Kutanga Kuwana Voter

Voter idirorock yehurumende inomirira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inoratidzira kuti vagari vemo vanokwanisa vanogona kunyoresa, kukanda mapepa, uye kuti manzwi avo anzwiwa. Mumakore gumi apfuura, masangano ehurumende muUnited States akagadza mitemo mitsva, kugadzira mitemo mizhinji inovambira paidzoro inobvumirwa kusvika kumiganhu yakanyanya. Iyi chinjo dzemitemo hadzisi kungochinja chete mamiriro ehurumende; ivo vane chimiro chikuru chinova vanotora sarudzo uye sei. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vanovimbisa vagari vemo, vanonzwisisa magariro nemigumisiro yeiyi miganhuro yemitemo iri pamutemo zvinokosha pakuongorora utano uye nhevedzano yegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Pfungwa yokuwana muvhoti inobatanidza chinhu chiri chose kubva pakuvapo kwezvirongwa zvokunyoresa uye nguva dzokuvhota nokusvika panzvimbo dzokuvhota nemarudzi okuzivikanwa kunodiwa pabhokisi rebhoti. Apo vaiti vemitemo vakachinja zvinhu izvi, vanochinja zvakananga ruzivo runoshanda rwokuvhota. Nyaya ino inoongorora kuchinja kukuru kwemitemo kunotapura kukwanisa kuvhota uye kutora rutivi, inoongorora zvakwakaratidzirwa pamapoka okuvhota uye evoruzhinji, uye kuongorora nhau dzinobva kunyika dzazova nzvimbo dzehondo dzemitemo yokuvhotera. Vavariro ndeyokugovera, uchapupu hwakasimba kuti unzwisise kuti utongi hwese sei hunodzora mushandiri wehurumende.

Kuwana Kunoita Mitemo Yokuchinja Kukuru

Mutemo wokuvhota wemazuva ano unowanzova mumapoka akasiyana - siyana, mumwe nomumwe une nzira dzakasiyana - siyana dzokuita kuti vanhu vapinde.Pazasi pane nzvimbo huru umo vaiti vemitemo yehurumende vave vachinyanya kushanda mumakore achangopfuura.

  • [ Mitemo inozivisa [ - Kutsvaka madyunguruzi chaiwo okuvhota.
  • Kunyoresa zuva nezuva uye kunyoresa kwokuvhota kuri kwoga - Kukura kana kuti kuganhurira mahwindo okunyoresa.
  • [ mirau yokuvhota nokusavapo [ - Kudzora kuti marovha anokumbirwa, anodzorwa, uye anoverengwa sei.
  • [ Nzvimbo yokuwana [ - Kuziva nhamba, nzvimbo, uye maawa enzvimbo dzokuvhotera chaidzoidzo.
  • [[[NHAU]] Mitemo yokuparadzanisa [ - Kusarudza kodzero dzokuvhota nokuda kwavanhu vane utsotsi.
  • [ Nhambo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba - Kugadza urefu nokuwanika kwokuvhota pamberi poMusi Wekuvhota.

Mitemo Yokutsanangura

Mitemo yenziyo isati yambochinja mitemo inokakavadzana zvikuru muSarudzo dzeAmerica. Pakare muna 2024, 36 wezvematongerwo enyika dzine mitemo inoda vavhoti kuti vape chimiro chakati chokuzivisa panzvero, norumano rweizvi zvinodikanwa zvinosiyanisa zvikuru. Mitezo yakadai seGeorgia neIndiana inoraira kuti ishandiswe yepiyuta yehurumende, yakadai serezenisi romutyairi kana kuti pasipo, nepo vamwe vanogamuchira magwaro asina kuvhota sepepa rezvishandiso kana kuti bhengi.

Vatsigiri vemitemo yezvisarudzo yorumano yemavhoti vanotaura kuti iri madikanwa kudzivisa kubiridzira kwokunyepedzera, vanochengeta chivimbo chavose muperero yasarudzo, uye vanova nechokwadi chokuti vhoti imwe neimwe ndeyapamutemo. Zvisinei, nzvero huru yakawana kuti muvhoti dzevondi haisi yechienzi, inoitika pamwero iri pasi pechikamu chimwe muzana chezvikamu zvamabhora anoiswa pasi. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti iyi mitemo inoparira mutoro usingaenzaniswi pavanhu vashomanene vanovhoterwa, vanowana vanhu vakwegura, uye vadzidzi, avo sezvingabvira vane chisakiso chinodikanwa. Chidzidzo cha 20222 kubva kuHofisi yeMaripi eHurumende chakawana kuti mitemo inodzorwa zvikuru inodzorwa ne 1,5 kusvika chiverengero chavanhu chakapararira pakati pevatema nechitema neLatin Latin.

Kunyoresa kweZuva rimwe chetero nezvinozviitikira

Kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete (SDR) kunobvumira vanhu vakakodzera kunyoresa nokuvhota pazuva rimwe chetero, mukati mekuvhota kwapakuvamba kana kuti paZuva rorusarudzo. Iye zvino, 22 nyika neWashington, D.C., zvinopa chimiro cheSDR. Kurangarira kwemitemo kunobva paSDR kwakananga: kunobvisa miganhu yokunyoresa yapamutemo inogona kudzivisa vagari vemo vanokwaniriswa kutora rutivi, zvikurukuru avo vanowanzotama kana kuti vanononoka kuita basa rokuvhota.

Ufakazi hwekubudirira kweSDR hwakasimba. Nyika dzakagamuchira kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetedzo nguva dzose dzinoshuma mwero yakakwirira zvikuru. Maererano nemashoko akabva kuNational Conference of State Legislatures, anotevedzana naSDR akaona kukwidziridzwa kwe 5 kusvika ku7 muzana muvhoti dzapurezidhendi kana dzichienzaniswa nezvinzvimbo. Mugumisiro wacho unonyanya kutaurwa pakati pepwere dzinovhota dzine makore 18-29, dzine mwero yakakwirira zvikuru uye dzine mukana mukuru wokukanganiswa nokunyoreswa. Kunyoresa kwevota kwogati (AVR), uko kunonyoresa vagari vemo vakakodzera pavanokurukurirana nemasangano ehurumende kufanana neDMV, zvaratidzwawo kuwedzerawo kunyoresa ne10-15 munyika dzinogamuchira.

Mitemo yeTsime neKunyoresa

DEVHIDHI reCovota rakamutsa chinjo inoshamisa mumiitiro yokuvhota, sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzakawedzera kusvika kwechinguvana kuvota vasipo. Mumakore chifo chezvokuvapo, vagaro vomutemo vakapinda munharo dzinorwadza pamusoro pokuti zviwedzerei zvive zechigarire here kana kuti kuisa ganhuriro itsva. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seCalifornia, Vermont, uye Hawaii, dzakatamira kunzvimbo dzose dzeposi muvhotera apo muvhoti ari wose akanyorwa anogamuchira zvake. Vamwe, kubatanidza Georgia, Texas, uye Iowa, vakasuma zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvokukumbira nokudzorera mapepa etsamba, kubatanidza mirongedzero pfupi, idio yorumano, ireko, uye miganhuro pamabhokisi anodonha mabhodhoro.

Kuvhota tsamba inzvimbo yakakomba yokupinda nokuda kwavagari vapasi chaivo: vavhota vakwegura vangava nechinetso chokufamba kuvhota, vavhoti vane urema, vagari vomumaruwa vanogara kure nenzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye vavhoti vane rudungwe rwebasa rusingachinjiki. Tsika dzinoganhurirwa dzinotapura nenzira isingachinjiki aya mapoka. Somuenzaniso, mushumo weEcommental Consolation Application Commis unowanwa kuti vavhoti dzinopfuura 65 dze 40% dzetsamba dzose, uye mhinganidzo ipi neipi kuiyi nzira inoderedza zvakananga kutora. Njongo, yakarevedzerwa kuwedzero dzine mwero mukutenderera kwose, zvikurukuru munhevedzano yamapfundo 2-4 muzana, mukuwirirana nomutemo [FLT:] Mutemo weMitengoro.[FF]

Kushambadza Kunoita Kuti Vanhu Vawane

Kuwanika kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota chinhu chinokosha asi chinowanzofuratirwa. Zvisarudzo zvokutonga pamusoro penzvimbo dzinovhota, kuti imbiri yokuchengeta, uye kuti imaawai anoshanda anogona kupfavisa kana kuti kuvhiringidza kutora rutivi. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo inoderedza chiverengero chenzvimbo dzokuvhota, zvikurukuru mumaguta nemoka shomanene, nepo dzimwe dzakagadza mipimo inoda nzvimbo dzinowanika namaawa apakuvamba zvikuru okuvhotera.

Nzvero kubva ku Chivil Liberation Union yeAmerican Libregion (ACLU) yakanyora kuti nzvimbo yokuvhota inotapura nenzira isingachinjiki nharaunda dzeBlack neLatino, inotungamirira kumirira nguva refu nemwero yakakwirira yevhotera inobvisa ganda. Kufunda 2020 kwakaitwa navanzveri paStanford neYunivhesiti yeFlorida kwakawana kuti 10% iri yose yederedzero munhamba yenhamba yenhamba munyika inotungamirira ku 1,5% kuderera mukucheuka. Vanhu vane uregereki, vanowirirana neVaAmerica neChiremhemno yeMitemo yeMitemo inokundikana kugovera michina inobhadhaka, inodzorwa, kana kuti yakakwana. jingamirano iripo inoda nzvimbo dzinowanika, uye kurondwa kwakakodzera nokuda kwokuvhotera.

Mitemo Inozvidza

Felton directization reconfincing mitemo inotema kana vanhu vane zvitendero zvokusawirirana vanogona kuvhota, uye vanosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Pachine 2024, vaAmerica vanofungidzirwa kuva mamirioni 4,6 vane mvumo dzekuvhota, mukuwirirana nomuitiro ] wokuvhota. Mumitemo yakafanana seFlorida, Kentucky, uye Iowa, kurashwa kwemitengo kunogona kuva kwechigarire nokuda kwezvitendero zvakati kutoti kana kodzero dzikadzorerwa kupfurikidza nomuitiro murefu webureautauscratic. Muvamwe, wakadai seMaine neVermont, hapana kurasikirwa nekodzero dzokuvhota.

Nhamburiko dzemitemo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakavavarira kugadziridza iyi mitemo. Vavhoti veFlorida vakatenderwa Mitemo 4 muna 2018, iyo yakadzorera maruramiro okuvhota kuvanopfuura 1.4 mamirioni ane zvitendero zvemhosva, asi mutemo wakatevera wakaisa zvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera, kubatanidza kubhadharwa kwefaindi yose, izvo zvakabvisa nenzira inobudirira mitongo mizhinji. Mudzimwe nyika, kubatanidza New York, Coloradolado, uye California, matare okuvhotera akasundira kudzora maruramiro okuvhotera pakusunungurwa mutorongo. Kudzorwa kwemitemo yedzinza iyi kunokosha: nemhaka yokuparadza nhevedzano yetsika mutsika youtsotsi, mumwe muvatema vakura vanobviswa, zvichienzaniswa nomumwe mu 40 vakura vasiri vatema. Kuchinja pamutemo kunogona kuva nomuuyo mukuru wemitemo inovhotera nzanga.

Kuchinja Kwemitemo Kunoita Kuti Vatsigiri Vasaita Zvemitemo

Chinjo dzomutemo dzinopesvedzera zvakananga mwero yavavhoti, uye ukama hahusi hwokusatora rutivi.

Ufakazi Hunoyera Pajecha

Nzvero huru yakatanga batano dzakajeka pakati pemitemo yokuvhota nebatano. 2022 yenzvero huru ne Brennan Center yeChiratidzo yakanzvera mashoko kubva muhurumende dzose 50 mumakore 20 apfuura. Fundo yakawana kuti nemitemo yokuvhota inowanika zvikurusa yakava nomwero wezvikamu zvepaavhareji wevhoti wakakwirira kupfuura mitengo inoganhurirwa zvikurusa muSarudzo yapurezidhendi. Muvhotaroti yepakati pemitengo, mukaha wakanga wakato mukuru, pamapfundo 9.6.

Nenzira yakananga, masangano anobvumira kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero akava nemwero inodzokororwa inosvika 66% muna 2020, yakaenzaniswa ne 60% munyika dzisinayo. Nyika nemvumo yokunyoresa kwomunhu oga yakawana mwero yokunyoresa yakakwirira zvikuru 12% kupfuura avhareji yenyika. Nhamba dzokuvhota dzakarebesa dzeidhindi dzinodzorwa dzakava nechete-pedzi dzinoda kudzika, zvikurukuru pakati pevavhotera vakaderera. A 2021 akawana kuti mwero yokuvhotera pakati pevaduku muavhareji yeID dzaiva mitengo inodzo inodzorwa zvikuru, kunyange pashure pokudzora nokuda kwemisiyano yemari.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwenhoroondo Dzevanhu Mukubatanidzwa

Chinjo dzomutemo hadzina chokuita navavhoti vose zvakaenzana. Mapoka akati echiverengero chavagari vemo anotapurwa zvikuru nemipinyi uye, naizvozvo, sezvingabvira zvikuru kuona kutora rutivi kwavo kuchideredzwa kana kuti kusimudzirwa nemisiano yemitemo. Kunzwisisa aya mativi anokosha nokuda kwokuyera mitemo yesarudzo.

  • Mitemo yeID yeVotaire inotapura zvikuru marudzi mashoma nemadzinza mashoma. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti Black neLatino vovhota havabviri kuva nezvimiro chaizvo zvinodikanwa nehurumende dzeID dzorumano. Mukuwirirana neHurumende Office Accounting, 8.5% yavavhoti vechena havana id yepiyuta inotenderwa, kana ichienzaniswa ne 12,5% yeBlackvotion ne 15% yeLatinovovo.
  • ganhuriro dzekuvhota dzine tapuro huru pavavhoti navavhoti vane urema, vanotsamira pamitoo iyoyo pamwero wakakwirira. Kufunda kwa 2023 AARP kwakawana kuti 41% yavavhoti vanopfuura 65 vakashandisa maposi-mumaminiti 2022, kuenzaniswa ne 18% yavavhoti pasi pe 30.
  • Nzvimbo yokurova nayo yakaratidzwa kuderedza shamhu munharaunda dzemataundi nedzakaderera ne5%, nepo nharaunda dzomumataundi namaruwa kazhinji kazhinji dzinochengeta kusvika kwakadzikama zvikuru, kuchiparira mukaha wokutora rutivi.
  • Kunyoresa kwezuva reSame kune tapuro yakwo yakasimba zvikurusa pavavhoti vaduku, avo vanowanzofamba uye vangasanyoreswa pakero yavo yazvino. Mukuwirirana neSDR, inobuda pakati pe 18-29 yegore, paavhareji, 7 muzana yakakwirira kupfuura nyika dzisiri SDR.

Nzvero Dzakaitika dzeChinjo Dzapamutemo

Kunzvera zvinotaura zvakananga kuti zvakagadza mutemo wokuvhota unokosha kunozivisa migumisiro chaiyoiyo yenyika yeiyi miitiro inoshandiswa.

North Carolina

North Carolina yave iri nzvimbo inorwisana zvikuru nokuda kwomutemo wokuvhota mumakore gumi apfuura. Pashure pechisarudzo cha 2013 Shelby County v. Baner, chakabvisa mirau inodzorwa yeProvise Act yeVoting Rights, hurumende yakaita mutemo mukuru unozivikanwa saH.B. 589 ("wvhota muvhoti womutemo wevhoti"), iyo yakabatanidza zvinodikanwa zvechimbichimbi - chimbi - chimbi, yakaderedza mazuva okuvhota, yabvisa kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete, uye yakadzikira mitemo inodenha kuvhota. dare rokukwidza rakaita zvirongwa zvinokosha mu 2016, rinodzora kuti varasikirwe ne "noruradziko yokuvhiya." matare emitemo yakaramba achitora mitemo mitsva yokuvhotera, kubatanidza mitongo mizhinji inodzodzodzodzodzo inodzorwa.

Georgia

Georgia’s S.B. 2021, yapfuura muna 2021, yakava nzvimbo inotambira nyika yose mukurukurirano pamusoro pokupinda muvhota. Mutemo wakasuma zvinodikanwa zvemuvhoti mukuru wemuvhoti nokuda kwokusiiwa kwevasarudzo, yakaderedza nguva yokukumbira tsamba mubhora, yakapfupikisa nhambo yokuvhota, yakawedzera nhamba yemazuva okukurumidza kuvhota, uye yakapa ganhuriro itsva pabhora mabhokisi. Vatsi vakataura kuti mutemo wakanga uri madikanwa kudzorera chivimbo murusarudzo pashure pokuvhota. Vatsoropodzi, kubatanidza masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, vanoramba kuti mutemo waizobvisa chirevoreso chemibala inodzo inodzorwa nokukurumidza. Kusvika 20222 pakati pezvidzidzo zvinodzodzo zvinoramba zviri pachena muGeorgia, kubva pa220% kuva vhotiyo 20% kusvika ku1222 murusarudzoro, apo kunenge yapa pamutemo yapamhindwa mudariro yapamhindwa.

California

California yaenda nenzira yakapesana, ichiita mimwe yemitemo yokuvhota kukurusa munyika. Muna 2021, hurumende yakapfuudza Voter Chosation Act, yakaraira kuti vavhoti vose vanoshingaira vagamuchire zvamazvirokwazvo positi yesarudzo iri yose. Gadziriro yakakurumbira sevhoti renyika yose pamitengi. Hurumende inewo kunyoresa kwokuvhota paDMV, mwero mumwe chete wezuva pakuvhota panzvimbo nenzvimbo dzokuvhota, uye kutambanurira kwapakuvamba. Chiviti chakava chakakura: kunyoreswa kwevhotera muCalifornia kwakawedzerwa navanhu vanopfuura 2 miriyoni pakati pa2018222, uye 20222, uye kuvhotera muvhotera kwa 20%, mwero wakakwirira zvikuru pakati pamakore anenge muna 1952, 1824 kusvikira kukwira 2020, chitsauko chakakwirira kukwira mu20, kukwira kukwira kwetsarumwero chaivori pakati petsanga yavose.

Texas

Texas inopa muenzaniso wakasiana. Hurumende ine mimwe yemitemo yokuvhota inoganhurira zvikurusa munyika, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvemifananidzo zvakasimba zveID, kwete kunyoresa kwapakarepo, maawa okuvhota akaganhurirwa, uye kurambidzwa kwemotokari kusvikira pakati pe 24 kwakaitwa muna 2021. Nyika yacho yakasumawo zvirango zvitsva zveutsotsi zvavakuru vehurumende vanovhotera vanobhadharira kutumira zvirongwa. Kuwedzera kwokuwedzera kwokuwedzera kwemitengo. Kutora rutivi kwave kwakadzorwa: pakati pe 202222, Texas yakawana kuva nama 465 muzana muvhotera, ne 43% bedzi yavavhotera vakakodzera. Pakati paStudentston, kukura nokukurumidza mumugariro, kupfuvuka kunopfuura 10 kubva kumashure kwechipfuuni cheTexan remanion yakawana kudimburwa nemamiriyoni namamirioni maviri nokuda kwemite yemiriyo inopfuurezvipo.

Basa Rematare Nemitemo Yamaune

State-level legislative changes do not operate in a vacuum. Federal courts and Congress play a crucial role in shaping the legal landscape of voting rights. The 1965 Voting Rights Act remains the most powerful federal tool for challenging discriminatory voting laws, and it has been used to strike down provisions in Texas, North Carolina, and elsewhere. However, the Supreme Court's 2013 decision in Shelby County v. Holder effectively eliminated the preclearance requirement that had forced states with a history of discrimination to obtain federal approval before changing voting laws. Since then, hundreds of new voting restrictions have been introduced and passed across the country.

Nhamburiko dzokuita mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota wehurumende wakadai seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act neFour the People Act, kusvika zvino dzakakundikana kukurira kudzorwa kwevatsigiri muDare. Somugumisiro, gadziriro yazvino inoisa mutoro pamasangano ekodzero dzevanhu mumwe nomumwe kuti adenhe mitemo inoganhurira kupfurikidza nokuparwa kwenguva. Iyi mhoteredzo yapamutemo yakaita simba apo nyika dzakasununguka kuedza nemitemo yose inoganhurirwa uye mizhinji yokuvhotera, zvichitungamirira kumharadzo huru yatinoona nhasi.

mhedziso

Chinjo dzomutemo dzazova chimwe chemasimba ane simba zvikurusa anoumba kupinda muvhoti nokutora rutivi muUnited States. Kubva kumitemo yeID uye kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete kumira mberi yokuvhota uye kurasha miraudzo yehurumende, zvisarudzo zvakaitwa nedzimba dzehurumende zvakananga, migumisiro inodzorwa nokuda kwevavhoti uye vasingapindi. Ufakazi hunoramba hunoratidza kuti mitemo inoderedza miganhu yakadai sokunyoresa kwokuzviitira, kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete, kuvhota kwese, uye kuvhotera kunosvika nzvimbo dzese-se-sero, (9tend) kuwedzera kuvhotera nokumirira zvikuru. nenzira inopesana, mipimo inoganhuririra inoderedza kutora, kazhinji kazhinji inotoderedza kutora nzanga dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinova dzinotevererwa.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvine simba hazvisi zvingori zvokudzidza. Ichinodikanwa nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwehurumende kwakaziva nokurongeka. Sezvo gakava pamusoro pemitemo yokuvhota rinopfuurira, nemitemo mitsva inotangwa munenge purogiramu imwe neimwe, mubvunzo wokuti kudzikamisa kuvimbika kwesarudzo nokuwana kwakafara unoramba uri pakati pehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu. Mhinduro iyo hurumende imwe neimwe ichasarudza marusarudzo avo nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya. Kupfurikidza nokufunda ufakazi hunopfuurira uye kutevera zvinoitika zvemitemo inopfuurira, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kutsika inovimbisa kuti mugari wemo ari wose akakodzera ane mukana une revokariro ine revo.