Masangano enzanga ave ari simba rinosunda mukuumba mitemo negadziriro yetsika yeIndia, kazhinji kazhinji ichishanda sezvikonzero zvokuchinja apo gadziriro dzinobvumikisa kuva dzinononoka kana kuti kusatera. Uku kufamba, kunomuka kubva kumativi ose ari maviri omumaruwa nomumaguta, kuronga zvinodikanwa zvamapoka akaderera, vashandi, uye vagari vemo vanoitira hanya kudzora. Kusafanana namapoka anodzorwa, anounganidza murangariro wavose, anodzongonyedza zvamatongerwe enyika zvezuva riri rose, uye anosunda nyika kunzverazve zvinhu zvayo zvikuru. Mumakumi amakore, kubva kurwisa kudzoreka yematongedzero echiRungu, ma10320 kusvika kunyongano maruwa avarimi varefu, aya masangano anochengeta pamutemo, masangano emitemo, uye masangano ehurumende. Iyi nyaya inonzvera midziro yenhau, mienzaniso mikuru yenguva inopfuukwa, uye zvinotsungirira zvinetso zvehurumende muhurumende.

Mavambo Enhau: Kubva Pakuzvimirira Kuenda KuRepublic Yapakuvamba

Nheyo yamasangano enzanga azvino uno muIndia iri murwisano yorudzi, kurongeka kukuru kwakabatanidza mirangariro inorwisana nenzvimbo inotongwa nehurumende nezvinorayirwa nenzanga. Vatungamiriri vakafanana naB. Ambedkar, uyo akatsigira maruramiro eDalit, uye Kastiba Gandhi, uyo akashanda nokuda kwesimba ravakadzi, akaratidzira kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika rwaifanira kuperekedzwa sei nemunzanga navezvenyika. Postsoka1947, boka rokutanga remasangano anotaura nezvechinjo dzenyika, uye kodzero dzapamutemo dzavakadzi. [[FTFLT:][FLT][FFFF:] [FFOLD] [FFOLD: 1] [1] inopanwanwanwa kuti ipfupiswe naMagaroro kupfurikidza naMagasime anodzo yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti ipe nyika, inopesvedzera nyika inodzosera nyika. [FT][2]

Mukati mama 1970 na 1980, sangano remhoteredzo rakawana utanhamari hwenyika. Chigko Movement (1973]) mumasango eHimalaya akashandisa kutsutsumwa kusina masimba masimba kudzivisa kutema, kumanikidza hurumende kurambidza muti wezvokutengeserana kuwira munzvimbo dzakawanda uye pakupedzisira kupfuura National Conservation Act (1980). Nenzira yakafanana, Narda Bachao Andolan[[FLT]] (NBA) inoshora zvirongwa zvikuru zvedhamu, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokubviswa kwenzvimbo, mhoteredzo, kuoneka. Kunyange zvazvo NBA isina kumisa madhamu yose, chiito chayo chakasara chakatungamirira kukuvandudzwazve, kukuvadziko yakapoteredza, uye kugadziridzwa kweNational Reckalmution (2007).

Makambani Makuru Nemitemo Yawo Yemitemo

Misangano yeDalit neAdivasi

Kurwisa kwamaruramiro eDalit kwave kuchipfuurira chifo chenhambo yehurumende. Dalit Panters [77] muMaharashtra) yakabvisa hurukuro kubva pauenzaniwo zvahwo hwapamutemo kururamisiro yenzanga neyemari. Kurwisana kwavo namasimba masimba mukurwisana noutsinye hwemapoka kwakatungamirira kukuitwa kwe Castes naSheveractures (Prevention of Atrocy) Act, 1989. Iri dare routsotsi rinorwisana nenyadziso, masimba masimba masimba, uye rusaruro mukurwisana naDalis neAdis, zvinogovera matare chaiwo neripo. Zvikwata zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakaraira kudzosa, nokuda kwokusarira kwapa, chiito chokudzivisa kutyorwa kwehurumende chiito chiito chinodzora chinoitwa chipfupi chipfupi chipfuri kupfurikidza nedare redare redare guru.

Masangano eAdivasi akaisa pakodzero dzenyika, kuwanikwa kwemiti, uye kupukunyuka kwetsika. Act forest Rights Act, 2006 wakanga uri mugumisiro wakananga wamakumi amakore okuzvidzora nenzanga dzendudzi. Activa mugumisiro wemitemo yemitemo yesango inodzorwa nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Chiito chinozivisa kodzero dzesango dzokugara kwesango kuti rigare nokurima, kuunganidza kubereka, uye kutarisira masango. Muitiro wacho waibatanidza dzvinyiriro huru yetsika yetsika dzenzanga nekurukurirano dzeparamende, uchiratidza chinjo huru kubva pakuchengetedzwa kwezviraramiro zvegamuchidzanwa. Chiito chirevo chinozivisa kodzero dzesango dzinodzorwa kudzorwa kuhurumende yesango.

Masangano Avakadzi: Kuderedza Zvirongwa Zvepamutemo

Masangano avakadzi muIndia akawana chinjo dzinochinja mumitemo yomunhu oga, chengeteko yebasa, uye masimba masimba evatano. Ma 1970 na 1980 akaona kukwira kwamapoka avakadzi vanozvitonga avo vakashurikidza rufu rweroora kupfurikidza nomutemo wetsono, kubatwa chibharo kwekodzero, uye masimba omumba. Maturura Rape Case [1980] [FLT: 1] yanyandura kutsutsutsumwa munyika yose, kuchitungamirira kukuchinja mitemo yokubatwa chibharo kupfurikidza noMutemo weCrimi (Memo) Act, 1983, uko kwakabvisa mutoro wechibvumikiso nezviraniso zvakawedzerwa. [[FLT:] Murak] [[FLT] [1997]) [FLT] [F] [FLT] Activestions , [5] pashure pezvipongedzo]

Pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, # muIndia ) yakabatanidza kutangwa kwamatare enyunyuto omukati mumasangano akawanda ndokutungamirira kukunzverwa kukuru kwemhinduro dzesangano. Musangano wacho wakabetserawo kupfuudzira kupfuudzwa kwemitemo yaVanhu (Prevention, Protection and Retabilitation , kunyange zvazvo mubato wawo uchiripo wakakwikwidza. Mapoka avakadzi anopfuurira kusunda nokuda kwemitemo yeChivioni, chitsamachi, uye inodzivisa zvakasimba mitemo, pesvedzera kuvhotera uye nhevedzano.

Kuchinja Kwezvakatipoteredza Nemamiriro Okunze

Masangano emhoteredzo muIndia akabuda kubva pa [[FLT], jungle, madhamu) kusvikira kunhimbe dzakafara nokuda kweruramisiro yemamiriro okunze. AntiPOSCO] kurwa muOdisha uye [[FLT] , [[FLT], jungle, Zaen[FLT] , shopu dzepakati dzeIndia dzakabatanidza kuparadzwa kwemhoteredzo nenzvimbo yenyika dzeAdivasi. Idzi dzinoita kuti shandutsa mamiriro ezvinhu ebhizimisi uye mamiriro eMbayiro eMbango ashambidziko kudzika. [[FF] NF] NF]

Masangano Anovapo Nguva Ino uye Kuchinja Kwemitemo

Anti86Corruption Movement (201-2012)

Sangano rinoshandiswa kurwisana noUorivhi, rakatungamirirwa naAnna Hazare, rakatutuma mamiriyoni mumaguta nemuduku wenzvimbo youfundisi India, richiraira Lokpal (ambudsman) yakasimba kurwisa uori. Sangano rakashandiswa kurwisa kwavose, zvinobudisa nhau, uye nzara inovhura kuti imanikidze hurumende. Kunyange zvazvo muuyo Lokittas Act, 2013[[FLT]] yakanga yaderera kupfuura pakutanga, yakaratidzira chinjo huru yesangano renzanga yaiparira , kuparira chinjo inorwisana namasimba anorwisana nerwudzo.

Zvikamu Zvemurimi (2017 - 2021)

Hapana sangano rapanguva ino rakaratidzira simba renguva ino, rakarongwa zvikuru kufanana nokukakavadzana kwavarimi mumitemo mitatu yapurazi yakaitwa muna September 2020. Zviuru zvezviuru zvavarimi vakabva kuPunjab, Haryana, uye dzimwe nyika zvakagara paDelhi pamiganhu yeDelhi kwerinopfuura gore, pasi pechiratidzo cheSamukt Kiston Morcha. Kuraira kwavo - repeal kwemitemo yavakaredzera kwaizoderedza [[FLT:] Minin Office Sucrence[[FLT:] Tract: tsika inodzoka] uye inonetesa mamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa neapurira kudzodzosa kurukurirano yehurumende, pakupedzisira kuchitungamirira ku [FLT] mitemo yemitemo mitatu muna November[201] iyi yakanga iri pamutemo isati yapazwa yokwa.

Uyezve, kunyunyuta kwavarimi kwakaunza kusimbisa kuoma kwegadziriro yokurima yeIndia, kuchisunda hurumende kunyandura kurukurirano pamusoro pechinjo dzeinishuwarenzi yezvirimwa, kuchinjwa kwebetsero yakananga, uye kurongedzerwa kwemitemo yokurima. Sangano racho rakabatanidzawo kuzivikanwa kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, neboka rinotonga richirangarirazve chimiro charo panhau dzehurumende pamberi pesarudzo yenyika.

LGBTQ+ Basa: Kuzivikanwa Mumutemo uye Muitiro

Kurwisa LGBTQ kwave kuri kwenguva refu uye kazhinji kazhinji kodzero muIndia. Masangano enzanga akagovera kukura kukuru kukuru kumashure kwaro. Naz Foundation mhaka (2009) Ungochani hunoiswa muruvara, asi hwakatsaurwa neDare Rapamusoro muna 2013. Kuramba kwakatevera munyika yose – kubatanidza kufamba, nhimbe dzemagariro, uye zvikumbiro – zvakaguma munhau [[FLT:] Navte Singhar Jogarmentmentment (20) Mutongi (20) [FLT])] [FLT] [3] yakapambwa 377] yePenial Code. Nekatoography yakaitwawoto yeChirevongeri chamagence. Chiito ichi chakanga chiri chiito chokutonga chiito chiteshichi chinenge chifo chifo chifo chinenge cha [Frati .5] Chinyiripo chakaitwa pashure pekuitwa chiRectivetic Revotictictictic Act, Act, Act, kunyange zvazvo chikanziro

Michina Yokupesvedzera: Nzira Iyo Nhume Dzinochinja Nayo Muitiro

Masangano enzanga muIndia anopesvedzera kupfurikidza namasangano anoverengeka akavhengana. [[FLT: 0]] Kukwidziridza – kukwikwidza kukuru, nzara, uye zviito zvokufananidzira – zvinoparira ndyiko zvamatongerwe enyika izvo hurumende dzinofanira kupindura. Varimi vanogara paDelhi miganhu yaro yaro. [[FFFF:] inhi yezvibvumirano zvinopesana. [[10] [FFUM] , inodzoka] ,... sha sha mura weyamagasiro yeInda yapa.[FFFF] [FF]

Matambudziko Achasangana Nawo Nemasangano Enzanga

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro dzavo, masangano enzanga anotarisana nemhinganidzo huru. Kudzivisa kweruwa kunogona kuoneka mukudzvinyirira kwamapurisa, kunetsa kwapamutemo, uye kushandiswa kwemitemo yokupandukira vanorwisana navashingairi. Bharatiyaya Union[[[[FLT:]] vatungamiriri vakanangana nenhau dzakawanda dzedare; vanosimudzira mhoteredzo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanonzi vanorwisana nerusaruro. [[FLT:] Politatic copotopiation[[ iimwe ngozi – masangano akakodzera marusaitiro asi anobvisa zvinodikanwa zvavo mukushanda.

Fragments nemisiyano yomukati zvinoganhurirawo muganhu. Sangano reDalit, somuenzaniso, rakaona kukamuraniswa pakati pamapoka anomirira miganhu yakasiana - siana, kuchideredza simba raro rinowirirana. ganhuriro dzemari uye kushaikwa kwesimba resangano rinotsiga kunodzivisa nhimbe dzirefu. Uyezve, masangano anovimba zvikuru noutungamiriri hwesimba rinokwezva anogona kutambura apo mutungamiriri anenge arega basa kana kuti zvimwe anonyimwairaira — sezvakaitika naAm Aadmi Party pashure pechinost .

Munhambo yemitengo, slactivs - paIndaneti tsigiro isingashanduriri pabanga repasi revhu - rinogona kuderedza simba. Kunyange zvakadaro, maturusi emichina anoitawo kuti pave nokukurumidza kukurudzira: [# nokuda kwe uye #] Nhamba dzinobatanidza [ dzakaratidza kuti masangano enyika yose anogona sei kupesvedzera kurukurirano dzomumba. Pakupedzisira, kumuka kwe . [FLT] . [g.g., mapoka anochinja nyika kana kuti mitemo inochinja yavanhu] akaumba mitemo yetsika yavanhu yakaita nhevedzano yetsika.

Kariro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kufutunuka Kwapasi

Ukama pakati pemasangano enzanga nehurumende yeIndia huchapfuurira kushanduka - shanduka. Nokuwedzera kusvika paInternet neserura, kufamba kunogona kuvhara zvinobudisa mashoko kwakati kuti kusvike vanhu vanonzwira tsitsi. Zvisinei, hurumende dzine unyanzviwo pakushandisa kuongorora nokuparadzira mashoko kuti dzisawirirana. Chikamu chinotevera chingaona [ piritsi rinobatanidza kurwisana kwomuviri nenhimbedzo dzemichina dzinotsinhirana, sezvinoonekwa mu202020202021. Chinjo yemagariro, uye kuchinja kwemitengo kuchaparira zvigumbu zvitsva zvokusashanda kusvikira pakukura kwemvura - izvi zvinowanzoita kuti zvipfute.

Masangano kuti ave anobudirira mukushandura muitiro, anofanira kudzikamisa kupesana kukuru nebvumirano dzesangano. Kuvaka zvibvumirano neprogreform bureaucrates, vaiti vemitemo, uye kufunga kuti vasaite vanogona kuchinja kukwikwidza mutemo. Masangano anofanirawo kutanga nzira dzakajeka, mitemo inoshanda pane kungopikisana. Rubudiriro rwe rwakarurama kuFoood Cancer[ mukudzivirira National Foood Security Act (2013) anopa mutendi wemitemo: mubatanidzwa wevatsigiri, vatsvakurudzi, vatsvakurudzi, uye vagadziri vemi vemiitiro vanonzwira tsitsi vanyore chitsaru chemichato nechirongwa.

Masangano enzanga anokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Anochengeta nyika ichizvidavirira, ichikudza manzwi evane mhaka, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro hautsauki kure nefariro yavanhu. Chinoitika cheIndia chinoratidza kuti kunyange apo nyika inoramba ichidzivisa, chiito chinopfuurira chevagari vemo chinogona kuderedza nhevedzano yokutonga. Sezvo nyika inotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva – kubva kukusaenzana kwezvemari kusvikira kunjodzi dzemhoteredzo – basa renzanga mukuumba vanhu, miitiro inogamuchira ichangova inokosha zvikuru.

[ Nongedzero (dzinobviswa kupfurikidza nebutiro/URL):

  • Kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro peFest Rights Act nemamiriro ayo ezvinhu ekare, ona [[FLT: 0] PRS Legislative Research on the Forest Rights Act [[FLT: 1].
  • Nokuda kwetapuro yesangano ravakadzi pamutemo, rava [[FLT: 0] iyi Economic & Political Weekly on the Vinika Guidelines[[FLT: 1].
  • Mashoko pamitemo yepurazi repeal neMSP anowanika kupfurikidza ne [[FL:0] Mitemo yemari yemari yeimorimo yerobha yemabhizimisi (kutsvaka “mitemo yemitemo repeal”).
  • Mashoko eChibvumirano cheLokpal uye sangano rokurwisa uori anogona kuwanikwa pa [[FL: 0] India nhasi [[FLT: 1]].
  • Nokuda kweLGBTQ+ maruramiro muIndia neTransgender Persons Act, ona [[FLT: 0] Kodzero dzeHuman Watch nduration shoo[[FLT: 1].