Kuwadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunomira senheyo yehwaro muzhinjisa hwenyika ine mhatsa zvikurusa. Inorondedzera gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika umo mapoka akawanda, fariro, uye mirangariro zvinokwikwidzana uye zvinobatira pamwe mukati megadziriro yesangano. Munzanga dzakawanda dzemitemo(mupo vagari vomunyika vanosiana mumitauro, rudzidziso, rudzidziso, kana kuti tsika (whostism) inova chinhu chinodikanwa chinoshanda zvikuru; inova chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokuda kwehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokubvumira manzwi akasiyana - siyana kupinda mumuitiro wetsika, zvamatongerwe enyika dzakawanda zvinoumba sei kuti zvikwaniswe, kukwikwidza kwadzo kwavo kwomukati, kukwikwikwidzana, uye kuchengeta kuva kwakarurama. Nyaya ino inonzvera mipimo yezvo, mibato yayo inoita kuti ive yakaita, uye kuti nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa sei kudzora.

Mavambo Edzidziso Dzematongerwe Enyika

Chikamu chazvino uno chezvamatongerwe enyika chinobva zvikuru pabasa ravafungi vakadenha pfungwa yechido chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuvamba kwe 20-centuriter vatsigiri vakadai saHarold Laski naG.D.H.Cole akarangarira kuti nzanga inoumbwa nesonganiro dzinopfuudzwa nedzisiri dzehurumende. Nhamba inoumbwa nenzanga dzemari, dzetsika, dzetsika nezvinodzorwa. Iyi pfungwa yakazofungwa gare gare gare yakaziviswa fundo yedemokramendi. Robert Daht Dahty [71] yakarondedzera democracy segadziriro apo mapoka mashoma anogona kuzivisa pamutemo kana kuti zvisarudzo. Kudzivisa ruzhinji rwumwe rusarukuro. [FH.DH.matrusaro rwamat , umo pfungwa yedzinza kana kuti iveiworuzhinji ive inotya kuzivikanwa pakati penhau dzadzo.

Arem Kinformary Lijphar yeconsociation [1969]) Akawedzera nokugadza mapurani esangano enzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru. Lijphart akarangarira kuti munzanga dzakawanda (apo maclevacage anofamba nokupfuudza kuvimbika kwakadzika midzi) hurumende inodzorwa nedemokramende inoderera, inoda zvinhu zvina: makambani makuru, masimba akabatana pamusoro pefariro dzinokosha, kuratidzirwa kwokudzikamiswa kwamasangano, uye chikamu cheIsabec (kazhinji kupfurikidza nesangano renyika kana kuti nzanga). Iyi mifungo yakapesvedzera zvakananga miganhuro yenyika yakadaro seBelgium, Lebanon, Bosnia naHerzegovina. Mabhuku edzidzo pamusoro perwisano yedzinza namasimba edzinza anopfupikisa kupfuurira kurangarira kurangarira kupesana kana kuti ikodze kuva inokurudzira kupfupikisa kupfuvura kupfuvura kutendeka kukuru.

Michina Yokutonga Kwevatungamiriri Vezvitendero Munyika Dzakasiyana - siyana

Nyika dzinotaura nezvemisiyano dzinoshandura sei pfungwa yokuumbwa kwemarudzi akawanda kuti ive muutongi hwezuva nezuva?

Kushanda Kwomubatanidzwa Nokuderera

Gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa inobvumira mapoka edzinza kana kuti emitauro akaiswa mumativi akati kuti kuisa udzori hukuru padzidzo, gadziriro yomutauro, mapurisa, uye nhau dzetsika. Madanga 26 eSwitzerland, somuenzaniso, anoratidzira nzanga dzenyika dzeGermany, chiFrench, chiItalian, uye chiRoman. Mutezo mumwe nomumwe (uye kazhinji kazhinji kunyange mitauro) unosarudza mutauro wawo wapamutemo (mas) uye dzidzo yezvokudzora munzvimbomo. Ikoku kunoderedza tyisidziro inofungidzirwa yokudzora neboka rimwe chete uye kunopa nzanga imwe neimwe nzvimbo yakadzivirirwa. India, kunyange zvazvo kuri mubatanidzwa wetsika, inopa kudzorwa kwapa miganhu yakakura mumutauro mumiganhuro yoruwa muna 1950 nemi 1960 yakanga iri nhamburiko yakananga kugona kudzora kudzora kudzorwa kweboka renyika dzakawanda.

Kumirira Kuitwa

Miitiro yeElectoral inoshandisa kumirira kwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo inoita kuti pave nemitemo inoumba mhatsa yedzinza, yechitendero, kana kuti yepfungwa. PR yakavakirwa paruvara, sezvinoshandiswa muvhoti dzepashure pekuvhota, inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti African National Congress (ANC) haina kubvisa mapoka maduku, nepo kupawo inzwi kumapoka maduku ezvikamu zvemhindu. Masangano ezvikamu zvemitengo (se Germany) anobvumirawo kuratidzirwa kwezvigadziko zvomunzvimbomo kubatanidza zvigaro zveko. Zvisinei, PR anogonawo kuparadzanisa gadziriro yebhizimisi, apo kutengesa kunofanira kutengwa.

Gadziriro Dzinotapura Simba

Kupfuura hurumende dzehurumende nePR, nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa zvibvumirano zvesimba zvakajeka. Izvi zvinogona kuva chimiro chehurumende dzinobatanidza mauto, zvinovimbisa nzvimbo dzoushumiri nokuda kwamapoka akati edzinza, kana kuti maruramiro emitemo pamusoro pechapamutemo anotapura kuzivikanwa kwenzanga. Somuenzaniso, nhevedzo dzeMalaysia dzekudzosa nzanga dzinowirirana pakati peMalay, chiChina, uye Indian Jehouded muBarisan Nasionalh(ensen) yakatsigira kuti pfuma inokosha, dzidzo, uye mitemo yorudzidziso zvisagona kuchinjwa pasina kubvumirana kwakafara kwedzinza. Nepo zvisina kukwana uye nhau yokutsoropodza, gadziriro dzakadaro dzakagovera makumi amakore okugadzikana.

Betsero Dzedzidziso Dzezvamatongerwe Enyika Munyika Dzine Mizhinji

Apo anosanorondedzerwa, utongi hwakawanda hunopa betsero dzinooneka dzinoverengeka.

Mifananidzo Yakusimudzwa

Gadziriro dzemaPururallist dzinovimbisa kuti mativi ose edzinza, mitauro, uye tsika aripo mumitumbi inoita zvisarudzo. Gadziriro yokukasharara yeIndia yemaPremid Casted, Shedyd Covolture, uye End Transfured Classies inovimbisa kuti mapoka enhau anoshaiwa anova nezvigaro muparamende uye hurumende. Kunyange zvazvo zvichikakavadzana, muitiro uyu wakawedzera kuoneka nepesvedzero yenzanga dzakachekererwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Māori revoratetates, rakaumbwa muna 1867, kupa Māori Revolivhoti yeparamende yakazvitsaurira apo inogonesawo kuvhotera murudzori dzemitemo inovhotera muvara mabhiyose.

Kuderedza Kurwisana Nokutaura Nevamwe

Kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira mapoka anokwikwidzana kutaurirana mukati memasangano panzvimbo pokurwa mumigwagwa, gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinorwisana kuva mitoo inodeya kuzivikanwa, ine rugare. “muitiro wemhedziso” weFederal Council (mubatanidzwa mukuru wemapoka makurusa) unovimbisa kuti kunyange pashure pesarudzo dzinokakavadzana, mapoka makuru emitauro neruwa aripo mukuwirirana nemukuru mukuru wehurumende. Iyi gadziriro yakaparira chinyorwa chinoshamisa chemhuri yeSwitzerland cherugare pasinei zvapo nenzanga huru nhatu dzemitauro uye chiverengero chiduku chevaMuslim chinokura.

Kuwana Mugumisiro Unobatanidza Zvose

Apo mapoka akawanda anobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemitemo, mitemo inovapo inoparira inowanzova nenhevedzano huru yezvinodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, muitiro weCanada wetsika dzedzinza, wakasimbiswa mu 1988 Canadian Mulculturalism Act [[, yakabuda kubva mumakumi amakore evoruzhinji vari kutaurirana pakati pechiNgezi, chiFrench, uye maruwa pamwe chete namafungu etsika anotevedzana avatamiki. Muitiro unodzivirira kutaura kwetsika apo mufambiro womutauro unova wakaenzana. Nenzira yakafanana, mitemo yomutauro wakaoma yeBelgium inopinda munyika yeDutch, kutaurirana, chiFrench, uye masangano okutaurirana neGermany anotevedzerwa, inobvumira nzanga imwe neimwe kudzora tsika dzayo nedzidzo yayo.

Kusatya Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mukusatya kuti mhatsa yedemokrati inosakisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kubatana kwemarudzi kwasainwa kunogona kusimbisa zvomenemene kuterama. Chinokosha ndiko kuvapo kwemibato inodzorwa nevavariro dzokubatira pamwe. MuSouth Africa, iforeigramende yapashure pa19994 yakatanga gadziriro inosarudzwa nemubatanidzwa werudzi mukati mechinjo, uye Dare reMitemo rakasimba. Pasinei zvapo nokusaenzana kwemari kwakakwirira uye mapoka makuru edzinza, nyika yakadzivisa hondo dzavagari vemo idzo dzakaparadza zvikuru dzimwe nyika. Kutsigadzikama kweSouth Africa, nepo kusingadzokerwi, kunofanira zvikuru kugadziriro yayo yemitemo yavose.

Matambudziko Edzidziso Dzematongerwe Enyika

Pasinei zvapo nechipikirwa charo, vanodzora vanhu vakawanda vanotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvakakomba munyika dzakawanda.

Kuparadzana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokusawirirana

Mativi mamwe chetewo anogonesa kumirira mamiriro ezvinhu akasiana-diviti nemirairo inowirirana. --apo hapana boka rimwe rinoraira voruzhinji, hurumende dzakabatana dzinofanira kuumbwa, uye idzodzi dzinogona kuva dzisingachinji, zvikurukuru apo mapoka anowana tsigiro kubva kumapoka edzinza kana kuti orudzidziso ane nhevedzano yakasiana zvikuru. Chinoitika chaIsraeri chinogovera muenzaniso wenyevero: mubatanidzwa wemipimo yakaderera, mubatanidzwa wakaderera wemipimo, uye mubatanidzwa wenzanga wakaderera wemagariro echiwirirano (muchiHindu. vaArab, v. venyika, zvitendero zvechiJudha, mapoka maduku edzinza) zvakatungamirira kurusarusarudzo, zvipfupiso zvipfupi, uye muitiro panhau huru dzakadai senzvimbo dzePalestine nemitemo yorudzidziso. Kudzorwa kwemitengo inogona kudzorwa kupfurikidza nokugadzirwa nokugadzirwa kwemiteveroo yakarongwa kana kuti ivedzeiwo mitoo inotevedzei idzo.

Muitiro Unodzora

Apo mapoka akawanda anoshandisa simba, kuita zvisarudzo kunogona kuva kunonoka kunonozeka. Belgium inononotsa chinyorwa chenyika nokuda kwokuumbwa kwehurumende kwenguva refu pasina kabhinabheti yakazara (589 mazuva muna 2010-2011). Mukati menhambo iyoyo, hurumende yapfuura yakaramba iri munzvimbo yokutarisira, asi chinjo huru dzegadziriro yegadziriro yemari nemari yehurumende, dzakanonotswa. Grick yatapukira Bosnia neHerzegovina, umo tarben namitesi inoitwa namapoka edzinza (Bosniaks, Serbs) dzakagara dzichidzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji. Diglet haina kudrorerwa, asi inoda miitiro yakasimba, nguva, miganhuro, uye decity inoramba mibato inoshanda.

Zvematongerwe Enyika Nengozi Yokuparadza

Mumaruwa akawanda, vatengesi vezvamatongerwe enyika vanowanzofadza ruvimbiko rwedzinza panzvimbo penhau dzinoparadza. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira ku “kuparadza dzinza,” uko vezvematongerwe enyika vanokwikwidzana vanobva muboka rimwe chetero redzinza vanoedza kuratidzika kuva vakazvipira zvikuru kufariro dzeboka kupfuura vakwikwikwidzani vavo, kuronga hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuwedzera. Iyi nzira yakanyorwa muSri Lanka’s Sinhalese-Tamil, chisimba cheKenya chapashure pezvirongwa zvokusarudza, uye gadziriro yeNigeria yakavakirwa panzvimbo inoshongeswa nokuda kwemibatanidzwa wezvigaro zvenyika dzose nemhaka yokuti inoita kuti kuve kwokusarirana kwokusa. Mitengo yePunishoni inobatanidza zvirongwa zvezvamatongerwe enyika kuti zvivepo zvechipo zvinobatanidza kuva mitezo yemagariro yehurumende yamarudzi akawanda kana kuti ive ive inokurudzira kuvhoterana mumiteo yadzo yetsika yadzo yadzo yakaitwa pashure pejijiyo.

Kuduku Kwakanangana Pasinei Zvapo Nemifananidzo

Kunyange mumagadziriro akagadzirirwa zvakajeka kuisa mumwe, mamwe mapoka anogona kuramba akaderedzwa. Kuvapo kwavamiririri vashomanene vanobva munzanga duku kungasashandura kuva pesvedzero duku yetsika. Somuenzaniso, muIndia, nepo Dalit naAdivasi MP dzakawedzera kuvapo kwenhamba, mano avo okuumba mitemo pakodzero dzenyika, dzidzo, uye kuomesa chiito kudzorwa kazhinji kazhinji kunoganhurirwa nechirango chebato nekakamu kana kuti boka rakavakirwa pamapoka. Nenzira yakafanana, muRwanda, miitiro yetsika yokubatanidza dzinza pashure pokuparadza rudzi kwa19959 yasimudzira mhatsa, asi vatsoropo vanoramba kuti kudzora kweboka guru rezvamatongerwe enyika kunodzivisa kuwanda, zvikurukuru nokuda kwevoruzhinji. Kufara kwamashoko kunoda kusarondedzera chete asi simba duku rechiduku.

Fundo Yenhau: Zvidzidzo Zvokuenzanisa Zvakabva Mumiltiensics

Zvakaitwa nevezvesayenzi zvinonyatsoratidza kuti kusarudza zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana kunoguma nei.

Switzerland: Kurovedza tsika dzenzanga

Switzerland inowanzodudzwa somuenzaniso wemiganhu yezvizhinji. Mitauro yayo ine mativi mana enyika, marudzidziso akawanda, uye kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda kwakasimba hazvina kudzivisa kudzorwa kwakatsiga kwerinopfuura zana ramakore. Zvikonzero ndezvekurongwa. Switzerland chibvumirano chehurumende chinodzorwa nemitemo yetsika nedzidzo ku26, inowirirana zvikuru nemiganhu yemitauro neyorudzidziso. Federal Council (kuparadza) iboka gurusa ramapoka mana makuru, rinogoverwa zvigaro maererano negadziriro yakare. Democracy yehurumende yeruzhinji yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yehurumende yeruzhinji nenharo dzezviito nemhesvosvosvessss. Kunyange zvakadaro, simba rezvibvumirano renyika rinopa vagari mari mari yokudzivisa zvinangwa kukuvadza zviwiriranwa zvavo.

India: Kusiyana - siyana Kuri Mugadziriro Yeparamende

Kusiyana kukuru kwedzinza, mitauro, uye rudzidziso kunopa denho huru. Nyika yacho imusha kumitauro yapamutemo 22 (mazana emitauro mizhinji), marudzidziso makuru anoverengeka, uye gadziriro yemapoka echiHindu yakatenderwa zvikuru. Chifo cha 1947, India akakwanisa iyi mhatsa kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro yehurumende yakadzorwa mumitauro murevo ya1950 ne 1960, ichipa mapoka makuru emitauro avo vamene enyika. Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatanidza chiito nokuda kwaShedy Castences neShepped Levolication, uye gadziriro yenyika iyo inobata nenzira yakarongwa nenzira yakaenzana namarudzidziso ose. Garamende, namaruwa echikamu chimwe nenzvimbo yokutanga yorusarirano, kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kudzokororwa kukuru kwehurumende, kupfurikidza nokuteverwa kukuru kwehurumende kwamarudzi ose.

Nigeria: Kushanda Muboka uye Kudzikamisa Urudzi Pasi Pokusagadzikana

Nigeria inyika ine vanhu zvikurusa uye imwe yendudzi dzayo dzakasiana zvikurusa, ine mapoka matatu makurusa (Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo) uye mazana enzanga duku. Chifo chekuzvimirira muna 1960, Nigeria yakaedza zvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana zvehurumende kuti idzore makwikwi apakati penyika. Simba razvino uno (1999) rinotanga gadziriro yemaruwa 36 neFederal Corimeter, neCommunity yemist iri pakati pemitezo yemismo yeMislam kuchamhembe nejenia. Rudzi rwehurumende runoda kuti kugadza kwehurumende kuratidzire mhatsano yenyika. Zvisinei, kutsiva kweNigeria kwave kwave kwakashorwa kwashaidzwazve nemhiko dzechiuto, kupindira kwehondo, uye kudzorongedzero dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzezvikamu zvitatu zvemitengo. Chikamu chikuru chakawana chirevongo cha 2023 chakawana chimunyuko chitsva cheLa chikatoo chitsva chinenge chikarakadzo kuzivisa kutsigira kupfudzano kupfurira kupfura kuva dzinza redzinza redzinza redzinza

Canada: Kudavira Misiyano Nemagariro Akasiyana - siyana

Kusvika kweCanada kuuzhinji kunobatanidza kuva netsika dzapamutemo, mitauro miviri, uye gadziriro yehurumende inochinjika inokwana Québec chizivikanwo chakajeka. Bumbiro remitemo ra1982 rinobatanidza Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, iyo inodzivirira maruramiro omutauro weAborigine uye bvumirano. Québec inoshanda pasi pegadziriro yemitemo yavagari vemo uye ine chiremera chakati pamusoro pokubuda munyika, muganhu womutauro, uye tsika. Nzanga yaMaruwa yakawana masimba ehurumende kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvenyika. Dare guru rakaita basa guru mukuratidzira rwisa magakava, zvikurukuru pamusoro pekodzero dzechisomero (Receces ress resss res orgices orgon of Québe* uye nzanga dzinoramba kupanikira nzanga nharaunda yehurumende ipi neipi kana kuvhota vanhu vayongenge varongengengeri.

mhedziso

Kuwanza kwezvamatongerwe enyika hakusati kuri chisakiso chedenho dzehurumende munyika dzakawanda. Ibakatwa rakanamirwa namativi maviri iro, zvichitsamira pagadziriro, rinogona kusimudzira dzikamo nokubatanidza kana kuti kuparira kukamukana nokuoma mitezo. Ufakazi hunobva Switzerland, India, Nigeria, Canada, uye dzimwe nyika dzemitengo dzinopa zviremera zvinobudirira zvehurumende zvinoda mubatanidzwa wezvivako: mapoka ehurumende kana kuti anokudzwa kupa mapoka mawirirano eINCOM kana kuti mumwe mutoo wekusimbisa nawo kusimbisa inzwi; gadziriro dzesimba dzapamutemo (masangano makuru, majereta, magweta) kuti avake; uye madhikidhiki akasimba akasimba akasimba akasimba kuti atsigiwa kuti atsigire chivimbo; uye madhikitiki akasimba akasimba kuti atsigire kutsigira mutemo.

Nzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika inokosha zvakaenzana inotsigira aya masangano. Kuchinja zvitendero kunoshanda zvakanakisisa apo vazivi vanobvuma kuti kupukunyuka kwenyika kunotsamira pakudavirira fariro dzapamutemo dzamapoka ose (/uye apo vagari vamo vanoona kuzivikanwa kwavo sokunowirirana nebasa rorudzi rimwe. Muzana ramakore rechi21, sezvo mhatsa yedzinza nerudzidziso inopfuurira kuwedzera kupfurikidza nokutama nokuchinja kwevagari vemo, zvidzidzo zvevatsigiri vemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenyika zvinova zvinokosha kwete bedzi nokuda kwenzanga dzakakamukana asi nokuda kwamarudzi akazvirangarirawo kuva maererano netsika. Chinetsopo chokuchinja kuva manyuko esimba panzvimbo pokugara mabasa makuru okutonga kwoubati ushe hwehurumende hwehurumende hwehurumende yenyika yose.