Weact Protection Claus, yakanyorwa muChikamu 1 cheKineth Amendment to the United States Constitution, inomira seimwe yegadziriro dzapamutemo dzinochinja zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Yakasimbiswa muna 1868 mukati mekugadziridzwazve kweNguva ine nyongano, inozivisa kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzorwa kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Uyu mutongo mumwe wave uri muganhu wapamutemo wokubvisa rusaruro rwetsika, kukudza maruramiro avagari vemo, uye kudzoserazve ukama pakati pavagari vemo nehurumende yavo. Mumakore 150 apfuura, chirevo chave chinhu chinonzi chinhu chinodzivirira zvikuru, kurukurirano huru youzivi, uye kuronga kwenzanga kwakakodzera nhasi sezvakwaiva mushure kweHondo yeHondo yeHondo yeChizvarwa cheNyika Chigarika.

Nhoroondo: Kubva pakugadziridza Zvinhu Kusvika Pakuuya kwaJim Crow

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwaClaus yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kukusaruramisira kwouranda neBlack Codes zvakatevera kunyorwa. Vagadziri vayo vakavavarira kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vaichimbova varanda vaizofarikanya dziviriro imwe cheteyo yapamutemo savagari vemo vechichena. Zvisinei, rwendo rwechikamu chemashoko kubva kuchipikirwa chepepa kuzvinhu chaizvoizvo rwave rwuri chinhu chaicho. Mukati mekudzorosa, hurumende yaipfuura Civil Rights Act of 1866 neEndictment Acts, asi ivava vakatarisana nechishoro chinotyisa kubva kunyika dzokuMadokerom chakatsunga kuchengetedza ukukwirira kwevachena.

Nemugumo weReconstructon muna 1877, Dare Gurusa rakavamba kuganhurira kusvika kwechikamu chacho. Mu 1883 Civil Rights Cases, Dare rakatonga kuti IPramende ye145 yakarambidzwa bedzi chiito chehurumende, kwete sarura. Izvi zvakasiya suo rakazaruka nokuda kwemitemo yeSamende yemitemo yokuMadokero kugadza mitemo yairaira kuti pave nedzinza rimwe mumativi ose oupenyu hwavose. Chisarudzoresoso che 1896 Plavess. yakatsigira dzidziso ye "Mitengo asi yakaenzana, kurangarira kuti haisiidzo yedziviriro yeClausspo senzvimbo refu. Muneidzo yacho haina kutongotongoshandiswa zvikuru nokuda kwezana ramakore rapamutemo.

Tsananguro Dzapamutemo: Nhare Dzokunzvera

Simba razvino uno reAuncial Protection Claus rinobva munhevedzano yehwirudzuro yedare yakatangwa neDare Rapamusorosoro. Hadzisi mapoka ose anobatwa zvakaenzana.Dare rinoshandisa mwero mitatu yakasiyana yokuongorora zvichitsamira parudzi rwekurongwa kana kuti kodzero iri padanda.

Kunzvera Kwakakomba

Nzvero dzakasimba zvikurusa idiro yakakomba zvikurusa, inoshandiswa kumativi akavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, uye, mune mamwe mashoko, kusiiwa. Kupukunyuka nzvero yorumano, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo unobatira fariro inogombedzera uye unosanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Iyi mirangariro yakabuda kubva Korendatsu v. United States[FLT] (19444), umo Dare rakatsigira nomutoo wakaipa Hurumende yeJapan neyayo yakatsigira nzanga yeJapan necherokuti ive chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Kuongorora Kunobatanidza

Nzvero dzinoshanda kumapoka akavakirwa pavatano napamutemo. Pasi pouyu mupimo, mutemo unofanira kuva une chokuita zvikuru nefariro inokosha yehurumende. Yakatanga kunyorwa mu Craig v. Boren [77], nhau inobatanidza misiano yevatano muzera redoro. Mwero uyu wakashandiswa kurovanya marudzi akawanda erusarurano rwakavakirwa pavarume nevakadzi, kubatanidza mubasa nedzidzo.

Kuhwirudzura Kwokuva Nechikonzero Chokuva Nemhaka

Ruzivo rwehwaro itsika yakarongwa nokuda kwemitemo yezvemari nenzanga. Mutemo unorangarirwa kuva une simba uye uchatsigirwa kana une chokuita nefariro yehurumende yapamutemo. Zvisinei, Dare rakashandisa panhambo nenhambo "chimiro chokunzvera chapahwaro" mumhaka dzinobatanidza kusarura LGBTQ+ vanhu kana kuti vanhu vane urema, zvikurukuru mu Romar v. Evans[ [1966] na City of Cleburne v.Cligne Center[FT] [FT]] [5]

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuri hwaro hwezvimwe zvezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica. Idzi mhaka dzakakudza kusvika kwechikamu chemashoko kumapoka matsva namashoko akapoteredza, zvichichinja zvikurukuru chiratidzo chenzanga yeAmerica.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education nenzira isingafungidzirwi chisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa chekodzero dzavagari vemo muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Dare rakabvumirana rakaparadza pasi kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, richiramba "kubatana asi kwakaenzana" dzidziso ye Plareby[[FLT]]. Mutongi mukuru mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti "zvivako zvedzidzo hazvina kuenzana," nemhaka yokuti inoita kuti kuderera kwenzvimbo yazvo munzanga kungatapura mwoyo yavo nendangariro nenzira isingambofungidzivisiki. Chisarudzo chapamutemo chakagoverwa nokuda kwezvinetso zvedzimba dzavagari vemo, uye pokufambisa vanhu vose.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Mu inoputsa Virginia, Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yedzinza. Rufings, mukadzi mutema nomuchena vakaroorwa muWashington, D.C., vakawanirwa mhaka muVirginia nokuda kwokuputsa mutemo wehurumende unorwisana nehurumende. Dare rakaramba kuti "rusununguko rwokuroora, kana kuti kusaroora, munhu worumwe rudzi anogara nomunhu mumwe uye haagoni kudzorwa neHurumende." Chisarudzo chakagadzwa chakaregwa mumitauro 16 ndokusimbisa kuti miraudzo yedzinza inodzorwa kurusabvunzo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Inenge hafu yezana ramakore pashure pa , Dare rakashandisa nheyo dzimwe chetedzo dzechiremera nedziviriro yakaenzana kuvakwanyina vounzenza. Mu bergefell v. Hodges, Dare rakachengeta kuti dare rinofanira kubvumira nokuziva roorano pakati pavanhu vaviri vevatano imwe cheteyo. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akasimbisa kuti "maruramiro okuroora ndiwo kodzero inokosha murusununguko rwomunhu" uye kuti kurambwa kwakarurama kumunhu mumwe cheteyo "kureva vaviri vakaroorana, vane tsika dzavo nechisarudzo chevatano inodzivirira murairo wetsika. Chisarukudzo chamakumi amakore eLcTB nenzanga yenzanga inodzongonyedzwa munzanga yemvura.

Zvimwe Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha

Regetas dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke [1988] dzakataura kushandiswa kwemipimo yedzinza mukubvuma chiito, kutonga kuti nepo rudzi rungagona kurangarirwa sechinhu chimwe mukubvuma, zvikamu zvakapesana neSangano rePurectal Protection Clausle. GRAPUUS v. Bollinger [2003]) zvakasimbiswazve kuti mhatsa yedzidzo ifariro inomanikidzira. nguva pfupi yapfuura iyi, [[FLT:] Studitions .[FLT] v [FLT]

Tapuro Pamutemo

Dare rave richikumbira rakumbirazve masimba aro okuita kuti vanhu varambe vachichengetwa pasi peChikamu 5 cheDivingment ye14 kuti riite mitemo inodzivirira vanhu pakusarura, uye inodzivirira kutsamwiswa nehurumende uye munzvimbo yakavandika.

Mutemo wa1946 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Umutwe II weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChirevo cheChirevo cha 1964 unorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo orudzi. Umutwe VII unorambidza rusaruro rwebasa. Kunyange zvazvo chiito chacho chichitsamira zvikurukuru paChemmerce Claus, Actal Protection Clauslee yakagovera hwaro hwetsika nebumbiro remitemo. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kunzwika kwaro kwemitemo mu Atlantal of Atlantal v. United States (1964]).

Kugamuchira Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa 1965

Voting Rights Act ya1965 yakaitirwa zvakananga kumanikidza Dare reFinumment resimbi revimbiso yokuti kodzero yokuvhota haizorambiki nokuda kwedzinza. Zvisinei, mavambo ayo muMutezo Wekudzivirira Claus unowirirana haarambiki. Chikamu 2 chechiito chinorambidza miitiro yokuvhota inoguma nokusarura, mupimo unodzorwa mukudzivirira kwakafanana. Chiito chacho chakawedzera zvikuru kunyoresa kweBlack von muSouth. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2013 mu County v. Hanger [FLT: 1] County]

Musoro weIX weMitemo yeDzidzo ya1971

Iwot IX inorambidza rusaruro runotsigirwa nevatano mumapurogiramu edzidzo anotsigirwa nehurumende. Nepo pakutanga yakanangidzirwa kukuwana dzidzo nemitambo yavakadzi, kududzira kwaro kwakawedzera nokufamba kwenguva. Dare rapamusoro rakaziva kuti Thit IX inotaura kuti kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidzwa neExct Protection Claus, zvikurukuru munhau dzinobatanidza kunetswa kwevatano nokutsiva.

Vanhu vokuAmerica Vane Chiito Chourema cha1990

ADA inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mumabasa, pokugara pavose, zvokufambisa, uye zvokukurukurirana nefoni. Kunyange zvazvo Aclimate Protection Claus isingarangariri urema sorudzi runofungidzirwa, ADA inoratidzira pfungwa yemashoko yokuvimbisa kuti vanhu vose vanodzivirirwa zvakaenzana. Matare akashandisa kuhwirudzura kurusarura ganda, asi ADA inogovera gadziriro yakasimba zvikuru yemitemo.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nenharo Dzisina Kugadzikiswa

Pasinei zvapo nenhau yayo refu, Acimencial Protection Clause inoramba iri pakati pedzimwe hondo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakasimba zvikurusa muAmerica yapanguva imwe cheteyo.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nechiito Chedzinza

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa 2023 mu Sangano reFair Adgings v. Harvard yakagumisa nenzira inobudirira chiito chokubvuma dzidzo yakakwirira. Voruzhinji vakadavira kuti Harvard neUNC yakabvumira mapurogiramu akanga asina kunangidzirwa zvakakwana uye zvinangwa zvinodavirika, kuputsa dziviriro inoenzana yaClaus. Ichi chisarudzo chakatonyandura fungu remhindu dzinodenha mhatsa mukushanda nokuwana, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti chitsamakuru sei chitsamachino chamashoko chinosvika mukuita chisarudzo chavanhu chapachivande.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nekuenzana Kwokubudirira

Pashure pa Shelby County v. Horer , nyika dzinoverengeka dzinoiswa mitemo yeID inovhota, maruwa akatendeutswa, uye dzinobvisa muvhoti nenzira idzo nenzira dzinotapura nenzira dzisingaenzaniswi nzanga dzevoruzhinji. Varadhe vakatendeukira kuSucrite Detection Clause kuti vadenhe iyi miitiro, vachiramba kuti vanoisa mitoro parudyi kuvhota isingatenderwi nefariro ipi neipi yehurumende. Chisarudzo che 2019 mu [FL:2] RUUT] v. Chisarudzo chavose , icho chairangarira kuti gergergermerman imubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura matare, chakaoma kunzwisisa idzi nhamburiko.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Dzavanopfuura Vakaroorana

Nepo obergefell yakachengetwa roorano youhuhuhu, mibvunzo inoramba iri pamusoro porusaruro mumabasa, dzimba, uye pokugara vanhu vose. Chisarudzo cha 2020 mu Bostock v. Clayton County[ yakadudzira Diviti re VII] kurambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachiratidzo chevatano nerechikadzi. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusoro harisati ratambanudzira zvakajeka dzidziso yakaenzana kuendesa vanhu vamwe vanhu munharaunda dzakadai sezvezvoutano, mitambo, uye miitiro yetorongo. Chikamu chitsarudzo chichangobva kuiswa pamutemo chinoganhurirwa kukura kuva tarisiro yevatano nerechinorechino.

Kurevera Rudzi uye Ruramisiro Youtsotsi

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kunogovera hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo kudenha kupfurikidza nokudzikamisa mutemo. Zvisinei, vatengi vanotarisana nedanda guru: vanofanira kuratidza rusaruro rwemaune, kwete simbawo zvaro guru. Chinetso chokubvumikisa kuva norusaruro chakaganhurira budiriro yemashoko muiyi nharaunda. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti Dare rinofanira kuderedza chinodikanwa kana kuti kurangarira fungira mano akaipa sechimiro chokusarura.

Kusaenzana Kwemari Netsananguro Dzakavakirwa Papfuma

Dare Rinoyera Kudzivirira Claus harisati richiwanzodzivirira ganhuriro dzakavakirwa papfuma. Mu San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1773]), Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso chokuti kusawirirana mumari yechikoro yakavakirwa pamitero yezvinhu yakatyorwa dziviriro yakaenzana, kurangarira kuti dzidzo haisi maruramiro makuru pasi peBumbiro remitemo. Ichi chisarudzo chakaparira kusaenzana kunopfuurira mutsinharo dzinotsigirwa navose. Vatsigiri vanopfuurira kutsigira kutsigira kududzira kwakafara uko kwaizoziva ruramisiro yemari yakavakirwa pamitero yezvinhu sechinhu chakafanana.

Nhaka Isingaperi Yedziviriro Yakaenzana yaClaus

Kubva pamavambo aro muHondo yevagari vemo kusvikira pabasa rayo munharo dzenguva ino pamusoro pekuenzana kweroorano uye chiito chokubvuma, Mutevedzi Akaenzana Claus akabvumikisa kuva gadziriro inoshivirira zvikuru nenesimba rebumbiro remitemo. Yave ichishandiswa kubvisa kusarura, kusava nemitemo inotsaura pahwaro hwevatano, uye kuchengetedza kodzero yokuroora vakwanyina vouteve. Kunyange zvakadaro basa rayo harisati rapera. Mutsetse wakafara ($") dziviriro inoenzana yemitemo") inopfuudzorodzo inopfuudzira nokushandisa zvimiro zvitsva zvokusarura zvisingagoni kutongofungidzira.

Kunzwisisa dziviriro inoenzana naClaus kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kubata rutivi rwomutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Zvose zviri zviviri inhoo mukurwisana nehurumende inonyengera uye munondo weruramisiro yenzanga. Sezvo rudzi runopfuurira kunangana norusaruro rwetsika, kusaenzana kwechikadzi, uye miganhu mitsva yekodzero dzavagari vemo, pasina mubvunzo chitsama chicharamba chiri chinhu chikuru cherwisano yepamutemo neyezvamatongerwe enyika. Revo yacho haisati ichiumbwa asi inopfuurira kuumbwa nezvibvumikiso zvevatsigiri, kutonga kwematare, uye zvikumbiro zvekodzero itsva dzenzanga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera mashoko ose eFoct Claus Yokudzivirira Yakaenzana pa LGELL Information Institute, hwirudzura nhau ye Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[[[FLT:]] paOyez, uye verenga American Libecrective Union [[FLT:]] revorence of the Fiquence Claus [. Mitengo yokuwedzera inobatanidza [[FLT] center Center yeIT] yeITravity [[FLT]]