Yamuro Yokumwe Sechinopfuudzira Kupinda Munzvimbo Yomunzvimbomo: Mikana Nemigumisiro

yamuro yokunze yave iri faundesheni yefambiro mberi yamarudzi ose kwamakumi amakore. Hurumende, masangano akasiana---mbimbini akadai seWorld Bank neInternational Monetary Fund, uye masangano ezvehurumende anopinza mazana emabhiriyoni amadhora gore negore munyika dzichiri kubudirira. Nepo vavariro dzakajeka dzinova nechokuita nokuderera kwourombo, kuvandudza utano, uye chivako chezvokuvaka, miuyo yeyamuro yeyamuro yomunzvimbomo neyamumabhizimisi maduku zvinogona kusimudzira, kushatisa kutengeserana kwomunzvimbomo, uye kukanganisa mudzimu wokuzvinakisa. Iyi inonzvera migumisiro micronegrad, miduku, uye bhizimisi yemitengo yemitengo yemitengo yemibato yemibato inoda kubudirira. Masangano emari, anopfupinzwa zvakashata anogona kusimudzira, kushatsa kutengeserana, uye kukanganisa mudzimu wezvo womunzvimbomo. Iyi kurukurirano zvemari yomunzvimbo yomunzvimbomo nokuda kwebudiriro yemari.

Kunzwisisa ukuru hwezvikamu zvinoda kutarira kupfuura nhamba dzeyamuro. Maererano ne CD Development Komiti yeRuzivo rweProfection , betsero yehurumende (ODA) yakabatanidza inenge mabhiriyoni $20222. Chikamu chinokosha chinopfuura nokubudirira kwemapurogiramu ezvikamu zvemunhu oga, kutsigira bhizimisi duku, uye kurovedza bhizimisi. Kunyange zvakadaro kubudirira kwepurogiramu idzi kunosiyana zvikuru nenharaunda, chikamu, uye nzira yokuita nayo. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoongorora mikoto mikuru inoshandiswa nevedzoro dzeyamumwe bhizimisi, pamwe chete nemigumisiro inodzorwa yezvokubudirira yomunzvimbomo.

Tapuro Dzakanaka Dzoyamuro Yokumwe Pamabhizimisi Maduku

Kupinza Mari Mudzimbahwe

Imwe yebetsero dzakananga zvikurusa dzeyamuro dzokunze ijekiseni redzimbahwe muupfumi hwomunzvimbomo. Mabhizimisi maduku mazhinji munyika dzinowana mari shoma anoshanda mu “pakati-pakati” pemari: akanyanyokura nokuda kwemicrocrack asi anoshaiwa nhau yemari yakarongwa kuti akwanirise nokuda kwezvikwereti zvemari. Mapurogiramu eAidgayaise anogona kuvhara mukaha uyu munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Varipo – Nhevedzo, isingabhadharwi nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvebhizimisi zvakati zvakadai sokutenga michina, kuwanda kwetsara, kana kuti kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa.
  • [[NT:0] Microcret uye zvikwereti zvakaderera zvikurusa - vabiyama vanobatsira namasangano ezvemari omunzvimbomo kupa zvikwereti zviduku zvine mashoko akanaka kuvatengesi vaizodai vaidzingwa.
  • [ Muzinda mukuru nemari inokwana [ - Mamwe mapurogiramu anotanga kuparira mari yemari inodzorwa nechinhu chinovimbisa kutanga kwomunzvimbomo, achigovera kwete dzimbahwe chete asiwo nhungamiro yemutoo mukuru.

Somuenzaniso, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) inoita nhano dzebhizimisi dzakabvisa mabhiriyoni anopfuura $1 000 000 muchikwereti ndokupa mari kumabhizimisi maduku muAfrica yose, kuchiguma nokuumbwa kwebasa nokuwedzera kwemari. 2021 kuyera USAID’s Parcering ku Accesterentrepreneurship (PACE) yakawana kuti mafemu anotora mari anowedzera kumibhadharo yawo neavhareji ye40% yemari uye kukudza basa rawo na 25% mumakore maviri.

Kuvaka Zvikuru uye Kudzidzisa Vana Unyanzvi

Zvirongwa zvokurovedza mukutarisira bhizimisi, kunyora nokunyora mari, kutengesa, uye unyanzvi hwokubatsira zvinowanzoshandiswa pakubatsira. Zvirongwa izvi zvinogona kunyanya kuchinja bhizimisi rokutanga risina dzidzo yebhizimisi.

Sangano reInternational Labour Organization (ILO) Rongedzero neKuwedzera bhizimisi rako (SIYB), inotsigirwa nehurumende dzakawanda dzinopa mari, yakarovedza mamiriyoni evatengesi munyika dzinopfuura 100. Nzvero dzinoratidza nguva dzose kuti vatori vemo vane 20-30% vanoramba vachichengeta mabhizimisi avo achimhanya pashure pemakore maviri achienzaniswa neasiri apapatika, uye vanoshumawo mibayiro yakakwirira nemiitiro yemari iri nani. Nenzira yakafanana, World Bank’s [FL:0] Entreneurcation and Innovation Program[FL:1] inopa betsero yezvoruzivo rwebasa kumibato yapakuvamba kwezviteshina, inovabatsira kuvandudza miitiro yebhizimisi namabasa okutengesa.

Kubudirira Kwezvirongwa uye Kuwana Zvinhu Mumusika

Kubudirira kwemitengo yemari yedzimwe nyika ine mabasa okushandisa akadai semigwagwa, zviteshi zvengarava, magetsi, masangano ekurukurirano nefoni, uye gadziriro dzokudiridza. Kuvandudzwa kwakananga kunobetsera mabhizimisi maduku kupfurikidza nokuderedza mutengo wokushanda, kuderedza zviketani zvokugovera, uye kuzarura mikoto mitsva yokuparadzira.

Somuenzaniso, “Murongwa weInfrapublicre Development Bank yeAfrica” (PIDA) unotanga kuisa mikoto yezvifambiso inogonesa varimi vaduku nenyanzvi kusvika pamisika yomunharaunda. Kuvandudza mugwagwa kwakatsigirwa neEuropean Union iri kuchamhembe kweGhana yokumaruwa kwakaderedza mari yokufambisa nokuda kwevatengesi vomunzvimbo iyoyo ne50% ndokukudza nzvimbo yavatengi vavo kumataundi airangarirwa kuva kure zvikuru. Kusvika kumagetsi kwakavimbika kunokosha zvakafanana: imwe fundo muTanzania yakawana kuti mafemu maduku akabatana nomusitiri akawana wemitengo 20% mumitengo yegore yose yakawana wemari yegore yakawana wewedzero yemari yemari yemari yegore rakaenzaniswa nemakambani dzisina simba.

Mukuwedzera, zvirongwa zvokuyamura zvinobatanidzwa neyamuro neyakadai senzvimbo dzeInternet yenzanga kana kuti mashoko emotokari akaderera evatengesi vanotakurika okushandisa nokuda kwemichina yokubhadhara, mukutarisira zvinhu, uye mueʽcommerce. muRwanda, kubatana kwehurumende nesangano reSNV rekubudirira munyika yose kwakabetsera vatengesi vaduku kugamuchira gadziriro dzemari dzinofambiswa, vachiwedzera kutengeswa kwavo kwezuva nezuva ne 15% uye vachideredza kuba kune chokuita nokurasikirwa kunowirirana.

Kuendeswa Kweruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Netsigiro Yokuvandudza

Zvirongwa zvakawanda zvokuyamura zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvinotakurwa zvounyanzvi, kuita kuti pave nemidziyo yakakwirira, mapurogiramu ekombiyuta, kana kuti nzira dzokugadzira nadzo dzinowanika kumafemu omuno. Izvi zvinonyanya kutapura mabhizimisi, kugadzira, uye kuvandudza simba. Somuenzaniso, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JA) yakagovera ruzivo rwekushanda kwemichina yemazambiringa kumabasa maduku emukaka muEast Africa, zvichiagonesa kugadzira nokutengesa mukaka pasina kuparadzwa.

Mizinda inopfuudza zvinhu uye makambani, kazhinji kazhinji yaitangwa nokutsigira mari yokunze, kuvaka mavambo echikuva apakuvamba. “iHub” muNairobi, Kenya, yakawana mari kubva kuvapi vembeu vamarudzi ose kubatanidza Rockefeller Foundation uye kubvira panguva iyoyo yave ichitsigira mazana evezvemabhizimisi. Kuongorora 20222 kwakaratidza kuti iHubûincocubated akatanga mabasa matsva 1 500 uye yakakwira mamiriyoni anopfuura $50 mutevedzero yemari kubva kuvedzero dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende (8atements of Catalyze yesculation synologyologyologyologyologyologyology)

Matambudziko Nengozi Dzokuyamura Vayamuri Kumwe Munyika

Kuvimba Ne “musungo Wakaipa ”

Kumwe kwokutsoropodza kunopfuurira zvikurusa kweyamuro dzokumwe ndekwokuti inoparira nhambo yokutsamirana, zvikurukuru apo zvitsama zvikuru zvemari zvinopa zvakananga mabhizimisi maduku pasina gadziriro dzokubuda dzakajeka. Vatsigiri vangaita kuti mabasa avo akwane kugutsa zvinodikanwa zvomupi panzvimbo pokuchinjira kumigariro chaiyoiyo yemisika. Apo mari inoguma, aya mabhizimisi anowanzowa.

Nzvero yamabhizimisi maduku okurima muMalawi yakawana kuti mafemu anogamuchira mari dzinodzokororwazve kubva kuveNGOs akanga ari sezvingabvira zvikuru kudzorera mhindu mukubudirira kwebhizimisi kana kuti kuisa mubatanidzwa wemari yawo pamafemu akafanana asina kutongogamuchira yamuro. Panzvimbo pezvo, akagovera mari kusvitsa zvinodikanwa nokuchengeta ukama hwomupiro. Iyi “musungo” unogona kudzivisa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu nengozi yokutyaira mari iyoyo yebhizimisi ine utano.

Kukanganisa Zvinodiwa Zvomunzvimbomo Nezvinhu Zvokutanga

Gadziriro dzeyamuro dzokudzimwe nyika dzinowanzogadzirwa mumadzimbahwe ari kure navanhu vangasanzwisisa zvizere tsika dzomunharaunda, mabasa emisika, kana kuti mufambiro wavatengi. Kusvika kumwe kusingawirirani kunoparira kusawirirana. Somuenzaniso, mapurogiramu okurovedza anovakwa pamifanikiso yebhizimisi rokuMadokero angasimbisa zvibvumirano zvepamutemo neketani yezvipo, nepo mabhizimisi maduku akawanda achishanda kupfurikidza negadziriro dzetsika dzenzanga dzemokeroma uye kutengeserana kwakavakirwa pachivimbo. Varefeneur vangaramba kana kuti kushandisa zvishandiso izvi, vachipambadza zvishandiso zvinopa uye kupanikira kupfurikidza nokupindira kwokunze.

Nenzira yakafanana, zvirongwa zvokuyamura zvinosunda ruzivo rwakati rwezvokudiridza rwakadai semichina yakakwirira yokudiridza munharaunda dzine mativi akaganhurirwa uye unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinoguma nemidziyo inodhura iri pasi pasi. Kuhwirudzurwa kwa2019 kwakaitwa ne Cententer yeGlobal Development[ yakawana kuti 35% yemidziyo yokurima inogoverwa nepurogiramu dzeyamuro dzokumwe nzvimbo dziri pedyo nesaharani Africa yakanga isingashandiswi makore maviri pashure pokuiswa, zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti kurovedzwa nokugoverwa kwezvikamu zvakasara zvakanga zvafuratirwa.

Kuwanza Mabhizimisi Omunzvimbomo Nemakwikwi

Panenge masangano okuyamura anopinza zvinhu mumigodhi mikuru yemimwe mihombe anogona kutsvikinyidzirana vatengesi vomunzvimbomo. Apo masangano okuyamura anopinza zvinhu zvakananga kana kuti anotanga zviteshi zvezvitoro zvakagadzirwa, anogona kuderedza vagadziri vemo nevezvokutengeserana. Mukuvamba kwama 2000, yamuro yezvokudya inotumirwa kunzvimbo duku dzemabhizimisi nechibage kunyika dzakawanda dzeWest Africa yakaora zvikuru zvokuti varimi vaduku havagoni kukwikwikwidza; vapfumi vaduku havagoni kusiya mapurazi avo. Masimba akafanana anoitwa mubato: apo NGO dzinogovera kubvunza kwapachena kana kuti kwakakomba kumabhizimisi maduku, vapipanga vebhizimisi vomunzvimbomo vangarasikirwa navatengi.

Ruyamuro rwokumwe runogonawo kufarira mafemu makuru, akabatana mune zvematongerwe enyika. Zvibvumirano zvepfuma zvakawanda zvinowanzopiwa kumakambani okuvaka enyika dzakawanda panzvimbo pevavaki vomunzvimbomo nemhaka yemitemo inoda makwikwi makuru. Ikoku hakungoregi bedzi vatengesi vomunzvimbomo pasundo yezvemari asiwo kunosimbisa kusaenzana kuripo.

Uori, Kutadza Kutarisira Zvinhu, uye Kubatwa Nematongerwe Enyika

Chiverengero chikuru chemari yeyamuro chinogona kuparira mikana youori, zvikurukuru munyika dzine udzori hushoma. Mari dzinoitirwa kutsigirwa kuduku kwebhizimisi dzingatsaurirwa kuvakuru vakuru kana kuti kushandiswa nokuda kwokutsigira. Kunyange apo uori hunenge husati huri husingapfuuri, uori hwemari hunogona kunonozesa kubvisa mibato inorema yokutarisira ndokuisa mitoro inorema pamafemu maduku. Vatengesi vazhinji vanoshuma kuti vanopedza nguva yakawanda vachizadza zvimiro zvokupa kupfuura kushandisa zvomenemene mabhizimisi avo. [[FLT: 0]] Trans recurective International [ kunzvera kwabatanidza kwagara kwakananga kuyamura kwakaipa kuti iwe nouori hunokwira muvaki, izvo zvinokuvadza vashaiwinyi vazhinji vanoshaiwa vamabhizimisi avo vanoshaiwa masangano okufamba.

Kubatsira Kunoita Kuti Kubatsira Kwokumwe Kubatsire

Kuva Mushandi Wemo uye Kuronga Gadziriro Yokuita

Gadziriro dzeyamuro dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzokunze dzinobata vatengesi vomunzvimbomo kwete sevawiri vemari asi seshamwari dzinoshingaira. Miitiro yokuvaka mamiriro ezvinhu((mushonga maduku varidzi vebhizimisi, masangano ebhizimisi, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vomunzvimbomo vanobetsera kuronga zvokutanga uye kugadzira) zvinotungamirira kupindira kuri kwakakodzera mutsika uye kwakabatana nezvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvemisika. Vatengesi vari kutevera nenzira inowedzera kutevera “cogrametics" mienzaniso yemari inobudiswa mumativi anobva payakavakirwa payamupinduro inobva kunzanga inopfuurirwa.

Somuenzaniso, purogiramu dze “Masangano neMaripolife" muSouth Asia dzinobatanidza matare enzanga anoisa zvikarakadzo zviduku zvikuru. Matare aya ane mutoro wokusarudza kuti mabhizimisi maduku anogamuchira marii uye migumisiro. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti mapurogiramu akadaro ane mwero webudiriro wakakwirira we30% mune zvebhizimisi uye wemhindu kana zvichienzaniswa nezvirongwa zvokupa mari yakakwirira.

Masangano Ezvemari Nekupedza Kudzidza Ane Mazano Akanaka

Panzvimbo pokupa mari kana kuti zvikwereti zvinoparadza zvikurusa, gadziriro dzeyamuro dzokunze dzinobatanidza mabasa emari netsigiro isingashandisi pamutemo yakadai serovedzo, kufunda, uye masangano omusika. “kusvika” kunopa, kwakapindwa naBRAC muBangladesh uye zvinogamuchirwa navose namasangano akafanana Chikwata chemari yokubetsera Varombo [CGAP] kuti vabatsire Varombo , kugovera chituro chakateverwa: kutsigira kudzika zvinodikanwa zvikuru, mari yakachengetwa namano, kupfuudzira, kutakura zvinhu, uye ipapo kupfuurira kurovedza zvokudya. Pashure pezvirongwa izvi zvakapedzwa namakore 50. Pashure pezvi, vapindi vazhinji vanokwanisa ku “kubetsera kuva vazvipfuuridziri vogadziri vasingadzorerwi. [FL.F.1]

Kutengesa Kwakatenderwa Nekubatanidzwa Kwemapoka Echipameso

Yamuro yokumwe inogona kuva inobudirira zvikuru apo inoshanda mujere kupfuura mumauto anoshandiswa. Panzvimbo pokupa mari yemari yakananga mumabhizimisi. Panzvimbo pokupa mari yemari, masangano okuyamura anogona kunyandura kuiswa kwemari yavanhu kupfurikidza nemari yakavhengana: kupa vimbiso dzechikwereti chemari, konfiti, kana kuti betsero yemibato kumari inotengeswa nevezvemari zvinobatira vatengesi vomunzvimbomo. Uku kusvika kwamari inoganhurirwa yeyamuro yakaganhurirwa kuti ipinde mudzimbahwe ravanhu uye kuvimbisa kuti mabhizimisi anosarudzwa pamitengo yakavakirwa pamitengo inogoverwa panzvimbo pezvinodikanwa zvokupa.

USAID’s Development Curve Authority (DCA) muenzaniso unokosha. Nokugovera zvikwereti zvisakakwana pazvikwereti zvinoitwa namasangano ezvemari omuno, DCA yakaunganidza mari inopfuura mabhiriyoni 6 6 6 muchikwereti chayo yoga nokuda kwamabhizimisi maduku munyika dzinopfuura 70. Vimbiso inoderedza ngozi nokuda kwemabhangi, inoagonesa kukweretesa vamabhizimisi vangadai vairangarirwa kuva vane ngozi zvikuru. Mitengo yezvikwereti yeDCAGAUAraguate yakaramba iri pasi (panenge 5%), ichiratidza kuti bhizimisi duku rinogona kuchengetwa uye kudzorwa paringanyatsogadziriswa.

Kusimbisa Masangano Omunzvimbomo Nemasangano Anotsigira Mabhizimisi

Zvinhu zvebhizimisi zvinotsigirwa zvinotsamira pamasangano akasimba omunzvimbomo: masangano ebhizimisi, nzvimbo dzokusimukira bhizimisi, makamuri ezvokutengeserana, uye zvikoro zvokurovedza mabasa. Yamuro dzokunze dzinofanira kuisa mberi kuvakwa kweiri nzvimbo yamasangano panzvimbo pokuapfuura. Somuenzaniso, mupi angatsigira gadziriro yokurovedza vagadziri vebhizimisi vomunzvimbomo kana kuti kushongedzera imba yebhizimisi nezvinhu zvemichina kuti zvibatanidza mitezo yemisika nemari. Iyi nzira inosimbisa yokushandisa inoita kuti unyanzvi nemabasa zvirambe zviri munyika nguva refu pashure pokunge chirongwa chaicho chokuyamura chapera.

Netherlands Entrepreneur Development Bank (FMO) inoshandisa muenzaniso wekuvaka unopa rovedzo, kuranga, uye zvitupa zvemari zvemari zvemari yomunzvimbomo zvinotsigira bhizimisi muAfrica neAsia. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti mabhizimisi anoshandisa ava vagoveri vemari anoita zviri nani kupfuura avo vanogamuchira betsero yakananga: ivo vanoshuma 30% yemitengo yakakwirira zvikuru yevatengi ne 15% yemitengo yokushanda. Vashandisi vomunzvimbomo vamene vanova mabhizimisi maduku anobudirira, vachiparira muuyo werongedzero munzanga yose.

Kuongorora, Kuongorora, uye Kugadzirisa Zvinhu

Pakupedzisira, zvirongwa zvokuyamura zvokumwe zvinofanira kubatanidza kuongorora nokuongorora (M&E) nemiitiro yokushandisa pakugadzirisa. M&E yetsika inowanzonangidzira ngwariro pazvinobudiswa (mutoo, chiverengero chezvikwereti zvinobviswa) panzvimbo pemigumisiro (se., kukura kwebhizimisi kwakasimba, kugadzirwa kwebasa, kana kuti kuderedzwa kwourombo). Vashandisi navashandisi vanofanira kushandisa miedzo inodzorwa nenzira isina kurongwa, kuyera, uye zvisaririra zvenguva dzose zvinovabvumira kuchinjika apo kupindira kunenge kusingashandi.

Abudul Jameel Poverty Action Lab (JGAPAL) yakatsigira kushandiswa kwoufakazi hwakaoma mukugadzira yamuro. Nzvero yavo pamicrocredit, somuenzaniso, yakaratidza kuti mapurogiramu anoshandiswa pamamicrocrement aiva nemigumisiro yakaderera paavhareji asi aigona kuvandudzwa zvikuru nokugadziridza ukuru hwechikwereti, kubhadhara zvirongwa, uye mipimo yakananga. Mitemo yakabatanidza aya mabudiro akadzika iyi ufakazi hwakanangurirwa yakaona kukura kwakapetwa kaviri kwebhizimisi kana kuenzaniswa naavo vakanga vasingadaro.

Mugumisiro: Kushandisa Kubatsira Kune Imwe Nyika

yamuro yokunze haisati iri chepfu kana kuti yezvokutengeserana kwomunzvimbomo. Miuyo yayo inotsamira zvikuru papurani, kushandiswa, mashoko akapoteredza, uye udzori. Apo inopinzwa nokuchenjera kupfurikidza nokuronga kwemari, kubatanidzwa kwamasangano ezvemari naasiri 76finicance, miitiro yemisika inoparirwa, uye masangano omunzvimbomo akasimba anogona kuvhura bviro yokugadzira nezvemari zvemabhizimisi maduku, kubvisa nzanga ose muurombo. Zvidzidzo zvakanaka zvinobva kuUSAID, BRAC, World Bank, uye vamwe zvinoratidzira kuti kuyamura kwokumwe kunoratidza kuchenjera kunoshanda kwapachokwadi.

Asi ngozi ndedzechokwadi. Kuzvidzora, kusazvidzora, kushambadzira, uye uori zvinogona kuita kuti rubatsiro ruve mhinganidzo panzvimbo pechinhu chinokonzera. Nzira iri mberi inoda kuzvininipisa kune vapi: kuda kuteerera vatengesi, kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvomunzvimbomo, uye kutsigira sezvo mabhizimisi ava kuzvipinza. Hurumende, vatambi vemakambani, uye vanhu vemo vanofanira kushandira pamwe kugadzira mapurogiramu okuyamura anokwanisa pane kukwikwidzana nokubudirira kwomunzvimbomo. Pakupedzisira, kubudirira kwemimwe upfumi hwokuwedzera kukura kwemabhizimisi kunobva kumabhizimisi mahombekombe kuchava mashoma. Makambani ebhizimisi anova anozvibatsira, asi simba uye kugadziriswa kwemabhizimisi anobudirira pashure pemari yave yashandiswa kwenguva refu.