Kushanda Kusingaperi Kwemaketi uye Kudzikamisa Kodzero Dzovagari Vomunyika Nerusununguko

Kugadzirwa kwegadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kunotsamira panheyo imwe, inokosha: simba rinofanira kuparadzirwa nokumanikidzirwa. Gadziriro yechekero nedzikamo, uko mapazu akaparadzana ehurumende anogona kuganhurirana chiremera, ndiwo mutoo mukuru wokuita izvi. Kubva patsika inongoitwawo zvayo, iyi gadziriro inoumba upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevagari vemo kupfurikidza nokuchengetedza kodzero dzinokosha nerusununguko. Apo tsika inoshanda zvakarurama, hapana sangano rimwe chete (jekarecheke, chibvumirano, kana kuti chigaro) rinodzongoputsa rusununguko rwomunhu. Apo inoderera, kodzero dzinova dzisina kunaka. Nyaya inonzvera pesvedzero huru dzekodzero nedziyo dzorudzi, kunzvera kuti inoita sei gadziriro iyi, apo yakabudirira, uye zvinetso zvakatarisana nenguva yazvino.

Simba Rakasiyana

Kunzwisisa tapuro pakodzero, munhu anofanira kutanga kunzwisisa marongerwo anokosha. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba, kunotsigirwa navafungi vakaita saMontesquieu uye vakapinzwa muBumbiro remitemo reU.S., hakusati kuri bedzi kuva kubetsera kwehurumende. Inzira yokuzvidzivirira pakudzvinyirira. Vavambi, vachiva vakawana kubatwa kwoutongi mumwe chete, vakagadzira namaune mapazi matatu anoenzana neatyorone, Legislative, uye Givicial(apa masimba akasiana pamwe chete nezvishandiso kudzivisa kupindira vamwe.

Mapazi Matatu Nemabasa Awo

  • .Iregitati Branch (Conarfor): Ine simba rokuita mitemo, kudzora bhajeti, uye kuzivisa hondo. Inogonawo kunzvera mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nokunzwiwa kwoutariri, simba rechikwama, uye kusatendeseka. Chiremera chayo chokusimbisa kana kuti kuramba kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi nezvibvumirano chinogovera muganhu wakananga pasimba roukuru.
  • Bazu reBazu rePresidenti nereGuerracracy): Mitemo nokutungamirira mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress. Purezidhendi ane simba pamusoro pomutemo, anoraira mauto ane zvombo, uye mufambiro wokumwe. Vaveto icherekedzo inodenha parumbidzo, inodzivisa kufamba kwokukurumidzisa kana kuti kupfuura zvikwereti.
  • Jodicial Bank Batments (Matare echiFaresa): Rinodudzira mitemo neBumbiro remitemo. Kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro, rakatangwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]), matare anogona kuzivisa mabasa eChivi kana kuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende asingaishandisi, nokudaro achiibvisa. Iro iko iko kunzvera kune simba zvikurusa pamamwe mapazu ose ari maviri apo anouya kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe.

Uku kudyidzana hakusati kuri kusakwanisa; kurwisana kwemaune. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinopiwa simba rokudzivisa mamwe, kuvamba tsinhirano huru inokuita kuti kuve kwakaomera boka ripi neripi kana kuti mutungamiriri kupa ngwariro kusimba pakurasikirwa norusununguko. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru mativi ouzivi apakuvamba, Britanica pakuparadzana kwamasimba [ inogovera mashoko enhau akaisvonaka.

Michina Inodzivirira Nomwoyo Wose Kodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika

Gadziriro yecheki inoita kuti vanhu vadzivirirwe. Hedzino nzira huru dzinochengetedza nadzo rusununguko:

Kudzivisa Kunyanyodzora Kwomutemo

Dare raigona kuisa murondedzero mitemo inoganhurira zvakakomba kutaura kwakasununguka, kuungana, kana kuti kuvandika. Zvisinei, mukuru mukuru anogona kupinza mutemo wakadaro, uye mutongi anogona kuuparadza sehusina murairo. Kuwedzera, bicameral chivako cheCongress pachayo (Imba neDare) ichenjedzo yomukati (Imba neCatherine) ichenjedzo yemukati (panogarwa) inofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri, ayo ane zvibvumirano zvakasiyana uye nhevedzano yemitemo, kuchikuita kwakaoma kuisa ganhuriro dzekodzero nokukurumidza.

Kudzidzisa Vane Simba Kutungamirira

Purezidhendi angapa murairo mukuru unoputsa muitiro wakafanira kana kuti jambwa rakati. Pano, matare anogona kuraira kumisa kudzikamisa kuchengetwa, uye Congress inogona kubvisa nhano yokutanga kana kuti kuganhurira udzori hwayo kupfurikidza nomutemo. Simba routarisiri hwemitemo (hokunyima temberi, zvinyorwa zvechibharo kuti zviito zvechiremera zvinoongororwa muruzhinji. Bviro yokusatevedzerwa kwe “mhosva huru navaparadziri".

Kuhwirudzura Ruramisiro Sedziviriro Yamaruramiro

Kuhwirudzura jaji mudziviriri akananga zvikurusa wekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Apo mugari wemo anodavira mutemo kana kuti chiito chehurumende chinoputsa rusununguko rwavo rwebumbiro remitemo, vanogona kudenha mudare. Vatongi vejaji vanoshanda nokuda kwoupenyu nedziviriro yomubhadharo. Vanobvumira kutonga zviremera zvakakurumbira kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru. (kuroora kwemagetsi) zvakadai se Gideon v. Wainright (kurura maruramiro kukupa zano) uye [[FLT:] Virginia v[FLT]].[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [i General Courtstionstions] [2] [iptions profilemotiessources]

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Zvenhau: Pazvakachengetedza Rusununguko

Zviitiko zvinotevera zvinoratidza basa rinokosha regadziriro yacho mukudzivirira kodzero dzayo.

Dambudziko reWatergate (1972-1974)

Zvichida muenzaniso unoshamisa zvikurusa wechekeso nedzikamo muzviito. Bazu guru, pasi paPurezidhendi Nixon, rakapinda mukuputsika uye chifukidzo chakatevera chaibatanidza kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba. Bazu rewiro remitemo (kupfurikidza neDare reSatename Watergate Komiti) rakatungamirira kunzwa kwakajeka kwaizivisa ufakazi hwechakaipa. jaji, raitungamirirwa neDare Rapamusoro mu [FLT:] United States v. Nixon, rakaraira purezidhendi kubudisa kurekodwa kwetepi yemikoro yedare rinotonga, kuramba kutaura kweropafadzo. Idzi dzakabatanidzwa dzakatungamirira kukurega kwaNixon. Gaswo rakadzivisa purezidhendi pakuputsa mutemo uye harina, kunyange mumwe asingaitiri mukuru webumbiro remitemo pamusoro pejisvo, ndiwo mutemo.

Civil Rights Era naBrown v. Board of Education (1954)

Pashure peHondo yavagari vemo, South akagadza mitemo yakabatanidza kutsaura dzinza ravanhu uye yakaramba maruramiro makuru eAfrica. Bazu rewiro rakatanga kukundikana kuita chiito. Yakanga iri dare redare guru rakapinda. Iyi yakanga iri chisarudzo chemvumo yavose mu Brown v. Dare reDzidzo rakazivisa kuti zvikoro zvakabviswa mutsika, zvakabvisa “kusiyana asi zvakaenzana”. Iyi yakanga iri nzvero yakananga yedare pamitemo inoputsa kudzivirira kweGaramendemu. Nepo kuraira kwaidikanwa chiito chapa pamutemo chakatevera (Chirevoidzo dzavagari vemo dza 1964 neKodzerodo dzeVorgen Act of 1965), Dare rakagovera dare remitemo yehurumende yaibvisa pamutemo nokuda kwetsika muganhu wehurumende.

Kubvuma kwaPurezidhendi Andrew Johnson (1868) naBill Clinton (1998)

Kuongorora kwokupedzisira kwemitemo pamukuru mukuru wehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo kuongorora kwose kuviri kwakakundikana kubvisa purezidhendi, kwakatanga mienzaniso inokosha. Kushata kwaJohnson (kudzivisa kuputswa kwake kweTreauter of Office Act) kwakasimbisa kuti Dare ringaita kuti purezidhendi azvidavirire kusateerera chiremera chake. Kunyengera kwaClinton, kunyange zvazvo kwaipomerwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, kwakasimbisa kuti Imba neDare zvinobatira secherekedzo pakushandiswa kwesimba kwaigona kuitwa nomutungamiriri mukuru webasa. Muitiro wacho, zvisinei nokuti wakakanganisa, ivharo yokudzivirira yebumbiro remitemo.

Matanho eAmerica eInternament (1944)

Hakusi kunzvera kwose kushanda kwakakwana, uye uyu muenzaniso unobatira sengano. Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Dare Rapamusorosa mu Korendatsu v. United States yakatsigira murairo mukuru uyo wakamanikidzira vaAmerica veJapan kupinda mumisasa, uchikundikana kudzivirira maruramiro avo. Iyi mhaka zvino inoshurikidzwa zvikuru sekundikano yehwirudzuro. Zvisinei, makumi amakore gare gare gare, Congress yakapfuudza Civil Liberéries Act ya 1988, iyo yakagovera kudzosa uye kukumbira kwapamutemo. Ichi chiito chokugadza mutemo chakaruramisa pakuvamba chebazu, chinoenzanisira maruramiro anogona kushanda munguva yakati, kunyange pashure pokukundikana kwokutanga. Icho chinosimbisawo dikanwo dikanwo yengwa yokurinda.

Chisarudzo cheHondo cha 1973

Mumhinduro kuHondo yeVietnam, umo purezidhendi akaita mauto pasina mvumo yesangano, Congress yakapfuudza Gadziriro yeWar Powers paPurezidhendi Nixon’s. Mutemo uyu unoda kuti purezidhendi azivise Congress mukati memaawa 48 okushandisa mauto akashongedzerwa uye anoganhurira bvumirano kumazuva 60 pasina mvumo. Nepo kushanda kwayo kuchikurukurwa, muenzaniso wakajeka wedare rinoshandisa masimba aro emitemo (simba rokuzivisa hondo) kunzvera chiremera chechiremera chehurumende munhau dzehondo nerugare (jere) kuti chidzore pesvedzero yakananga paupenyu hwavagari vemo nechengeteko.

Kubatanidzwa Kwomugari Wemo: Bazu Rechina Regadziriro Yezvinhu

Vagari vemo vamene havasati vari nzvimbo yeWashington, D.C. vamene vanobatira sechenjero inokosha zvikurusa pakunyengera hurumende. Varonzeri navakaziva vanovimbisa kuti miitiro yesangano inoramba ichishanda uye ichigamuchira. Pasina kutora rutivi kwenzanga, tsika inogona kupedza zvinetso.

Kurumbidza Senzvero Pasimba

Sarudzo ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikurusa iyo vagari vemo vanozvidavirira nayo mumapazu ose matatu. Voters vanosarudza mitezo yeCongress (Imba neDare) napurezidhendi. Vanogona kudzinga vatengi avo vanokundikana kutsigira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti vanoshivirira kuputswa kwekodzero. Nepo vatongi vehurumende vachigadzwa, purezidhendi anoagadza naDare anovasimbisa kuti vazviise pasi pomuvhoti. Simba rebholot icheki yenheyo yenheyo yenheyo, inozorodza kuumbwa kwehurumende.

Kunyengera Nenzanga Yavagari Vemo

Mapoka echimuko, masangano asiri ehurumende, uye masangano okuramba anoshandisa dzvinyiriro pamapazu ose. American Civil Liberesies Union (ACLU) kazhinji kazhinji inodenha zviito zvehurumende mudare. Sa Brennan Center yeSahlulero nokuda kwetsoropodzo dzehurumende netyisidziro dzemitemo. Kushingaira kunyora zvinyorwa , kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzetsamba, ufakazi hwapachena, uye kuisa mashoko evagari vemo. First Amendment comment to chesting, tont, tooke, uye kutaura nenzira yakasununguka zvishandiso zvinokosha kuti vagari vemo vakunzvera magariro akaitwa mugadziriro.

Dzidzo Nehurukuro Yavose

Vagari vemo vanonzwisisa Bumbiro reMitemo, basa rebazu rimwe nerimwe, uye nhau yedziviriro yekodzero zvakashongedzerwa zviri nani kuziva tyisidziro. Dzidzo yeCUBIC muzvikoro, pepanhau rinonzvera zviito zvehurumende, uye gakava ravose zvose zvinobetsera kugadziriro yedemocracy. Apo vagari vemo vanoziva nezvemutemo wakarindiro unoganhurira rusununguko, vanogona kugadzirira kudzivirira. Pavanoona chiito chevakuru vakuru chinodarika, vanogona kuraira kupindira kwesangano. Kirasi yeAnbergnbergrom inogovera zviteshi zvakaisvonaka nokuda kwokunzwisisa iyi mirangariro yenheyo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Kugadziriro Yacho

Nepo gadziriro yacho yakasimba, inotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzinokosha dzepanguva iyoyo dzinogona kunetesa kudzivirira kwayo kodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kuchinja Dzvene Nokuvhara

Apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anenge ava anoparadzaniswa zvikuru, cheki dzinogona kurega kushanda sezvingaitwa. Panzvimbo pokushandisa utariri kuti achengetedze mukuru mukuru, Congress inodzorwa nebato ingaramba kunzvera purezidhendi kubva kubato rayo imene, kana kuti ingashandisa utariri kungonetsa purezidhendi anoshora. Gridlock inogona kudzivisa Congress kupfuudza mutemo uri madikanwa kudzivirira maruramiro (g., maruramiro okuvhota kana kuti dziviriro dzakavanzika). Uyezve, kusimbisa kwedare kunova hondo dzinova dzechiuto, kugona kuderedza matare ndokuderedza basa rawo savadzivisi vezvo.

Kunyanyodzora Nokukura Kwechiito Chisiri Chomunzira

Mapurezidhendi azvino uno anowedzera kutsamira pamirairo yavakuru vakuru, mibato, uye kusaina mashoko okudzivisa miganhu yemitemo. Nepo kusati kuri kusinomuzvarirwo kushata kwapamutemo, iyi kombamiro inochinja simba kubazi guru, uko zvisarudzo zvinoitwa pasina kurangarira kwakazara kana kuti mubatanidzwa wavose. Zviito zvakafanana nokushandiswa kukuru kwemirairo yezvokubuda munyika kana kuti ganhuriro yemhoteredzo zvinogona kutapura zvakananga kodzero dzevagari vemo (g., , gadziriro inokundikana kudzosera shure, kuparira kusadzikama uko Vavambi vakatsvaka kudzivisa. Nokuda kwokunzvera kune udzame kweiyi komba, ona [[FLT: 0]] Kunzvera kwemirayiro yehurumende [FLT]]]

Kupindira Kukuru Kwokutonga Nokupindira

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anopfuura basa rawo rakafanira (chiito chezvomutemo) kupfurikidza nokuita muitiro unobva bhenji nenzira inobudirira, nokudaro uchiisa mutsigiri pamabasa emitemo neokutungamirira.

Nyika Inotungamirira uye Inopa Vamiririri

Dare rakapa chiremera chinokosha chokuita mutemo kumasangano ebazu makuru (mutoo, EPA, SEC, DHS). Aya masangano anoshandisa quasi-legislative, quasi-attation, uye quasi-judicial, bva havasarudzwi zvakananga uye havazvidaviriri kuruzhinji. Uku kuiswa kwesimba mukati mebazu revakuru kungatungamirira kukwirira kutsika kana kuti kuputsa kodzero kwakaoma kudenha kupfurikidza nechekero dzegamuchidzanwa. Dare Gurusare-regioti re “dzidziso yetsika” uye zvisarudzo zvaro zvaro zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi pasimba resangano (g., [FLT.]] [FL:]] West Virginia. [FFFFM]]

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Inonzvera Dzikamo Mudzimwe Nyika

Kuongorora mamwe masangano kunobatsira kunzwisisa zvakunobatsira uye zvazvisingakwanisi panyaya yokudzivirira kodzero dzako.

Umambo Hwokubatana: Uchangamire hweParamende

UK haina bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa kana kuti kuparadzana kwapamutemo kwamasimba muchimiro cheAmerica. Mukuru mukuru (Mutungamiriri wehurumende neCabine) anotorwa kubva uye anozvidavirira kudare remitemo (Pariliament). Hakuna kuhwirudzurwa kwakasimba kwokutonga kurova zviito zveParamende. Nepo tsika ino ichigona kuva inoshanda zvakanaka, inopa dziviriro shomanene dzetsika pahudzvinyiriri hwehurumende. Zvisinei, UK ine magamuchidzanwa akasimba ezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro yamaruramiro avanhu (kubatanidza Kodzero dzavanhu) dzinobatira senzvero dzemasanga. Muitiro unotsamira zvikuru pamitemo yehurumende inodzorwa youtongi uye kunzvera kwechishoro.

Germany: Dare Rinoongorora Kutevedzerwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo

Bumbiro remitemo reGermany rapashure pehondo (Mutemo Mukuru) rakatanga Dare reFederal Constitution rine simba iro rinogona kuputsa mitemo inoputsa maruramiro makuru. Iri dare rave richishingaira zvikuru mukudzivirira rusununguko rwavagari vemo, zvakadai sechivande (rinoisa mu “kutonga kwehurumende ” kwakakurumbira uko kwakaganhurirwa kwemibatanidzwa yehurumende). Germany inewo gadziriro yehurumende yakasimba uye vhoti yechivimbo chesimba iroro rechiremera. Iyi muenzaniso unoratidza kuti gadziriro yedare yakatanhamara inogona kuva nzvero inobudirira apo inobatanidzwa netsika yekodzero dzakasimba.

France: Dare reBumbiro reMitemo

France yakapa simba rakaganhurirwa redare, asi Bumbiro rayo reMitemo ra1958 rakagadzira Constitution Council (Conseil Constitutionnel). Pakutanga mutumbi wakaneta, wakashanduka kuti uhwirudzure mitemo nokuda kwetsika yebumbiro remitemo isati yaitwa. Gare gare chinjo dzakabvumira vanhu kudenha mitemo yaitova nesimba kupfurikidza ne “kutonga kwokutanga panhau yebumbiro remitemo” (QPC). Ikoku kwakapa vagari vemuFrance chishandiso chitsva chokudenha nayo mitemo inoputsa maruramiro avo, kuratidzira kuti kunyange tsika inopfuudzira zvishoma inogona kuchinjika kubatanidza nzvero dzakasimba.

Uku kuenzanisa kunosimbisa kuti nepo zvishandiso zvakati zvichisiana, vavariro iripo yakafanana: kudzivirira kuiswa simba. Simba reU.S. riri mukunzvera kwaro kwakaenzana uye kazhinji kazhinji kwakakomba, asi izvi zvinhu zvimwe chetezvo zvinogona kutungamirira kukuvhara. Constitute Project inobvumira kuenzanisa kwakananga mapurani emitemo munyika dzose.

Nguva Yemberi: Kusimbisa Kunodzikamisa Nguva Itsva

Matanho anoverengeka anogona kubetsera kuvimbisa gadziriro kupfuurira kubatira kodzero dzevagari vemo muzana ramakore rechi 21.

Kutarisirazve Dare

Dare rinofanira kutora basa raro rebumbiro remitemo sebazi rakaenzana.Izvi zvinoreva kushandisa zvakasimba kunzwa kwedare, kuongorora, uye simba rechikwama, pasinei zvapo nokuti ndipapi panodzora White House. Bipartisan kutarisira kunokosha kuti pave nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira uye kudzivisa kutsoropodzwa kwevakuru vakuru mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Kudzivirira Kuzvimirira Kwokutonga

Dare rinofanira kuramba rakasununguka padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika netyisidziro. Kuyera kwakadai sokuchengeta upenyu nokuda kwavatongi vomubatanidzwa, kuramba zvirongwa zvokupa mhaka, uye kuremekedza kutonga kwedare (kunyange apo kunenge kusingafarirwi). Mutsetse wedare wakazvimirira ndiwo mutsetse wokupedzisira wedziviriro nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga apo mamwe mapazu anokundikana.

Kutsigira Kuona Zvakanaka uye Kubatanidzwa Mune Zvokuona Zvinhu

Mitemo yehurumende yokuona pachena (sechiNgezi yeFreedom of Information Act) nemiitiro yakazarurwa inogonesa vagari vemo navatori venhau kuongorora zviito zvehurumende. Kuvandudza dzidzo yevagari vemo muzvikoro kuchashongedzera chizvarwa chinotevera kudzivirira gadziriro. Kukurudzira kutora rutivi munguva dzetsinhiro dzavose nokuda kwokuitwa kwehurumende uye mukudzora kwomunzvimbomo kunogona kuita kuti tsika ive inogamuchira zvikuru.

Kubvisa Nyika Inodzora

Mutoo wakadzikama kuhurumende unodikanwa. Congress inofanira kugovera nhungamiro dzakajeka nokuda kwokuita utongi hwesangano, uye matare anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti masangano haapfuvuri chiremera chawo chomutemo. Kusimbisa Hofisi yeInformation and Reguational Affairs (OIRA) kuti arangarire revo dzemirau ingagona kubetsera. Nharidzano haisati iri yokuparadza mitumbi inodzorwa asi kuva nechokwadi chokuti inoshanda mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Kushanda kwechero nedzikamo pakodzero dzevagari vemo nerusununguko hakusi chinhu chaichoicho chinofungidzirwa asi chiri chinhu chaichoicho. Iyi gadziriro."Nhevedzo inotsamira pamaune yesimba, kutarisirana, uye simba rebazu rimwe nerimwe rokudzivisa mamwe._Inoita kuti pave nenheyo yerusununguko. Yadzivisa udzvinyiriri, yaita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire, uye yakawedzera kukura kodzero dzevanhu mumazana amakore. Asi haisi kuzviita. Sangano inotsamira pakusvinurira kwemapazu ose matatu uye, zvakaipa zvikuru, pakutora rutivi runoshingaira rwevagari vemo. Munhambo yokuchinja kukuru uye yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nokukurumidza, kudzivirira nheyo dzemitemo dzechekerero nedziro zvinokosha kuvimbisa kuti hurumende irambe iri mubatiri wavanhu, kwete tenzi wavo. Kuchengetedzwa kworusununguko kwedu kuri pairi.