Immunity Doctrine inoita basa rinokosha mukuumba magariro ehurumende mukurwisana namayunivhesiti ehurumende. Iyi nheyo yapamutemo inowanzodzivirira masangano ehurumende, kubatanidza mayunivhesiti avose, kubva kumarudzi akati emhosva, nokudaro achitapura vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye mamwe mapoka anotsvaka kugadziriswa kwapamutemo. Kunzwisisa iyi dzidziso inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa neyunivhesiti yehurumende.

Kunzwisisa Dzidziso Yokusabatana

Dzidziso yeImmunity yakabva muExchangement of the Demily Constitution of the Demigration of the Demily, iyo inogovera kudzivirirwa kwakakwana mumarudzi akawanda emitemo.

Simba roRutongeso reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kusundo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti ruramisiro, yakatanga kana kuti yakatongwa mukurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagari vomunyika yeimwe Hurumende, kana kuti naVagari vemo kana kuti Zvigaro zveNyika ipi neipi yeMamwe Nyika.”

Nokufamba kwenguva, matare akadudzira izvi kureva kuti masangano ehurumende, kusanganisira mayunivhesiti, haagoni kupomerwa mhosva kunze kwokunge hurumende yabvuma kana kuti yaramba kuzvidzivirira. Dzidziso yacho inoratidza nheyo yokuti chigaro (hurumende) hachigoni kupiwa mhosva pasina mvumo yacho. Pfungwa iyi inotangira Bumbiro remitemo uye yakanga iri nheyo yomutemo yakangofanana yakaunzwa kuEngland.

Mayunivhesiti ehurumende anowanzorangarirwa kuva “hondo dzehurumende” nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuzvidzora. Ikoku kunoreva kuti apo mudzidzi anokwidza yunivhesiti yehurumende nokuda kwokuregeredza kana kuti rusaruro, yunivhesiti inogona kazhinji kazhinji kudzivirira dziviriro sedziviriro (asingaparadzaniswi). Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. rakaramba richidavira kuti masangano ehurumende anodzivisa dziviriro kutoti akaiswa pachena nomutemo wehurumende kana kuti akapinzwa muvhoshoro nehurumende.

Tapuro Pakuziviswa Kwehurumende

Dzidziso yokudzivisa kukuvadzwa inoganhurira zvikuru mano avanhu kuendesa kumatare payunivhesiti dzehurumende nokuda kwenhau dzakadai sorusaruro, kuregeredza, kana kuti kuputswa kwebvumirano.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvevapoteri

Muuyo wapakarepo zvikurusa ndewokuti kuvadziko yomunhu oga kwakawanda kunotaura pamusoro pamayunivhesiti ehurumende . zvakadai setsaona dzepasi nedzinofa pachikoro, kurapa pachipatara cheyunivhesiti, kana kuti kuvadziko dzinoparirwa nokuregeredza kwavadzidzisi. Mapoletiff anofanira kutanga kutema kana hurumende yabvuma kukwidzwa nokuda kwezvikwereti zvakadaro. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kufambisa mitemo yenyika se State Tort Acts Act, izvo zvingagovera varadzi vokuti vara voga asi vanochengeta micheto miteko yavakataro kana kuti kubvisa marudzi akati ezvinotaurwa.

Rusaruro Rwebasa Negakava

Vashandirwi vemayunivhesiti ehurumende vanotarisanawo nemhinganidzo huru. Zvinotaurwa pasi pemitemo inorwisana nediscrinitive yehurumende (muremo, Title VII, vaAmerica vane Urema Act) zvingapfuurira mukurwisana navashandirwi vehurumende nemhaka yokuti Congress ine dziviriro yakaiswa mumativi akati, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira kuti kuvharwa kwemari. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT: 0] Board yeTrustees of University of Alabama v. Garret (2001), Dare raidavira kuti masuturo anoparadza utachiona kunoitwa navashandi vehurumende nokuda kwechibhadhako pasi peI ADA. Nenzira yakafanana, kutvoramwarati yebvumirano ingava isati yakaitwa nokuda kwebvumirano.

Kodzero Dzekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Muchikamu cha 1983

Imwe yenzira dzinokosha zvikurusa nokuda kwamapofu ndi 42 U.S.C. 1983, iyo inobvumira suturo mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende (kwete nyika imene) nokuda kwokuputsa kwebumbiro remitemo. Mudzidziso yakatangwa mu Ex patee Young [ (1908), vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kukwidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende muukuru hwavo hwehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mudzidzi anogona kukwidza yunivhesiti dean dean reFirst Amend Repution kumisa muteko youtere, asi haagoni kuwanazve chirango kubva mutero wehurumende.

Zvakasiyana Nokusawirirana

Kunzwisisa izvi zvakasiyana - siyana kunokosha nokuda kwegweta nenyanzvi dzinorangarira kupiwa dzidzo payunivhesiti yehurumende.

Mutongi Womutemo

Mitengo inogona kubvisa nokuzvidira kudzivirira dziviriro kupfurikidza nomutemo. Mitengo mizhinji yakagadza zvinotaura Tort zvinotaura Mabasa zvinobvumira sutu dzakaganhurirwa kupesana namasangano avose, kubatanidza mayunivhesiti. Somuenzaniso, Tort Apentitions Act inobvumira kutaura mukurwisana neUniversity of California asi inoisa chinodikanwa chokupa chirevo chakakomba nekuvadziko dzemakepisi. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumirawo dziviriro yebvumirano, kubvumira vatengesi navavaki kuti vapi vaparidzi kuti vabhadhare nokuda kwokubhadharwa.

Kuderedza Kumwe

Congress inogona kudzivirira kukuvadziko yehurumende apo inoshanda mushandisirwo yesimba rayo rokuchengeta muChikamu 5 cheKinneth Amendment. Somuenzaniso, apo Congress yapfuura Game neMedical Let Sit (FMLA), Dare Rapamusoro mu Névada yeResources. [[FLT]] [2003] [2003]) yakatsigira kurovhara kwemagariro yevatano yevatano yechirume. Zvisinei, mu [FLT] Courts courts of Maryland [FFFFFF] [FLD] [F] [FF] [5] [2], Dare rokukwirira repamagesa repamagenyu (2003)).

Adhiropu Dzinorwisana Nevakuru Vehurumende

Sezvacherekedzwa, dzidziso yeEx Young inobvumira sutuso mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa. Ichi chishandiso chine simba chokusimbisa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, zvakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti muitiro wakafanira. Zvisinei, haibvumiri kuvadziko kuhurumende. Vapurisa vanogonawo kukwirira vakuru vakuru musimba ravo ravo ravaradziri, asi vanokwaniriswa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanodzivirira kutoti vapunze mutemo wakatangwa.

Mibato yePropritary

Zvimwe zvinotaura kutsaura pakati pemabasa ehurumende (mubato wechimumuna) nemubatanidzwa wezvisingadzivisiki). Somuenzaniso, kushanda muchipatara kana kuti garaji rokupaka kungarangarirwa kuva purofiti. Zvisinei, kombamiro munyika zhinji ndeyokurangarira mibato mizhinjisa yeyunivhesiti sehurumende. Chinjo inogona kuva yakashata uye inosiana nedzose.

Kutendera Nokutora Rutivi Mukunyengetedza

Kana yunivhesiti inopomerwa ikakundikana kushandisa dziviriro yakakwana pakuzvidzivirira pazvirwere pamikana yokutanga, inganzi yaraswa.

Mutemo Wemhosva Nemienzaniso

Zviitiko zvinoverengeka zvechiono zvinoratidzira kuti dzidziso yokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha inoshanda sei mumashoko akapoteredza eyunivhesiti.

Mu HANS v. Louisiana (190), Dare Gurusa raidavira kuti kudzivirirwa kwekodzero yokuzvitonga kunotambanudza kupfuura rugwaro chairwoirwo rwePremendment ye145 kuti vabate sutus pahurumende nevagari vemo vayo vamene. Iyi mhaka inovakirwa nokuda kwenzwisiso yokuti kudzivirira zvirwere hakuna kuganhurirwa kusuturo dzemhatsa asi kunofukidza sutu dzose dzemubatanidzwa unorwisana nehurumende.

Bd. ye Trustees of Univ. of Alabama v. Garrett (2001) yakananga kudzivirira upfumi payunivhesiti. Dare rakataura kuti vashandi vehurumende vaisagona kukwidza muteshi wavo nokuda kwekuvadziko pasi peTitle I yeADA nemhaka yokuti Congress yakanga isina kuganhurirwa nenzira ipamutemo kudzivirira utachiona muInethimeternetic Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chakaganhurirwa zvikuru kusarura kwourema mumitezo inopesana namayunivhesiti enyika.

KIMEl v. Florida Board of Regents [2000] yakasvika mhedziso yakafanana nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvezera muChiito cheNhambo yeTsvene. Dare rakaramba kuti ADEA haina kudzivirira Hurumende nenzira inoshanda, nokudaro inodzivisa kuvadziko dzinorwisana namayunivhesiti ehurumende nokuda kwokusarura vakwegura.

Kune rumwe rutivi, Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs [2003] akatsigira gadziriro yokuzvitarisira yeFMLA, achibvumira vashandi vehurumende kukwirira nokuda kwekuvadziko pasi peFMLA apo zororo rinowirirana nokutarisira kwemhuri (rusarura). Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti kukwezvi kunogona kubudirira apo Congress anoronga kuronga muenzaniso wervestituanion retsikano yavanhu nehurumende.

Muenzaniso chaiwoiwo: Muna 2019, mudzidzi akakwidza mhaka paUniversity of California, Los Angeles, pashure pokukuvara muchikoro. Dare rakaregerera mhaka yacho nemhaka yokuti mupurisa akatadza kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvokutaura zveCalifornia pasi peTort Apenties Act. Iyi procedural bar, inoperekedza vadzivisi vehosha, ndiimwe mhinganidzo inofanira kufamba.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kudzivirirwa kwevarwi vezvisakiso zvehurumende mumayunivhesiti ehurumende kunoramba kuri nhau inokakavadzana zvikuru pakati penyanzvi dzemitemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti varapi vedziviriro yakafara inodzivisa vanyajambwa pasina kutora rutivi, vanoderedza chivimbo chavanhu, uye vanodzivirira masangano pakuzvidavirira.Serverys vanotaura kuti kudzivirira dziviriro kunodzivirira pfuma yehurumende yakaganhurirwa kubva mukuvadziko yakanyanyisa uye inochengetedza utongi mukutarisira masangano avo edzidzo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwokutonga

Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakaratidza kusakomba kukurira mutsigiri wekudzivisa maruramiro. Kana pane chimwe chinhu, zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinosimbisazve simba razvo. Somuenzaniso, mu Allen v. Cooper [2020], Dare rakaramba kuti Congress haingagoni kudzivirira hurumende kukuvadziko yekodzero yokudzivisa maruramiro ekodzero yokuzvidzora pasi pomutemo usati wapfuudzwa Bumbiro remitemo (Constitution) kunyange zvazvo Copluble Claus Christole amene asingapird Revolution isati apa simba reProset. Mhaka iyi yaibatanidza kushandiswa kwemakopi ebhineti, uye Dare rakati muridzi wekodzero yokusarudzi yaisagona kubvisa chiremera mutezoridzori wemitemo nokuda kwokukuvadza.

Kuchinja Kwehurumende

Mitemo inoverengeka yakatora nhano dzokudzivisa kudzivirirwa kana kuti kuita gadziriro dzakadzikama zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Dare reMazita reNew York rinobvumira zvitatiso mukurwisana nehurumende nokuda kwemhatsa huru yezvitakuri, kubatanidza izvo zvinoitika payunivhesiti dzehurumende. Texas yakaganhurira varapi pasi peTexas Tort Potitions Act, asi inochengeta kusunungurwa kwakawanda. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita miitiro yegadziro chaiyo yegadziro, yakadai semiitiro yezvichemo yomukati kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvokudzosera, kuderedza kudikanwa kweripiodo.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kwave kune kumanikidzirwa kuvandudza kukwanisa kudzivirira hosha nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe, asi nhau iyoyo yakasiana nedziviriro yapamutemo yesangano. Zvisinei, nharaunda mbiri dzinobatanidzwa apo vapangi vanotsvaka kukwirirana vose vari vaviri yunivhesiti (yomuitiro) uye vashandi vamwe navamwe (nokuda kwezviito).

Mitemo Yakabatana

Dare Repamusorosoro rakajekesa kuti Chikamu I masimba (Scommerce Claus) hachibvumiri kukwidza kukwidziridza chikwata chokuzvidzivirira pahurumende, asi chinofanira kugadziridzwa kuti chigadzikiso chehurumende chenguva yemberi chinyatsogadzirirwa kukurukura nehurumende inoputsa mutemo nehurumende.

Kubatsira Kunoita Vari Munzvimbo Yacho

Vadzidzi

Vadzidzi vari kurangarira kuisa mhaka payunivhesiti yehurumende vanofanira kutanga kuziva kana kushata kwedzidzo, kuvadziko yomuviri pachikoro, kuputswa kwomutauro wakasununguka, kuputsa musoro weTitle IX Arbust, uye rusaruro rweurema. Nokuda kwavazhinji vanotaura kuti, nzira bedzi yapamutemo ikutaura pasi pemitemo yapamutemo yeTort Epions Act, inodzorwa nemitemo yorumano yakakomba nekuvadziko.

Nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, vadzidzi vanofanira kurangarira Ex Young urongwa hwemirairo. Somuenzaniso, mudzidzi anorangwa pasina muitiro wakafanira anogona kutsvaka murairo wokuchinja chirango kana kuti kudzivisa kuputsanya kwomunguva yemberi. Zvisinei, muripo wemari hauwaniki kutoti kana aripo.

Kutsvinda uye Kubata Vasungwa

Husha navashandi vehurumende vane mishonga yakaganhurirwa nokuda kwenhau dzebasa. Rusaruro rwebasa runotaurwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende rungarambidzwa nokusatapurwa kutoti hurumende yaparadza. Rusarura zvarwakaita kuti runangane nemhinganidzo dzebumbiro remitemo sezvinoonekwa mu Garrett[ uye KIMEL]. Zvisinei, kutsiva kunotaura pasi pematare akaderera [FLT]] kungava neriti VII iri nani nemhaka yokuti Dare rapamusorosoro rakabvumira zvimwe zvigaro zveTit, kunyange zvazvo dare rakaderera.

Mimwe miganhu inobvumira vashandi vehurumende kukwirira nokuda kwokutsiva, asi zvakare, mibvunzo yokusatapurwa kwehosha inomuka.Vashandi vanokakavadzana nechibvumirano kazhinji kazhinji vanozviwana vamene vari munzvimbo yakaoma nemhaka yokuti mayunivhesiti akawanda ehurumende ane mutauro wechibvumirano uyo unoedza kuderedza mishonga kana kuti kurayira kuneta kwehurumende.

Vatengesi Nevatengesi

Makambani evoga anobatirana namayunivhesiti ehurumende angatarisanawo nemipinyi yokudzivisa dziviriro pakutsvaka kubhadharwa kana kuti kuvadziko nokuda kwokuputswa kwechibvumirano. Dzimwe nyika dzine dziviriro inopinzwa mungozi nokuda kwezvibvumirano, asi dzimwe hadzina. Vatsigiri vanofanira kusanonzvera chiremera cheyunivhesiti chokusunga hurumende ndokunzwisisa kuti sangano rehurumende ringasimbisa kudzivisa dziviriro kunyange pashure pokunge chibvumirano chasainwa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti zvibvumirano zvine mutauro unoregeredza unoshandiswa kuti zviitwe.

mhedziso

Immunity Doctrine inoramba iri chinhu chine simba mukuzivisa kwavagari vemo mukurwisana namayunivhesiti ehurumende. Paichipa dziviriro kumasangano ehurumende, gakava remitemo rinopfuurira nokuchinja zvinopfuurira kuumba kushanda kwaro, kutapura maruramiro avanhu vanotsvaka ruramisiro. Nokuda kwaFlacttiffs, nzira yokuita kuti yunivhesiti yehurumende izvirango zvakaganhurirwa uye yakabatana zvikuru, inoda kurangarirwa kwokungwarira kwemiraudzo yehurumende, zviteshi zvehurumende, uye kuvapo kweyamuro inowirirana pasi pa [FLT: 0]

Sezvo mayunivhesiti ehurumende anopfuurira kuita rutivi rukuru mudzidzo yakakwirira, kusawirirana pakati pegadziriro yokudzivisa zvirwere nekodzero dzavanhu kuchapfuurira.Vateveri, vadzidzi, uye vashandi vanofanira kuramba vachiziviswa pamusoro pomutemo unochinja nhau uye chinjo dzemitemo. Pakupedzisira, dzidziso yokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha haisati iri yakakwana chose chose, asi kubvisa kurambwa kwayo kunoda kunzvera kwapamutemo nokupfuurira.

nokuda kwokuravazve, kunzvera rugwaro rwe [[FLT: 1] Eventh Amendment paCornell Legal Information Institute, kupeta-pfupikisa kwokusatapurwa kwesimba kwapamutemo kwehurumende kubva ku U.S. Dhipati reRuramisiro[[[FLT:]], uye kunzvera kune udzame kwechisarudzo cheDare Gurusarusa mu [FT:5] Bhooard of Trust of the University of Alabamage. Garret.]