rwakasiyana-vakidzani, boka harigoni kusava nechinhu chakasiyana-kasiyana - siyana uye rinokarira kusarudzwa; muruwa rumwe chete, rudzi rwavanhu rwakasiyana - rwavanhu, runogona kukunda, kazhinji kazhinji kukunda rudzi rwechino.

Kugadzira Marongerwo Ezvinhu Nematura

Gadziriro dzavamiririri dzinodzivisawo vvutsangi kutsigira vadaviri vashomanene kana kuti mapoka maduku anomirira fariro duku. Vavhoti vanoda mukwikwidzani kubva kuboka gurusa vangatya kuti vvuti vhoti yavo icha “shatiswa” kana mutengi iyeye ane mukana muduku wokuwina. Iyi tapuro yendangariro, inozivikanwa seyakafanira (kana kuti yamano), vanovhotera vavhotera kunze kwezvikamu zvikuru. Nhando kunyange apo vapamberi vashoma vanomhanya, vanotarisana nehondo inokwirira kuti vatendere vavhoti vatsigire. Kunzvera kunoitwa (2020) kunoratidza kuti kuvhota kwakapararira zvikuru mugadziriro dzeFPP, dzinoparadza , dzinoparadza .

Kutapura Kumirira Kwavakadzi

Uchapupu Hwokufungidzira: Mufananidzo Wenyika Yose

Sangano renyika yose rakarongwa neInter-Parliament Union rinoratidzira nguva dzose kuti nyika dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yemagiramu dzine zvikamu zvakakwirira zvikuru zvavakadzi muparamende kupfuura izvo zvinoshandisa gadziriro dzavakadzi. Kusvikira muna 2023, avhareji yenyika yose yavakadzi vari mudzimba dzakafanana kana kuti dzakaderera i 26,5%. Munyika dzinoshandisa PR, avhareji inopfuura 30%; mugadziriro dzeFPPP, inowira pasi pe 20%. Somuenzaniso, Rwanda (ne gadziriro yakavhenganiswa nemitengo) ine 60% yavakadzi, nepo United Kingdom (FPPP) ine inenge 35%, uye United States (FPPP) ine 28.7% muNhando dzevamiririredzi. Iyi haisati tsaona. [FT:]

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuvaka Vakadzi

Mitoo yakasiana---mbiki inotsanangura iyi migariro yapasi. Kutanga, [[FLT: 0] nzvimbo dzinoda matunhu mamwe dzinoganhurirwa: vakuru vakuru vebato muFP, uye vakadzi havawanzova vanofungira mano akaipa pamusoro pemikana yavakadzi nemhaka yokuti vakaiswa mune mamiriro enyika. [Cechipiri,[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] imari inotengwa zvikuru [[FOLT:] nokuda kwechikamu chimwe, uye vakadzi kazhinji kazhinji vane mhoshoro huru pamusoro pezvisarudzo pamusoro pezvisakiso zvavakadzi, zvikurukuru munharo. [FT] [FFFF]] inotengwa yakakwirira zvikuru nokuda kwemitengo, apo mamiriro ezvinhu anototototooma zvikuru anototototoidzwa.[3]

Miitiro Yokuisa Paboka Mashoko

Kunyange mukati memitemo mikuru, mamwe mapoka anoita zviri nani kupfuura mamwe pavakadzi. Zvikamu zvine udzori hwakasimba pamiganhu yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kufanana namapoka akawanda enzanga, zvinogona kuisa mwero wemitezo yevatano pamwero wenyika nokuda kwenhevedzo. Kunyange zvakadaro, mumamitevedzero eFPTP ane sarudza kwakaisvonaka zvikuru (zvakadai seUS kana kuti Canada), masangano omunzvimbomo anowanzodzivisa mipimo. MuUK, Labour Party Partyssssssssss, haina kutongogamuchira vakadzi vose vapfupidhia vanowedzera maMP kubva ku 10% muma 1980 kusvika ku 50% eLabour MP mu 2024. Kubudirira uku kusingawiriraniwiriranwa navose, uko hakuna kugoveranwa kukuru kwavakadzi. [FT]

Kubatsira Kunoita Tsika Dzematongerwe Enyika Netsika Dzevanhu

Masangano eElectoral haashandi muchinhu. Mafungire etsika kuvakadzi vari muutungamiriri anobatira pamwe nemitemo inosarudzwa. Munzanga dzine tsvurudzo dzakakomba zvikuru dzevatano yemunhurume nemunhukadzi, gadziriro dzinotungamirira dzinowedzera mirangariro iyoyo nemhaka yokuti vvutsi namasangano zvinobvira zvikuru kupanikira kukwanisa kwavakadzi. Nokupesana, mugadziriro dzePR, mapati anogona zviri nyore zvikuru “kuyera” nokubatanidza vakadzi pasina kurasikirwa nechigaro kumukwikwikwidza. Uyezve, kuonekwa kwavakadzi muparamendi kunobva mene kunochinja mirangariro yenzanga yenzanga[[FTLT:1]; miitiro mikuru, kupfurikidza nokubudisa vakadzi vashomanene pakutanga, kunonoka kutenderera zvakanaka kwemutezo wetsika yetsika nemufambidzano.

Tapuro Pamifananidzo Miduku

Mitsetse mipfupi neww.

Kuratidzirwa kwedzinza, rudzi, uye rudzidziso rushoma kunowanzoyerwa munzira mbiri: kurondedzera (kana paramende inoratidzika kuva yakafanana nechiverengero chavagari vemo) uye kupfuudzira kuduku (kungave fariro shomanene dzakafambira mberi). Gadziriro dzamagorofa dzinowanzova dzinoita kuti dzishande pamativi ose ari maviri. Nemhaka yokuti vashomanene vakapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda, vangashaiwa kuisa ngwariro inodikanwa kusarudza mudanga rimwe. Kunyange apo rinenge rabatanidzwa, boka guru ringangogona kudzora ruwandi kutoti miganhuro yeruwa yakagadzirirwa namakondoro namaruwa isati yaitwa namaune une ungwaru kuti ive zvigaro zvishomanana (a muitiro umene unogona kumutsa nharo.)

Kunyanya Kuongorora Nyika Nemaruwa

Ibatano yakananga zvikurusa pakati pemitemo yavakurusa neyakaderera zvikurusa itapuro ye digion hedigritical . Nhamba yezvigaro paruwa. Mumitemo mikuru, ruwa rwese runosarudza mutezo mumwe. Kuti boka duku riwire nzvimbo iyoyo, rinofanira kuita chiverengero chikuru (kana kuti kuwanda) kwavavhoti. Kunoda kuvakandwa kwenzvimbo. Nhamba inopesana, mumamitevedzero ePR nemativi akawanda, boka duku rinomirira 20-30% yemuvhiyi wezvigaro zvinogona kudzivirira chigaro kwenguva refu sokuvhotera kwapapo neboka rimwe chete. Kunzvera kunoitwa nevagari vemo. [FLT:], Sald, Sast (3]

Mienzaniso Yokuvapo Kwevaduku

MuUnited States, vaAmerica navaHispanic vakaderera munhau muCongress ine ukama nechiverengero chavagari vemo vanogoverana, pasinei zvapo nokuumbwa kwamaruwa avagari vemo vazhinji pasi peVoing Rights Act. Maruwa iwaya asi anowanzodenhwa zviri pamutemo, uye anogona kuisa ngwariro kuvavhoti vashomanene munzira inoderedza pesvedzero yavo mumaruwa akapoteredza. MuUnited Kingdom, maMemps edzinza mashoma akasvika chinyorwa 10% mu 2024, asi ikoku kuchiri pasi pe 18% yavagari vemo vanozivisa sevorushoma vedzinza. Uyezve, maPMP mazhinjisa edzinza anobva muLabour Party; Conservection Varntiventiventives anowana zvikuru. muIndia, pasineiwiriranwa negadziriro inochengeterwa nokuda kwemaPdimendida nePin, mapoka madukusarira akadai sevarwiri pasi pechiSlavidhisss muLohab, vanodzosesanwa zvikuru. Vane vanowana zvikuru vanobva muN.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuva Muduku

Zvipingamupinyi zvemasangano eboka renzvimbo imwe chete zvinoratidzira zviya zvevakadzi: kuchengetedzwa nebato romunzvimbomo , iro ringatungamirira rusaruro kana kuti kungoda vadaviri kubva kuboka guru; kuganhurirwa kusvika kunhimbe dzemari yemari yezvokutsigira mari [; uye [[FLT]] rusaruro [[[FLT]]] rusarura runotungamirira vamwe kudarika mutsetse wedzinza bedzi musarudzo yenyika. Mukuwedzera, vashomanene kazhinji vanotarisana ne “ngano yokuzvirongwa zvokusarukurira.] Chitendero chokuti vanobva kuboka duku havagoni kuhwina purofiti apo voruzhinji havasati vachibva muboka iroro, kunyange kana pane zvimwe zviratidzo. Iyi rondedzero huru mugadziriro huru yezvigaro zvaPR inoshatirwa muboka duku.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Magadziriro Ezvirongwa zveProportigation

Mutumbi unokura webasa rokugadzira zvinhu unoenzanisa miuyo yemiuyo yemipimo yakasiana-- siyana yemibatanidzwa inoshandiswa mienzaniso. Kumwe kuwana kunowirirana ndekwokuti tapuro yegadziriro yemipimo yavakadzi ihuru kupfuura muuyo wezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji zvinochinja[, zvakadai sekukura kwezvemari, rudzidziso, kana kuti nzvimbo. Nhetevedzo inokura zvikuru. Mumetaa-lysis yefundo 20, Ftin-Rtberger na Ritberg ([20]]]] yakawana kuti masangano ePR anowedzera mafashoni mashoma anoenzaniswa neFPP.

Gadziriro dzezvibvumirano dzinopfavisawo kusarudzwa kwavakadzi namapoka maduku anobva mumapoka maduku, ayo kazhinji kazhinji ane mativi akasiana zvikuru. Mumiitiro yavakuru, masangano maduku anomanikidzirwa nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanovasiya nokuda kwokutya kupambadza vvutoti. Muuyo mugumisiro inzvimbo mbiri dzinobatanidzwa umo mapoka makuru anoratidzika kuva akasiana zvishoma nemhaka yechimiro chokuzvitorera chawo chakasiyana-kuru uye chimwe nemhaka yokudikanwa kwokukwirira kurukira kurusa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kachoro, muvhoti wetsika. Nokudaro, muitiro mukuru wezvokusarudza [[FLT:]] unova wakasiyana zvikuru nokuda kweda kuputsa pasina kugadziriswa kwechikuru.[FT]

Kuchinja Kunoita Kuvandudza Mufananidzo

Dzichiziva kuperevedza kwegadziriro dzezvigaro zvikuru, nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga chinjo. Idzodzi dzinogona kuiswa mumapoka matatu: chinjo dzegadziriro yevhiringi, zvikamu zvevanoda, uye chinjo dzomukati.

Kuchinja Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu

Chinjo yakananga zvikurusa ndeyokubva panzvimbo inoiswa zvikamu zvakaisvonaka. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti kusuma MMP [[FLM:] inoumba namapfundo akadzikira ne 510 muzana muGermany, New Zealand, uye Scotland (pakusarudza kwenharaunda), kubatanidza maruwa ane matunhu akaenzana kuvimbisa kuva akaenzana. Kunzvera kunoratidza kuti kusuma MMP [[FLM:] kunowedzera mapfundo avakadzi ne510 muzana [[FFLT:1] uye kuvandudza mamitepidhi ezvigaro apo ndaza inoiswa mumitengo. Chinjo cheNew Zealand kubva kuFPPP kuMP muna 1993 yakaita kuti iwedzere nhamba inoshamisa muPMP muna 1993 muna 29% muna 1996, uye 50%, muna 20 muzana, nenzira yakafanana, kuwanda kwoUmambo, muna United States, maSandemagest Scends anobuda anobudiswa muMagest.

Mifungo Yakachengetwa

Kunyange mukati megadziriro yavakuru, magirati anogona kuva anobudirira. Gender quotis quotis quotititititis kana kuti migove yebato rokuzvidira (mandaidai kuti chiverengero chakati chevashakabvu vave vechikadzi. Mumitezo yeFPTP, miganhu yakadaro yakaoma kushandisa nemhaka yokuti masangano haagoni kuisa vakadzi pamusoro pendaza; vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vakakwana vakasarudzwa mumaruwa anodzorwa. Zvisinei, UK Labour Party yevakadzi vose vapfupi vabudirira. Nokuda kwezvigaro zvakachengetedzwa (se zvinoshandiswa muIndia nokuda kwemaSkemidhina, uye maGhemite, uye muPakistan nokuda kwavakadzi uye zvisiri vaMumiriri. Chikamu chinonzi chakanzi [FTPGenetic]]

Kuderedza Nokuderedza

Mumiganhu mizhinji yoruwa, kunyora miganhu yeruwa kune tapuro huru pamimiririri miduku. Gerrymandering(* Kuisa miganhu yokuderedza simba rokuvhota rishomanene(kwave kuchishandiswa kwamazana amakore. US Voting Rights Act inoda zvibvumirano zvokuumba maruwa mazhinji apo kunobvira kudzivisa kushatisa, kuchitungamirira kumireza yakawedzerwa yeAfrican America neHispanic. Zvisinei, uku kutevera kunova navatsoropotesi vanokukwikwidza ndokuderedza pesvedzero yavo mumaruwa akapoteredza. Chinotsiva kushandisa [[FLT:]] . Chinotokoshatiso chinoshandiswa murudzi rusingatsigiriki kana kuti kupfuudzira nzanga rushoma.

Boka Romukati Rinotonga Utongi Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Pakupedzisira, mapoka anogona kuvandudza amene kuti awedzere mhatsa mugadziriro huru. Idzodzi dzinobatanidza miitiro yokusarudza yapakati inogamuchirwa [[FLT: 0] iyo inoita kuti zvipfuro zvakasiyana- siyana zviitwe, kurovedza kwamarudzi kwaidiwa nokuda kwamatare okusarudza, uye kutsigira nokutsigira vakadzi vashoma. [Falsar Labor Party:] somuenzaniso, inoshandisa gadziriro yemibatanidzwa yepakati yemibatanidzwa ine nhamba yevakadzi mumiganho inokunda, inotungamirira kumireza yakakwirira zvikuru muImba yavamiririri vaVamiririri pasinei zvapo nokushandiswa kwechisa chakafanira chokuvhotera (gadziriro huru yezvirongwa). [[FTLT:2] .[FK:]

mhedziso

Miitiro yavanasanhe haisati iri yezvematongerwe enyika inobatanidza vasarudziri vedaviti; vagadziri vanosarudzwa nenzira yakarongwa uye vanosara. Ufakazi hwakajeka kuti kutanga kwapashure-pokuwana mitoo yose yakafanana inobudisa maparamende ayo asingamiriri vakadzi namapoka mashoma kupfuura gadziriro dzakasiana kana kuti dzakavhengana. Miitiro inobatanidza kusarudzwa kwokusarudza, kuvhota kwakanaka kupfurikidza nemuvhoti, betsero dzinodzorwa, uye ganhuriro dzenyika dzemaruwa enhengo imwe. Nepo chinjo dzakadaro semitengo, kutwudzora, uye chinjo dzomukati dzinogona kuderedza mimwe miuyo inodzo inosaidzwa. Vagadziri vemitemo yehurumende yehurumende vanofanira kunzvera kupfurikidza naizvozvo, sezvo vagari vemo yemo yemitemo inoshanda muiyi nzira yavose. Sezviito zvinobatanidza kunzwisiswa kwedu kuteverwa kwegadziriro kutevedzero.